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BIO1300 – The Human Animal

The Human Animal


The Human Timescale


Permian Triassic Jurassic Cretaceous Tertiary Quat.

Start of Age of

Reptiles

Dinosaurs Evolve and Expand

Abundance of Large Herbivore

Dinosaurs

Development and Diversification of

Flowering Plants Age of

Mammals

Human Evolution

Geological Timescale

Millions of Years

Periods

Major events


Species

●  A population or group of populations that are capable of interbreeding and that can produce viable and fertile offspring

Mule


Primate Ancestor

●  Pen-tailed tree shrew ●  Ecologically similar

to squirrels ●  Tree-dwellers among

branches ●  Eats fruit and insects Ptilocercus


Primate Evolution

Ancestral arboreal insectivore

at least 65 million years ago

6 million years ago

Lemurs Pottos New World monkeys

Old World monkeys Gibbons Orangutans Gorillas Chimpanzees Humans

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Primate Evolution

●  Primates : – Primitive, smaller bodies

and brains: Prosimians •  Lemurs and Tarsiers

– Large bodies and brains: Simians/Anthropoids


Primate Phylogeny

Prosimians

Anthropoids

Hominids

Hominins


Prosimians and Monkeys Marmosets Tamarins Capuchins Howler Spider

Guenon Macaque Baboon Mandrill Langur Proboscis


Family Hominidae: The Great

Apes


Hominins


Our Common Ancestor ●  Probably had many traits

in common with modern Chimps and Bonobos – Diet of fruit – Lived in mixed-habitats – Used tools – Hunted small animals/

insects – Culture (Transmission

of non-genetic traits)

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Evolution of Brachiation

● Efficient way of moving around branches

● Accompanied by greater dexterity and diversity of uses of arms and hands


Evolution of the Primate Hand


Primate Hands and Feet

●  Opposable thumbs and big toe

●  Fingers and toes have flat nails – Exception: toilet claw

Red-ruffed Lemur

Galago


Primate Characteristics ●  Reduced snout –  Increased visual

acuity instead ●  Reduced number of

teeth but increased diversity (heterodonty) –  Incisors to shear – Canines to slice – Pre-molars to crush – Molars to grind


Primate Vision ●  Eyes facing forward – Binocular vision – Depth-perception and 3-D – Well-developed occipital

lobe


Binocular Vision

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Reduced Reproductive Rate ●  Carrying offspring in trees ●  Emphasis on care and

learning


Evolution of Bipedalism


Human Lineages 6 million 5 million 4 million 3 million 2 million 1 million Present

Paranthropus boisei

Australopithecus afarensis

Homo sapiens

Paranthropus robustus

Ardipithecus ramidus

Australopithecus anamensis

Australopithecus africanus Homo neanderthalensis

Paranthropus aethiopicus Homo ergaster

Homo erectus

Homo habilis

Homo heidelbergensis


Sub-Fam Homininae (7MYA)

●  Sahelanthropus tchadensis ●  Chad, Africa 7-6 MYA ●  Size of a chimp ●  Probably bipedal

–  Ventral position of foramen magnum Brain = 320-380 cc


Hominins ●  Orrorin tugenensis ●  Kenya, Africa (6.2-5.6 MYA)

●  20 specimen found ●  Not sure if direct human

ancestor or side branch ●  Bipedal femur ●  Long fingers (arboreal) ●  Frugivorous or

granivorous teeth


Hominins ●  Ardipithicus ramidus ●  Ethiopia, Africa (4.5-4.3 MYA) ●  First complete skeleton

(female) ●  Brachiating hands and arms ●  Opposable toe 300-370 cc

but flat foot adapted for walking

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Hominins ●  Australopithecus afarensis

(1973) ●  Tanzania, Ethiopia, Kenya

(3.7-3 MYA) ●  Hundreds of skeletons found ●  Fully bipedal but also arboreal ●  Pronounced sexual

dimorphism

1.51m

1.05 m

Tracks found in volcanic ash 380-550cc


Hominins ●  Paranthropus (3 species) ●  Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania ●  2.7-1.3 MYA ●  Lived in humid habitats ●  Sexual dimorphism ●  Principally bipedal ●  Broad teeth, large sagittal

crest – Tough, herbivorous diet

●  Used stone tools

Paranthropus bosei

Male: 1.37 m 49 kg

Female 1.24 m 34 kg

474-545 cc


Homo ●  Smaller faces, jaw

not prognathous ●  Smaller molars but

bigger incisors and canines

●  Bigger brains ●  Thorax and pelvis

upright and slender ●  Longer legs ●  Shorter toes ●  Culture


Questions?

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