The human footprintin the American West 1/20/13

EcoWest missionInform and advance conservation in the AmericanWest by analyzing, visualizing, and sharing dataon environmental trends.1/21/2013 2 EcoWest decks This is one of six presentations that illustrate key environmental metrics. Libraries for each topic contain additional slides. IssueSample metrics WaterPer capita water consumption, price of water,trends in transfers Biodiversity Number of endangered species, governmentfunding for species protection WildfiresSize and number of wildfires, suppression costs Land Acreage protected by land trusts, energydevelopment on public lands ClimateTemperature and precipitation projections Politics Conservation funding, public opinionDownload presentations and libraries at ecowest.org1/21/2013 3 Table of contents1. Lay of the land2. Human footprint3. Growth and housing4. Land trusts5. Ranching6. Agriculture7. Mining8. Forestry9. Energy1/21/2013 4 Key points Lay of the land The West is dominated by federal land, with national forests common in mountainous terrain and BLM land prevalent in lower-elevation areas, but some of the most biologically diverse areas are privately owned. Human footprint Although much of the West is publicly owned, the human footprint is evident almost everywhere in the region. Relatively pristine areas are often protected as wilderness or national parks, but many undeveloped areas remain vulnerable. Growth and housing The West accounts for a rising share of the nations population, with most growth occurring in and around big cities in an increasingly urbanized region. Land trusts The number of land trusts and the acres they protect continues to increase, as does accreditation of these nonprofits, but the level of activity varies widely from state to state. Extractive industries Some traditional economic sectors, such as logging on public lands, are in decline, but the West is still home to important mines, farms, rangeland, and other working landscapes. Energy The West is playing an increasingly important role in the nations fossil and renewable energy supply, but development of natural gas, solar, wind, and other sources often comes into conflict with protections for wildlife and other natural resources. 1/21/2013 5 THE LAY OF THE LAND1/21/2013 6 Federal lands in the West, Alaska, and U.S.80%70% National Wildlife Refuges60% National Parks50%Forest Service Bureau of Land Management40%30%20%10% 0%11 Western States Alaska Other 38 StatesTotal U.S. Source: Bureau of Land Management1/21/2013 7 Land use on public, tribal, and private land2,500 Special uses, urban uses, and misc. land2,000 Forest land Grassland pasture and range1,500 CroplandMillionsof acres1,000500 0 Federal State and other American IndianPrivateTotalpublic Source: USDA Economic Research Service 1/21/2013 8 Portion of each state that is federal land30%30% 1% 3%53%VT = 8%50%6% NH = 13%1%MA = 2% 42% 6% 6% RI = 0.4%10% CT = 0.4%85%1% 3%NJ = 3% 1% DE = 2%45% 57% 2%MD = 3%37% 2%1%7%DC = 25%10% 1%5%5% 3% 12%48%42% 4%7% 3%2% 4%7% 2% 5% 8%69%19% Source: U.S. General Services Administration1/21/20139 States with the most federal landNevada84.5% Alaska 69.1% Utah57.5%Oregon 53.1%Idaho50.2%Arizona48.1%California 45.3%Wyoming42.3%New Mexico41.8%Colorado 36.6% Washington30.3% Montana29.9%District of Columbia 24.7%Hawaii 19.4% New Hampshire 13.5% North Carolina 11.8%Michigan10.0% Virginia 9.9% 0% 10% 20%30%40%50% 60% 70%80%90%Source: U.S. General Services Administration1/21/2013 10 Urbanized areas Urbanized areas Source: Protected Area Database, Conservation Biology Institute 1/21/2013 11 Private lands Private lands Urbanized areas Source: Protected Area Database, Conservation Biology Institute 1/21/2013 12 Joint ownership, or unknown Joint/unknown Urbanized areas Source: Protected Area Database, Conservation Biology Institute 1/21/2013 13 Private conservation lands Private conservation Joint/unknown Urbanized areasSource: Protected Area Database, Conservation Biology Institute 1/21/2013 14 Local/regional land agency Local/regional Private conservation Joint/unknown Urbanized areasSource: Protected Area Database, Conservation Biology Institute 1/21/2013 15 State land State Local/regional Private conservation Joint/unknown Urbanized areasSource: Protected Area Database, Conservation Biology Institute 1/21/2013 16 Tribal land Tribal State Local/regional Private conservation Joint/unknown Urbanized areasSource: Protected Area Database, Conservation Biology Institute 1/21/2013 17 Federal land Federal Tribal State Local/regional Private conservation Joint/unknown Urbanized areasSource: Protected Area Database, Conservation Biology Institute 1/21/2013 18 Federal lands breakdownSource: Protected Area Database, Conservation Biology Institute 1/21/2013 19 Defense, Energy, Army Corps of Engineers Defense, Energy, ACOE Source: Protected Area Database, Conservation Biology Institute 1/21/2013 20 Fish and Wildlife Service Fish and Wildlife Service Defense, Energy, ACOE Source: Protected Area Database, Conservation Biology Institute 1/21/2013 21 National Park Service National Park Service Fish and Wildlife Service Defense, Energy, ACOE Source: Protected Area Database, Conservation Biology Institute 1/21/2013 22 U.S. Forest Service Forest Service National Park Service Fish and Wildlife Service Defense, Energy, ACOE Source: Protected Area Database, Conservation Biology Institute 1/21/2013 23 U.S. Bureau of Land Management BLM Forest Service National Park Service Fish and Wildlife Service Defense, Energy, ACOE Source: Protected Area Database, Conservation Biology Institute 1/21/2013 24 Percent of land protected by ecoregionSource: The Nature Conservancy 1/21/2013 25 THE HUMANFOOTPRINT1/21/2013 26 The human footprint in the American WestSource: U.S. Geological Survey 1/21/2013 27 The human footprint in the American WestSource: U.S. Geological Survey 1/21/2013 28 The human footprint in the American WestSource: U.S. Geological Survey 1/21/2013 29 The human footprint in the American WestSource: U.S. Geological Survey 1/21/2013 30 Population density Source: U.S. Geological Survey 1/21/2013 31 Population density plus agriculture Source: U.S. Geological Survey 1/21/2013 32 Add highways Source: U.S. Geological Survey 1/21/2013 33 Add highways, railroads, Source: U.S. Geological Survey 1/21/2013 34 Add highways, railroads, powerlines, Source: U.S. Geological Survey 1/21/2013 35 Add highways, railroads, powerlines, canals Source: U.S. Geological Survey 1/21/2013 36 Landfills and waste transfer stations Source: U.S. Geological Survey 1/21/2013 37 Human-caused wildfires: 1986-2001Source: U.S. Geological Survey 1/21/2013 38 Human-caused fire densitySource: U.S. Geological Survey 1/21/2013 39 Oil and gas well density Source: U.S. Geological Survey 1/21/2013 40 Exotic plant invasion riskSource: U.S. Geological Survey 1/21/2013 41 Probability of feral cat presenceSource: U.S. Geological Survey 1/21/2013 42 Probability of feral dog presence Source: U.S. Geological Survey 1/21/2013 43 The human footprint in the American WestSource: U.S. Geological Survey 1/21/2013 44 GROWTH 1/21/2013 45 Growing share of U.S. population lives in West 9025% 8011 Western states% US in 11 Western states 20% 70 60 15% 50Millions 40 10% 30 20 5% 10 - 0%Source: U.S. Census Bureau 1/21/201346 Population of Western states, 1850 to 2030 50 45 40 35 CAAZ 30 WACOMillions 25 ORNV 20 UTNM 15 IDMT 10 WY5 01850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 Source: U.S. Census Bureau 1/21/201347 Population of Western states, 1850 to 203012 Excluding CaliforniaArizona10Washington 8Millions 6ColoradoOregonNevada 4UtahNew Mexico 2IdahoMontanaWyoming 0 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030Source: U.S. Census Bureau 1/21/2013 48 The Westward march of the U.S. populationSource: U.S. Census Bureau 1/21/2013 49 The West has many of the growth hotspotsSource: U.S. Census Bureau 1/21/2013 50 The West has many of the growth hotspotsPercentage change in population: 2000 to 2010Source: U.S. Census Bureau 1/21/2013 51 The Wests population is highly concentrated Source: U.S. Census Bureau 1/21/2013 52 LAND TRUSTS1/21/2013 53 Location of conservation easementsSource: National Conservation Easement Database 1/21/2013 54 Conservation easements in ColoradoSource: National Conservation Easement Database 1/21/2013 55 Conservation easements in MontanaSource: National Conservation Easement Database 1/21/2013 56 Acres protected by land trusts is increasing18 Total Acres Protected16 Acres Under Easement Acres Owned14Millions of acres protected121086420 Source: Land Trust Alliance 1/21/2013 57 Easements are most common form of protection 18 16 14 12 10 Acquired, reconveMillionsyed, otherof acres 8Under easement 6Owned 4 2 02000 20052010 Source: Land Trust Alliance 1/21/2013 58 Number of land trusts in 2010Source: Land Trust Alliance 1/21/2013 59 Change in number of land trusts: 2000 to 2010Source: Land Trust Alliance 1/21/2013 60 Cumulative acres conserved by land trusts in 2010Source: Land Trust Alliance 1/21/2013 61 Portion of each state conserved by land trusts Source: Land Trust Alliance 1/21/2013 62 Change in acres conserved: 2000 to 2010Source: Land Trust Alliance 1/21/2013 63 Land trust accreditation is growing140 Number of accredited land trusts120100 80 60 40 20 0 20082009 2010 2011Source: Land Trust Alliance 1/21/2013 64 Acres protected by accreditation of land trust5045 Protected by accredited land trusts403530 Protected by non- accredited land trustsMillionsof acres 25201510 Protected by TheNature Conservancy(current applicant) 5 0 Source: Land Trust Alliance 1/21/2013 65 Number of land trusts accredited by 2010Source: Land Trust Alliance 1/21/2013 66 RANCHING 1/21/2013 67 Pasture, rangeland, and cattle in the U.S.Source: U.S. Global Change Research Program 1/21/2013 68 Milk cows concentrated in certain areasSource: National Agricultural Statistics Service 1/21/2013 69 Beef cows more widely distributed Source: National Agricultural Statistics Service 1/21/2013 70 Survey of federal grazing permitteesPart-time Professionalranchers ranchersTrophyrancherCorporate6%rancher13%Workingpart-time Sheep15% herder4% Small Dependent part-time family11% rancher20%Retired part-timeDiversified 18%family rancher 13%Source: Gentner and Tanaka (2002)1/21/2013 71 Profile of public lands grazing permitteesPart-Time RanchersProfessional RanchersDiversified DependentSmall Part-Retired WorkingTrophyCorporateSheep FamilyFamilyTimePart-Time Part-Time RancherRancherRancher Rancher Rancher Tradition, Values, Culture3.7 4.64.53.4 4.14.9 4.54.4 Good Place to Raise a Family3.7 4.64.63.3 4.24.9 4.54.5 Reasons to Pass to Future Generations 1.5 4.3 4 2.4 2.34.8 4.13.8own a ranch(1 = least Live Closer to Family /Friends2.8 3.93.52.1 2.94.4 3.53.2 important,5 = most Profit2.6 3.73.62.6 3.74.2 3.63.5important) No Other Skills 1.5 2.31.81.32 3.3 2.32.3 Environmental Purposes2.4 2.22.32.1 1.92.322 Livestock1321.518.2 21.1 74.984.771.980.8 Other Ranch 4.521.42.37.7 7.7 69.22.1Income Off-Ranch 57.25.177.4 15.77.64.8 9.26.2 (% bySource)Retirement12.9 36.50.59.1 1.42.5 2.60.7 Investments 11.78.8 1.2 40.73.21.4 3.37.1 Other 1.8 5.90.45.1 2.20.5 3.7 3Net 65,85744,60253,491 94,245 42,97046,92650,116 53,000 Income ($) Source: Gentner and Tanaka (2002)1/21/201372 Profile of public lands grazing permittees Part-Time Ranchers Professional RanchersDiversifiedDependent Small Part- Retired Part- Working TrophyCorporate SheepFamily Family TimeTimePart-Time RancherRancher Rancher RancherRancherDeeded Acres 1,398 2,620 1,56311,1344,7654,05812,554 14,849Cows79.5 122 143 466.7276.2295.7 615.2385.8# of AnimalsEwes27.54.410.1 0.87.810.63.1796Age (years) 57.564 51.3 59 53.9 61.1 55.6 57.8History (years) 22.4 29.236.913.335.3 29.533 32Labor Family10.5 17.214.913.520.7 24.6 26.7 27.5(person-months/year)Hired 4.5 4.8 2.328.24.33.6 3245.3Source: Gentner and Tanaka (2002)1/21/201373 AGRICULTURE1/21/2013 74 Farmland most concentrated in Midwest Source: National Agricultural Statistics Service 1/21/2013 75 Major decreases in farm acreage in parts of WestSource: National Agricultural Statistics Service 1/21/2013 76 Irrigation essential west of 100th Meridian 100th MeridianSource: National Agricultural Statistics Service 1/21/2013 77 Big decreases in irrigated acres in Central Valley Source: National Agricultural Statistics Service 1/21/2013 78 Agriculture dominates nations midsection Source: National Agricultural Statistics Service 1/21/2013 79 But West has some hotspots of agricultural valueSource: National Agricultural Statistics Service 1/21/2013 80 Grains, oil seeds, dry beans, and dry peasSource: National Agricultural Statistics Service 1/21/2013 81 Vegetables, melons, potatoes, and sweet potatoes Source: National Agricultural Statistics Service 1/21/2013 82 Fruits, tree nuts, and berries Source: National Agricultural Statistics Service 1/21/2013 83 Acres of vegetables harvested for saleSource: National Agricultural Statistics Service 1/21/2013 84 Acres in orchardsSource: National Agricultural Statistics Service 1/21/2013 85 Agricultural land developed: 1982 to 2007Rhode IslandNew HampshireNorth Dakota Vermont Nebraska Connecticut MontanaMaineSouth DakotaDelaware Wyoming MassachusettsKansasNorth Dakota IowaNebraskaNew MexicoSouth DakotaOklahomaOregonWyoming ColoradoWest VirginiaMissouriMontanaMinnesotaIowaTexas Oregon IdahoNew Jersey ArkansasMaryland Utah IdahoWashingtonArkansasIllinoisUtah ArizonaNevada Mississippi Louisiana IndianaMississippiNevada Kansas Wisconsin Washington Louisiana South Carolina VermontNew York New York VirginiaKentucky Minnesota Ohio New MexicoWest Virginia Missouri AlabamaCalifornia Alabama Michigan Oklahoma GeorgiaIndianaVirginia WisconsinTennesseeColorado PennsylvaniaKentuckySouth CarolinaGeorgiaMaine Illinois North CarolinaWesternMichigan MarylandPennsylvaniaFlorida states in TennesseeConnecticutOhio New Hampshireorange North CarolinaDelawareArizona Massachusetts Florida Rhode Island CaliforniaNew Jersey Texas 0.00% 5.00% 10.00% 15.00% 20.00% 25.00% 30.00%0 1,000,000 2,000,000 3,000,0004,000,000Acres of ag land converted % of ag land converted Source: Farmland Information Center1/21/2013 86 Rural land developed: 1982 to 2007Rhode IslandNorth Dakota North DakotaDelaware NebraskaVermontMontana South DakotaNebraska WyomingWyomingKansasSouth Dakota Iowa ConnecticutNew MexicoMontanaOregonIowaOklahomaNew HampshireMinnesotaUtah UtahNevada ColoradoMaine MaineIdahoIdaho KansasMissouriOregon ArkansasMarylandTexasWest Virginia Arizona New MexicoIllinoisArkansasWisconsin Oklahoma Vermont Massachusetts MississippiNew JerseyLouisianaIndiana Washington Louisiana Indiana Minnesota NevadaMississippiNew YorkColorado West Virginia Wisconsin KentuckyMissouriCalifornia Illinois Alabama WashingtonMichiganKentucky OhioArizona Tennessee New YorkVirginia VirginiaPennsylvaniaOhio South Carolina New Hampshire Georgia WesternAlabama TennesseeSouth CarolinaNorth Carolina states inMichiganPennsylvaniaFloridaorangeConnecticut CaliforniaMaryland Georgia Delaware North CarolinaRhode Island FloridaMassachusetts Texas New Jersey0 1,000,000 2,000,000 3,000,0004,000,000 0.00% 5.00% 10.00% 15.00% 20.00% 25.00%Source: Farmland Information Center 1/21/2013 87 Farmland at risk of development Source: American Farmland Trust 1/21/2013 88 MINING 1/21/2013 89 Active mines and mineral processing plants Source: U.S. Geological Survey 1/21/2013 90 Most mine or process sand, gravel, or crushed stone Source: U.S. Geological Survey 1/21/2013 91 Copper mines Source: U.S. Geological Survey 1/21/2013 92 Silver mines Source: U.S. Geological Survey 1/21/2013 93 Gold mines Source: U.S. Geological Survey 1/21/2013 94 Prices for key minerals in the American West$12,000$10,000 Copper (per metric ton)$8,000$6,000$4,000$2,000$0 2002 2003 2004 2005 200620072008 2009 20102011 2012$160$140$120Uranium (per pound)$100 $80 $60 $40 $20$0 2002 20032004 20052006 200720082009 2010 20112012$2,000Gold (per ounce)$1,500$1,000$500$0200220032004 20052006 200720082009 2010 20112012Source: Index Mundi 1/21/201395 FORESTRY 1/21/2013 96 Percent forest by ecoregion Source: The Nature Conservancy 1/21/2013 97 Timber produced by national forests 16Northern spotted owlSoldESA listing 14 Harvested 12 10Billions ofboard- 8feet 6 4 2 0Source: U.S. Forest Service1/21/2013 98 Timber cut by national forest: 2010 Source: Headwaters Economics 1/21/2013 99 Timber cut in national forests by stateSource: Headwaters Economics 1/21/2013 100 Timber cut in national forests by regionSource: Headwaters Economics 1/21/2013 101 ENERGY 1/21/2013 102 Primary energy consumption by sourcePrimary energy consumption Primary energy consumption by sourceby sectorPetroleum 37%Residential 23%Transportation 28%Natural gas 25% Otherrenewables4% Biomass Commercial 4% 19%Nuclear9%Industrial Coal31% 21%Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration1/21/2013 103 Fossil fuels continue to dominate energy sources Consumption by major source, 1949-201045403530 PetroleumQuadrillion Btu Natural Gas25 Coal Nuclear20 Biomass Other renewables1510 50 1949 195919691979 19891999 2009 Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration 1/21/2013 104 Primary energy consumption by sector Total consumption by end-use sector, 1949-20104035Industrial30Transportation25Quadrillion BtuResidential20Commercial1510 50 1949 19591969 19791989 1999 2009 Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration1/21/2013105 Million BtuQuadrillion Btu04610 0 4 6108 82 2 1212Wyoming Texas AlaskaCaliforniaLouisiana Florida North DakotaNew YorkIowaIllinois TexasPennsylvania South DakotaOhioKentucky LouisianaNebraska Georgia Montana MichiganIndiana Indiana AlabamaNorth Carolina Oklahoma New Jersey West Virginia VirginiaMississippiTennessee KansasArkansasWashington South Carolina AlabamaMinnesotaKentucky TennesseeMissouri New MexicoMinnesotaIdaho WisconsinMaine South CarolinaOhioOklahoma Wisconsin Arizona United StatesColorado WashingtonMarylandDistrict of Columbia Massachusetts MissouriIowaVirginia MississippiGeorgia Kansas IllinoisOregon PennsylvaniaArkansas Colorado Connecticut Source: U.S. Energy Information AdministrationDelaware Energy consumption by state: 2009 NebraskaEstimated Consumption per Person, 2009Oregon UtahNew JerseyWest Virginia State-Level Energy Consumption Estimates, 2009 North Carolina NevadaUtahNew MexicoMichiganAlaskaNevada Wyoming Vermont IdahoMaryland Florida MaineNew Hampshire North Dakota ConnecticutMontanaArizona South DakotaCalifornia New Hampshire orangeMassachusetts Hawaii states in Western1/21/2013 HawaiiDelaware Rhode Island Rhode IslandNew York District of ColumbiaVermont106 Energy consumption per person Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration 1/21/2013 107 Energy pricesSource: U.S. Energy Information Administration 1/21/2013 108 Energy consumption vs. energy prices R2=.465 Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration 1/21/2013 109 Primary energy produced by source type 70 60 50 40Quadrillion BTUFossil Fuels 30NuclearRenewable 20 100 Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration1/21/2013 110 Primary energy production by source: 2011OilSolar/PV15.35%0.20% Wind GeothermalNuclear1.50%0.29%10.58%Coal Hydroelectric 28.40% 4.06% Renewables12% Biomass5.78%Natural gas 33.85%Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration 1/21/2013 111 Nuclear industry has been flat for decades Operable Units, 1957-2010120100 Peak: 112 units inNumber of Units1990104 Units in80 2010604020 019571967 1977 1987 1997 2007 Nuclear Share of Total Electricity Net Generation, 1957-2010 25 20 15 Percent 105019571967 1977 1987 1997 2007Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration1/21/2013112 Coal continues to dominate power portfolioElectric Power Sector, 1949-2010100% Renewable Energy 90% Nuclear Electric 80% Power 70% Petroleum 60% Natural Gas 50% Coal 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 1963 1993 200319571973 1987195119751981 1989 1965 1983 19951997 20051953 19591967197719611991 2001 200719711979 1985 1949 1969 1999 20091955Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration1/21/2013 113 Natural gas has fueled most new power plants60000 Generating capacity by initial year of operation Wind50000Petroleum Other Nuclear40000 Natural gasMegawatts Coal30000 Hydro20000100000 Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration 1/21/2013 114 Natural gas will stay the favored fuel for new plants Additions to electricity generating capacity605040Other/ RenewablesNatural Gas/ OilGigawattsNuclear30HydropowerCoal20100 Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration 1/21/2013 115 Cost of new generation in 2017Solar ThermalSolar PV Advanced Coal with CCSGas: Conventional Combustion TurbineBiomass Advanced NuclearAdvanced CoalLevelized capital cost Gas: Advanced Combustion Turbine Fixed O&M Geothermal Variable O&M (incl. fuel) Conventional CoalTransmission Investment WindGas: Advanced CC with CCS HydroGas: Conventional Combined Cycle Gas: Advanced Combined Cycle 0 50 100150200 2503002010 $/megawatt-hour Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration1/21/2013116 Electricity generation by fuel 2,000 1,800 1,600 2010 2020 1,400 2035Billion kilowatt-hours 1,200 1,0008006004002000 CoalNatural gasNuclear RenewablesSource: U.S. Energy Information Administration 1/21/2013 117 Conventional, tight, and shale gasSource: U.S. Energy Information Administration, U.S. Geological Survey 1/21/2013 118 Natural gas production by source30 Shale gas Tight gas Lower 48 onshore conventional25 Lower 48 offshore Coalbed methane Alaska20Trillion cubic feet1510 50Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration 1/21/2013 119 Conventional gas production: on- and off-shoreSource: U.S. Energy Information Administration 1/21/2013 120 Shale gas found throughout the countrySource: U.S. Energy Information Administration 1/21/2013 121 Lower 48 on-shore natural gas production 2035West Coast 2010 2035Rocky Mountain 2010 2035 Southwest 2010Other gasShale gas 2035Coalbed methaneMidcontinent 2010Tight gas 2035 Gulf Coast 2010 2035 Northeast 2010 0 1 2345 6 7 8Trillion cubic feet Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration1/21/2013 122 Federal lands important for fossil fuel production4540353025Percent2015% of US total for natural gas10% of US total for fossil fuels 50 Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration 1/21/2013123 Fossil fuel production on public/tribal lands Sales of fossil fuels produced on federal and Indian lands, 2003-20012520 Total Fossil Fuels CoalQuadrillion Btu15 Natural Gas Crude Oil and Lease Condensate Natural Gas Plant Liquids10 50 2003200420052006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration1/21/2013 124 Natural gas produced on federal/tribal lands Sales of natural gas produced on federal and Indian Lands, 2003-2011 8000 7000 6000Billion Cubic Feet 5000 4000 3000 TotalOnshore Federal 2000 Offshore FederalIndian Lands 1000 02003 2004 2005 20062007 200820092010 2011Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration1/21/2013125 Hydro, wood, and biofuels are top renewables9Renewable Energy: Total Consumption and Energy Sources, 1949-201087Quadrillion Btu6TotalHydroelectric5 WoodBiofuels4 WindSolar32101949 1959 19691979 1989 1999 2009 Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration 1/21/2013 126 Projected growth in non-hydro renewable energy140Solid waste/landfill gasGeothermal120Biomass100 SolarWind80Gigawatts604020 020102015 2020 202520302035 Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration1/21/2013 127 Wind power capacity growing rapidlySource: American Wind Energy Association 1/21/2013 128 The Midwest has the best wind power potentialSource: National Renewable Energy Laboratory 1/21/2013 129 Wind power has been deployed throughout nationSource: American Wind Energy Association 1/21/2013 130 Sage grouse range overlaps best wind power areas Source: U.S. Geological Survey, WA Dept. of Fish and Wildlife 1/21/2013 131 Solar power making gainsSource: Solar Energy Industry Association 1/21/2013 132 Southwest is the hotspot for solar powerSource: National Renewable Energy Laboratory 1/21/2013 133 Desert tortoise range overlaps with solar hotspotsSource: National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Bureau of Land Management 1/21/2013 134 Federal solar energy zonesSource: Bureau of Land Management 1/21/2013 135 Land-use intensity for energy production/efficiency Biodiesel from soyElectricity from biomassEthanol from celluloseEthanol from corn Ethanol from sugarcane Wind HydropowerPetroleum Solar photovoltaicNatural gasSolar thermalCoalGeothermal Nuclear power Efficiency gains (electricity)Efficiency gains (liquids) -200 0200400 600 800 1000Land-use intensity in 2030 (km2/TW-hr/yr) Source: McDonald et al. (2009) 1/21/2013136 Habitat impacts due to future energy development Minimum new area (km2) of habitat impactedCoal BiomassBiofuels Wind Boreal forests942 3 6 Deserts2,310 257372884 Flooded grasslands - 3041- Mediterranean habitat5 1231,699 54 Temperate conifer forests4,936 1,883 12,977 2,835 Temperate deciduous forests 10,297 4,014 76,841428 Temperate grasslands 7,508 3,760 46,821 1,392 Tropical dry forests -4 5 34 Tropical grasslands1,304 59 1,583 3 Tropical moist forests -7 9 78 Tundra --- - Source: McDonald et al. (2009)1/21/2013 137 Corn production and ethanol plantsSource: National Agricultural Statistics Service 1/21/2013 138 Conclusion Although much of the West is publicly owned, the level ofprotection afforded to this land varies dramatically. Some of the least disturbed areas are protected as wildernessor national parks, but many of these relatively pristine placesremain vulnerable to development. The Wests population is growing fast and becomingincreasingly urbanized. Livestock grazing and agriculture still have the biggestfootprint in the West, but some extractive industries, such aspublic lands logging, are in decline. Already a major energy producer, the West is home to somekey natural gas deposits and the nations best sites for solarpower, but developing these resources can cause significantenvironmental damage. 1/21/2013 139 Download more slides and other librariesecowest.org Contact us by e-mailing mitch@ceaconsulting.com 1/21/2013 140 EcoWest advisorsJon Christensen, Executive Director of the Bill LaneCenter for the American West and a Principal Investigator inthe Spatial History Project at Stanford UniversityBruce Hamilton, Deputy Executive Director for the SierraClub, who has over 30 years of experience designing andimplementing environmental campaignsRobert Glennon, Morris K. Udall Professor of Law andPublic Policy, Rogers College of Law at the University ofArizona; author of Water Follies: Groundwater Pumpingand the Fate of Americas Fresh Waters and Unquenchable:Americas Water Crisis and What To Do About It1/21/2013 141 EcoWest advisorsJonathan Hoekstra, a global science leader at The NatureConservancy who directs the Science program in his homestate of Washington and the lead author of the Atlas ofGlobal ConservationTimothy Male, Vice President of Conservation Policy forDefenders of Wildlife, where he directs the Habitat andHighways, Conservation Planning, Federal Lands, OregonBiodiversity Partnership, and Economics programsThomas Swetnam, Director of the Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research at the University of Arizona and a leadingexpert on wildfires and Western forests 1/21/2013 142 Contributors at California Environmental AssociatesMitch TobinEditor of EcoWest.orgCommunications Director at CEAMicah DayAssociate at CEAMatthew Elliott Contact us by e-mailingPrincipal at CEA mitch@ceaconsulting.comMax LevineAssociate at CEACaroline OttResearch Associate at CEASarah WeldonAffiliated consultant at CEA1/21/2013 143