the hydrologic cycle. summary water is a limited resource. growers (farmers) have a responsibility...
TRANSCRIPT
The Hydrologic Cycle
Summary
• Water is a limited resource.
• Growers (farmers) have a responsibility to conserve water.
• Water can be conserved by capturing more water, using it more efficiently, and reducing consumptive use.
• Reduce, Reuse and Recycle Water
• Keep water clean
Water Quality
Pollution• Point sources
– Factories
– Sewage plants
– Manure storage
– Feedlots
Toxicity – everybody is responsible to prevent it
Water Quality (continued)
Pollution• Nonpoint sources
– Nutrients
– Pesticides
– Manure applications
Water Quality (continued)
Ways to avoid pollution:• Reduce runoff• Reduce erosion• Reduce fertilizer losses• Reduce pesticide use• Store and apply manure properly• Maintain wetlands• Practice drainage management• Install conservation buffers
Drainage and Irrigation
• Are tools to increase the productivity of land that is too wet or too dry
• More than 70% of world food are produce using I&D
• I&D strives to increase Water Productivity index of crop by increasing Irrigation efficiency.
Wetlands
• Areas that are wet long enough and often enough to support vegetation adapted to saturated soils are called “wetlands.”
• They have:– Hydric soils– Wetland hydrology– An environment that hosts wetland vegetation
Wetlands (continued)
Wetlands play a role in:• Water control• Water quality• Wildlife habitat• Recreation and education
Wet Soils
• Have fewer ecological functions than wetlands
• Make up 25% of farmland
• Are identified by:– Standing water– Presence of water-loving plants– Soil color – Percolation testing
Artificial Drainage
• Surface drainage– Collect excess water– Channel water away– Collect excess irrigation water
• Subsurface drainage– Collect water through underground pipes
Irrigation
Brings water to dry soils
Irrigation Systems
• Subsurface irrigation– Watering from below
• Surface irrigation– Border-strip irrigation– Furrow irrigation
Irrigation Systems (continued)
• Sprinkler irrigation– Hand-move irrigation– Solid-set irrigation– Traveling-gun irrigation– Center-pivot irrigation– Wheel-move irrigation
Irrigation Systems (continued)
Irrigation Systems (continued)
• Micro-irrigation– Drip irrigation– Micro-spray irrigation
Irrigate When
• 50–60% of available soil water has been used
• Soil moisture measurements indicate soil water is too low
• Evapotranspiration loss since last rain is high
• A set schedule is appropriate
Soil Moisture Can Be Judged By
• “Feel Test” and ribboning
• Potentiometer
• Evaporation pans
How Much Water?
Dictated by:• Soil texture• Rooting depth
Saving Water
• Use the most water-efficient system available
• Level land carefully
• Use well-designed systems to fit the soil, crop, and terrain
• Use sealed ditches
• Use measuring devices
Saving Water (continued)
• Use the correct amount of water
• Use the most efficient amount of water
• Schedule irrigation according to crop needs
• Use computers to automate systems
Water Quality
Considerations• Suspended solids• Boron• Soluble salts
Natural Moisture Regimes
Soil moisture conditions throughout a
growing season are considered when
implementing a natural moisture control
regime. These systems include:
• Xeric—dry
• Mesic—average
• Hydric—wet
Summary
• Drainage and irrigation can be used to increase soil productivity.
• Drainage takes excess moisture away; irrigation supplies water to dry areas.
• There are a variety of methods for both operations.
• The goal is to avoid water stress to plants.