The Human Body

Science Method Class

The Body’s System

Cells: the basic unit or building block of all living things (blood cell, muscle cell, bone cell, etc)

Tissue: a group of similar cells that carry out a specialized job ( smooth muscle tissue, connective tissue, nervous tissue, etc.)

Organ: a distinct body part that carries out one or more main functions (liver, stomach, lung, etc)

System: several organs working together make up a body system (digestive system, circulatory system, respiratory system, etc.)

Human Body Systems

Digestive system Circulatory system Skeletal-muscular system Respiratory system Nervous system Excretory system Reproductive system.

The Digestive System After eating, our digestive

system starts to work on the nutrients so they can be absorbed and used by the body. The digestive system does this by breaking down the complex foods into more simple nutrients by enzymatic action.

Digestion: Changes food from its original form to a fuel that can release energy when it reacts with oxygen.

Organs: mouth, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, etc.

The Digestive Journey: Mouth & Esophagus

Mouth: The first part of digestive process takes place in the mouth. After chewing the food thoroughly an enzyme (ptyalin) in the saliva breaks down complex carbohydrates (starches) into more simple sugars.

Esophagus: after the food has been softened it is then pushed down the esophagus into the stomach.

The Digestive Journey: Stomach

Stomach: Not much digestion actually takes place in the stomach. The only thing that is readily absorbed by the stomach is alcohol.

The digestive juice in the stomach is called gastric juice. It contains hydrochloric acid and the enzyme pepsin which breaks down proteins into short chains of amino acids which can be used by the body.

Most other nutrients are digested only after the food moves on out of the stomach, approximately three to four hours later.

The Digestive Journey: Small Intestine Small intestine: mixes food

with enzymes and absorbs the digested products into the body

The pancreas secretes pancreatic juice into the duodenum. Pancreatic juice contains a number of enzymes that are used to absorb the nutrients remaining in the food.

Lipase which breaks up fatty substances into fatty acids and monoglycerides, protease splits up protein and amylase which converts starch to sugar.

The Digestive Journey:Large Intestine

After most nutrients have been assimilated the food moves on into the colon or large intestine.

The large intestine is the end of the road for food digestion. The main job of the Large Intestine is to remove the water from the leftover undigested food. When the water is removed from the liquid paste it turns into solid waste.

Overall Process of Digestion

Mouth: Chewing

Carbohydrates Simple sugars Stomach: Gastric Juice (PH2)

Protein Polypeptide Small Intestine: Pancreatic Juice

Fat Fatty acids, Momoglycerins

Protein Amino Acids

Carbohydrates Sugars Large Intestine: Absorbing water

Amylase

Pepsin

Lipase

Protease

Amylase

Products of foods through digestion

Starch & Protein Fats & OilsCarbohydrate

Sugar Amino acid Fatty acid & Monoglycerin

Absorbing in small intestine

The absorbing cells in small intestine

The specialized absorbing cells, enterocytes, are distinguished by numerous microvilli that greatly increase the absorptive surface area.

The Circulatory System

A system consisting of a pump and conducting vessels keeps you alive by circulating oxygen throughout the body with blood.

The system is to obtain oxygen from the lung and to release carbon dioxide from the body through respiratory.

The Circulatory Journey

The blood is the transport system by which oxygen and nutrients reach the body's cells, and waste materials are carried away.

The heart, a muscular organ is the pump that keeps this transport system moving.

Oxygen poorblood

Oxygen richblood

The Human Heart

The human heart consists of two pumps lying side by side to form a single organ.

The right side of the heart sends oxygen-poor blood to the lungs; the left side of the heart sends oxygen-rich blood to the rest of the body.

The Circulatory Journey The blood travels in veins

back to the right side of the heart, where it is pumped directly to the lungs.

In the lungs, carbon dioxide is exchanged for oxygen, and this renewed blood flows back to the left side of the heart, and the whole process begins again.

Oxygen rich Bloodin Arterials

CO2 rich Blood in veins

Gaining O2From lungs

Releasing CO2To lungs

The Circulatory Journey Blood leaves the left side

of the heart and travels through arteries which gradually divide into capillaries.

In the capillaries, food and oxygen are released to the body cells, and carbon dioxide and other waste products are returned to the bloodstream. 

Oxygen rich Bloodin Arterials

CO2 rich Blood in veins

Gaining O2From lungs

Releasing CO2To lungs

Overall respiration process

Right Atrium Right Ventricle

Lungs: Releasing CO2GainingsO2

Left AtriumLeft Ventricle

Human Body: Releasing O2Gaining CO2

Right side of HeartOxygen poor bloodIn Veins

Left side of HeartOxygen rich bloodIn Arterials

Highest Pressure

Lowest Pressure

The Skeletal-Muscular Systemhttp://www.innerbody.com/text/skelov_new.php

The average human adult skeleton has 206 bones.

The skeleton plays an important part in movement by providing a series of independently movable levers, which the muscles can pull to move different parts of the body. It also supports and protects the internal body organs.

Muscle is attached to bone by tendons and other tissues, and exerts force by converting chemical energy into tension and contraction.

Muscles are made up of millions of tiny protein filaments which work together to produce motion in the body.

The Respiratory Systemhttp://www.innerbody.com/text/muscov-new.html

Your respiratory system is made up of the organs in your body that help you to breathe.

The goal of breathing is to deliver oxygen to the body and to take away carbon dioxide.

http://hes.ucf.k12.pa.us/gclaypo/repiratorysys.html

The Nervous Systemhttp://www.innerbody.com/text/nervov-new.html

The nervous system is the body's information gatherer, storage center and control system. Its overall function is to collect information about the external conditions in relation to the body's external state, to analyze this information, and to initiate appropriate responses to satisfy certain needs.

The brain and spinal cord make up the central nervous system.

The Excretory Systemhttp://www.stclement.pvt.k12.il.us/StudentWeb/science/excretionc/excsyst.htm

The job of the excretory system is to remove various produced by the body. The removal is known as excretion. It is important for the body to remove these various waste, also known as toxic, because toxic build up can lead to severe death.

The kidneys, main organs are filters. There are two of them located near the spine in the middle of the back. The main organs of the excretory system are the bladder, kidneys, lungs, liver and skin.

The Reproductive System

Female Male