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THE IDEA OF ABSURDITY REFLECTED IN THECHARACTERIZATION OF CHARACTERS IN SAMUEL

BECKETT’S ENDGAME

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirementsfor the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By

ARMANDO SORIANO

Student Number: 034214123

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMMEDEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERSSANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA2009

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THE IDEA OF ABSURDITY REFLECTED IN THECHARACTERIZATION OF CHARACTERS IN SAMUEL

BECKETT’S ENDGAME

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirementsfor the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By

ARMANDO SORIANO

Student Number: 034214123

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMMEDEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERSSANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA2009

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For my beloved Grandfathers,Armando Soriano and Semuel Laikopan.

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AKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This Undergraduate Thesis had been improved by the help, support, and

assistance of some people, who with their kindness, have been generous enough to be

involved during the process of writing this thesis.

In this opportunity, I must thank Drs. Hirmawan Wijanarka, M.Hum.,my advisor,

for his patience in guiding me writing this thesis, and for the suggestions that are really

valuable. I thank Dewi Widyastuti, S.Pd.,M.Hum. ,my co-advisor, for the consultation,

and Dr. Harry Susanto, S.J. for providing me the discussion and a lot of second opinions.

I thank God for His blessing and guidance. My sincere gratitude goes to my

family, Bapa, Mama, IyOo, and the big family of Soriano and Laikopan, for the endless

praying and support. I also thank my colleagues in KKN-XXXII- Kelompok 21 for the

friendship, my companions in Media Sastra Community, and Sastra Mungil for the

process, discussion, and help. I thank the buddies, Anton “ktx”, Vino Alberto, Nicodemus

and Jonathan Martumpal for the different but inspirational perspective. A special thank

goes to Guruh ‘Iyan-ahong’ and Fr. Evencio, OFM for providing me those rare books and

also to all compatriots in those melanesian students communities for the solidarity.

Armando Soriano

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ……………………………………………………………………. iAPPROVAL PAGE …………………………………………………….……….. iiACCEPTANCE PAGE…………………………………………………………….. iiiLEMBAR PERNYATAAN ……………………………………………………….. ivMOTTO PAGE ……………………………………………………………………. vDEDICATION PAGE ……………………………………………………………. viACKNOWLEDGEMENTS …………………………………………………….. viiTABLE OF CONTENTS ………………………………………………………… viiiABSTRACT ………………………………………………………………………. ixABSTRAK ……………………………………………………………………….. x

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION …………………………………………….... 1A. Background of the Study ……………………………………………... 1B. Problem Formulation ………………………………………………… 4C. Objectives of the Study ……………………………………………….. 4D. Definition of Terms …………………………………………………… 4

CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW……………………………………... 6A. Review of Related Studies……………………………………………… 6B. Review of Related Theories……………………………………………. 17C. Theoretical Framework…………………………………………………. 24

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ……………………………………………. 26A. Object of the Study …………………………………………………… 26B. Approach of the Study …………………………………………………. 27C. Method of the Study …………………………………………………… 27

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS …………………………………………………….. 30A. Characterization of Characters in Endgame …….……………………... 31B. The Idea of Absurdity Reflected in the Characterization of Characters in

Endgame…………................................................................................ 481. The Routine …………………………………………………… 492. Meaningless Condition ……………………………………….. 533. The End ……………………………………………………...... 57

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION …………………………………………………. 61

BIBLIOGRAPHY ………………………………………………………………... 65

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ABSTRACT

ARMANDO SORIANO. The Idea of Absurdity Reflected in theCharacterization of Characters in Samuel Beckett’s Endgame. Yogyakarta:Departement of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University,2009.

Endgame is a play with the theme of a criticism on human’s existence.The author, Samuel Beckett, is known as a dramatist who brings a newatmosphere to the field of theatre. The characters can be analyzed in theircharacterization to find a condition that criticizes the existence of human. Thecriticism can be seen in the idea of absurdity about human life that is reflected onthe characters. The analysis on the characterization of the characters and itsreflection of the idea of absurdity is the main goal to discuss in this study.

This study firstly tries to find out the characterization of the Clov, Hamm,Nagg, and Nell and the way it reflected the idea of absurdity.

The play is containing a criticism or moreover can be said as an ideawhich is aimed to a reader. For this reason the writer choose to apply moral-philosophical approach in the study. The writer used the method of libraryresearch in collecting data and several processes that can be classified as readingdata, analyzing data, and drawing conclusion.

Absurdity is philosophical idea raised by Albert Camus. It is a study thatexplores the reality of human life. One of the conclusions on this idea is thatabsurdity is the ultimate truth. Absurdity, according to Camus, cannot be exploredthoroughly. It can only be identified by using the scheme of the explanation ofidea of absurdity. The characters in the play trough their actions, speeches, andthinking, reflect some themes. These themes are the routine, meaninglesscondition, and the end. These themes, based on the Camus’ philosophy ofabsurdity, can be categorized as the reflection of the idea of absurdity. Thecriticism on the human existence that is raised by the author through the play canbe seen by using the scope of Camus’ idea of absurdity as the characterization ofcharacters shows the reflection of the idea of absurdity.

.

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ABSTRAK

ARMANDO SORIANO. The Idea of Absurdity Reflected in theCharacterization of Characters in Samuel Beckett’s Endgame. Yogyakarta:Departement of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University,2009.

Endgame adalah naskah drama dengan tema mengenai kritik ataskeberadaan manusia. Penulisnya Samuel Beckett, dikenal sebagai dramawan yangmembawa nuansa baru dalam dunia teater. Tokoh-tokoh dalam drama ini dapatdianalisa berdasarkan penokohan mereka untuk menemukan kondisi yangmengkritik keberadaan manusia. Kritik ini dapat dilihat pada ide mengenaiabsurditas kehidupan manusia yang terefleksi oleh tokoh- tokoh dalam drama ini.Analisa mengenai penokohan tokoh Clov, Hamm, Nagg, dan Nell dan carapenokohan tersebut merefleksikan ide absurditas merupakan tujuan utama untukdibahas di dalam studi ini.

Studi ini pertama-tama akan mencoba memaparkan penokohan dariClov,Hamm,Nagg dan Nell dan cara penokohan tersebut merefleksikan ideabsurditas.

Drama ini berisikan kritik yang dapat dikatakan sebagai ide yangdiarahkan kepada pembaca. Berdasarkan alasan ini penulis memilih untukmenerapkan pendekatan moral-filosofis di dalam studi ini. Penulis menggunakanmetode studi pustaka dalam mengumpulkan data dan beberapa proses yang dapatdijabarkan seperti membaca data, menganalisa data, dan menarik kesimpulan.

Absurditas adalah ide filosofis yang diungkapkan oleh Albert Camus. Ideini adalah studi yang menjelajahi kenyataan dalam kehidupan manusia. Salah satukesimpulan mengenai ide ini adalah bahwa absurditas adalah kebenaran mutlak.Absurditas menurut Camus tidak dapat dijelajahi secara tuntas. Ide ini hanyadapat dipelajari dengan menggunakan skema penjelasan tentang ide absurditas.Tokoh-tokoh di dalam Endgame melalui tindakannya, perkataannya, danpemikirannya merefleksikan tema-tema tertentu. Tema-tema itu adalah rutinitas,kondisi ketiadaan makna, dan akhir. Tema-tema tersebut berdasarkan filsafatabsurditas menurut Albert Camus dapat di kategorikan sebagai refleksi dariabsurditas. Kritik atas keberadaan manusia yang diungkapkan oleh penulis naskahdi dalam drama tersebut dapat dilihat dengan menggunakan pemahaman filsafatdari Camus di mana penokohan dari para tokohnya menunjukan refleksi dari idetentang absurditas.

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

The routine of human life has been an object of analysis and discussion by

many of the existentialism thinkers or philosophers. One among others is Albert

Camus who uses this routine as an element in his work. Another person, Samuel

Beckett, who is known more as a dramatist, also has used the theme of the routine

of human life. He stated that habit and routine were the "cancer of time”

(http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1969/press.html, accessed

on October 11th, 2007). This theme can be said as a point where the discussion of

the absurdity can be started.

In Endgame, the habit or the routine that the character has can be said as

one of the themes of the play. The use of this theme can be seen in the way the

character elaborated it in the play. In Beckett’s another work, Waiting for Godot,

the theme is about the act of waiting that became the main routine of the

characters. Waiting for Godot goes by showing the way the characters interact one

with another in their endless act of waiting. These characters find the fact that they

are in such condition where they are unable to run away from. This condition is

formed in the shape of the daily routine which is seemed like a trap for them.

Albert Camus in his essay, Myth of Sisyphus, said that the absurdity of

human condition is that the situation of man who are full of the desire to explain

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anything in his life and the world. He faced the reality that nothing can be

explained from life and the world.

But what is absurd is the confrontation of the irrational and the wild longing forclarity whose calls echoes in the human heart. The absurd depends as much onman as on the world. (Camus,1955:16).

The moment of absurdity appears when man realized about his condition

of being. It is the time when he is aware about his existence. This awareness

raised a basic question about man’s existence. This awareness also leads mean to

a feeling of alienation between him and the world. Camus describes this situation

by using the example of people with their routine.

Rising, streetcar, four hours of work, meal, sleep, and Monday TuesdayWednesday Thursday Friday and Saturday according to the same rhythm-thispath is easily followed most of the time. But one day the "why" arises andeverything begins in that weariness tinged with amazement. In another words,absurdity arises from moments when all the acts of life that flow mechanicallystop, and when consciousness starts to wake up and move (Camus, 1955:15).

Martin Esslin in The Theatre of the Absurd, a book that introduced the

term of The Theater of The Absurd in the field of theatre, analyzed Beckett and

his work using the theme of The Search for The Self. Endgame is discussed in

many aspects, such as the symbolism, the relation to other works of Beckett, and

also the bibliographical aspect of the author. Beckett, as said in The Theater of the

Absurd, is influenced by James Joyce, the writer who is a friend and literary

master of Beckett.

Endgame then becomes an allegory of the relationship between thedomineering, nearly blind Joyce and his adoring disciple, who felt himselfcrushed by his master’s overpowering literary influence…Yet Endgameundoubtedly, has a very large number of human beings. The problems of therelationship between a literary master and his pupil would be very unlikelyto elicit such a response very few people in the audience would feel directlyinvolved (Esslin, 1969:46).

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As we can see in many of Beckett’s work, Endgame is full with the tone of

pessimistic, and the pathetic of life. Characters appear in their physical boundary

and their inability to reach the reason or the meaning of their lives. Everything

seems nothing. It will be like what Beckett said that “nothing is more real than

nothing” (http://samuel-beckett.net/godot_greg html, accessed on October 11th,

2007).

Endgame also shows Beckett’s contemplation about the contradiction

between man’s personality and the world outside. The setting of the play is an

inside part the room of a house that said as the building for the last human beings

on earth. There is little description about the outside part of the room. Hamm, one

of the characters, always said that outside the room is “a death” (Beckett,

1986:96). The only thing that seemed clear for the characters is the death, the

natural end of their life that exactly will happen. Esslin showed this as the symbol

of the personality of man and the power outside him.

In Endgame we are also certainly confronted with a very powerful expressionof the sense of deadness, of leaden heaviness and hopelessness, that is theexperienced in the states of deep depression: the world outside goes for thevictim of such states, but inside his mind there is ceaseless argument betweenparts of his personality that have become autonomous entities (Esslin,1969:48).

The characterization of characters in Endgame leads to Camus ‘idea of

absurdity. Their failure to communicate with each other and the condition and all

the contradiction that appear between them and the world are the points that will

guide the study to find a reflection of the idea of absurdity. This thesis will

analyze the characterization of the four characters, Clov, Hamm, Nagg, and Nell

in Endgame and how it reflects the Camus’ idea of absurdity.

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B. Problems Formulation

In the relation with the explanation above, the writer raises two problems

formulation that will be discussed further in the thesis.

1. How are Clov, Hamm, Nagg, and Nell characterized in Samuel Beckett’s

Endgame?

2. How does the characterization of characters in Endgame reflect the idea of

absurdity?

C. Objectives of the Study

Concerning the problems formulation that have been stated previously, the

objectives of the study are represented as follows.

The first objective is to find out how Clov, Hamm, Nagg, and Nell are

characterized in Endgame.

The second objective is to identify how characterization of characters in

Endgame reflects the idea of absurdity.

D. Definition of Term

As stated in the title and explored in the above explanation, the writer

define the key concept of this study namely absurdity. In this Thesis the writer

applied Albert Camus’ concept of the idea of absurdity for the discussion.

1. Absurdity

The term of absurdity is defined into two major meanings. Firstly, one

refers to the general term of absurdity as described in dictionary. According to the

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New Oxford American Dictionary Second Edition (2005), absurdity is the quality

or state of being ridiculous or wildly unreasonable.

Another meaning of absurdity is rather specific to a philosophical term.

According to Albert Camus, absurdity can be said as the feeling, or situation

which is born of a confrontation between the human need of meaning and the

unreasonable silence of the world. In The Myth of Sisyphus Camus said as

follows.

A world that can be explained even with bad reasons is a familiar world.But, on the other hand, in a universe suddenly divested of illusions andlights, man feels an alien, a stranger. His exile is without remedy since hedeprived of the memory of a lost home or the hope of a promised land. Thisdivorce between man and his life, the actor and his setting, is properly thefeeling of absurdity (Camus, 1955:5).

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CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL REVIEW

A. Review of Related Studies

In the English Department of Sanata Dharma University, the studies on

absurdity had been conducted before. One of them is an undergraduate thesis by

Dicky Christanto entitled “Humanity, Absurdity, and Atheism Found in Albert

Camus’ The Plague in Relation with Karl Marx’ Criticism Toward Religion”.

This thesis analyzed the relation of Camus’ theory with Marx’ criticsm toward

religion. The analysis was aimed to find the answer for the philosophical

explanation of the main character believe on the atheism, the implication of the

main character atheism understanding toward the other character in the story in

relation to their atheism, the similarity and the difference of the atheism and it’s

application showed by the main character and the message from discussion over

the discourse of atheism on the story (Christanto, 1998:6).

The other study is F.X. Lilik Dwi Mardjianto’s “The Significance of the

Characterization of the Minor characters to the Elaboration of the Theme in Albert

Camus’ The Stranger”. This study tries to find the characterization of the minor

character and then explores the significance of the characterization as the

antithesis of absurdity to the development of the theme of the story (Mardjianto,

2005:6).

One of the studies on absurdity that analyzed Beckett’s works of drama is

done by Martin Esslin in his book The Theatre of the Absurd that the title became

a phrase in the study of theater. Esslin put the theme on his analysis on Samuel

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Beckett and his works as The search for the self. The analysis on Beckett’s works

in this book was done in numbers of aspects.

In The Theatre of the Absurd, Esslin said about the earlier works of

Samuel Beckett. One example of the works is Beckett’s poem Whoroscope which

presenting the philoshoper Descartes’ meditation. Another Beckett’s works is his

study on Proust, the French novelist, essayist, and critic. In this study, the theme

of Beckett’s later works can be seen such as his disbelief in communication. This

theme is inspired by Proust whose idea is that the art is the apotheosis of solitude.

On the communication, Proust said that there is no communication because there

are no vehicles of communication (Esslin, 1969:13).

On the characters of Endgame, Esslin has done numbers of analysis in his

book that the writer will not state it entirely in here. The points that will be

reviewed are those that have been considered as having a significant issue to the

analysis. In his book, Esslin pointed out that Endgame can be seen as a

monodrama. This is a psychological view on the play. Endgame is seen as a

structure of a psychological part of a man. Esslin said that in the play the character

of Clov is performing the function of the senses for his senile master Hamm. This

idea is about the representation of different aspects of single personality.

Hamm, Blind and emotional; Clov, performing the function of the senses forhim- all these might well represent different aspects of a single personality,repressed memories in the subconscious mind, the emotional and theintellectual selves (Esslin,1969 : 44).

Another psychological view on characters in Beckett’s work, in The

Theatre of the Absurd, is the characteristic that the characters of Beckett’s

different works have in common. It is about idea that the characters in most of

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Beckett’s drama are all often been noticed for their peculiar psychological reality.

The characters from Beckett’s Waiting for Godot, Vladimir and Estragon, have

been seen as so complementary that they might be the two halves of a single

personality, the conscious and the subconscious mind. Each of these three pairs

Pozzo-Lucky, Vladimir-Estragon, Hamm-Clov is linked by a relationship of

mutual independence, wanting to leave each other, at war with each other, and yet

dependent on each other. It is also an image of the interrelatedness of the elements

within a single personality, particularly if the personality is in conflict with itself

(Esslin, 1969:45).

Esslin’s study also said about Beckett’s using the idea of disbelief on

communication. It is said as an original experience of Beckett himself which is

more profound and fundamental nature than mere autobiography. Endgame is said

as a revelation of Beckett’s experience of temporarily and evanescence; his sense

of the difficulty of communication between human beings (Esslin, 1969:48).

Beckett is said as a writer who success in depicting the inner side of a person. His

creative intuition explores the elements of experience and shows to what extent all

human beings carry the seeds of such depression and disintegration within the

deeper layers of their personality (Esslin, 1969:48).

Esslin also reviewed the atmosphere that Beckett used in writing his

works. Esslin said that in Endgame we are confronted with a great expression of

pathetic and pessimism of life. The indications for this expression are the sense of

deadness, leaden heaviness, and hopelessness. This idea drawn a scheme about the

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situation between an argument in man’s mind and the depression condition

surround him.

In Endgame we are also certainly confronted with a very powerful expressionof the sense of deadness, of leaden heaviness and hopelessness, that isexperienced in states of deep depression: the world outside goes dead for thevictim of such states, but inside his mind there is ceaseless argument betweenpart of his personality that have become autonomous entities (Esslin,1969:48).

On the other hand, Esslin also criticized Endgame. He said that Endgame

is lacking of characters and plot. Characters in Endgame, Hamm and Clov, Nagg

and Nell, are not characters but the embodiments of basic human attitudes. He

stated that these characters are rather like the personified virtues and vices in

medieval mystery plays or Spanish autos sacramentales (Esslin, 1969:53).

Moreover, Esslin made a conclusion on the feature that he thought as the main

factor of success of Beckett’s Plays.

This is also the key to the wide success of Beckett’s plays: to be confrontedwith concrete projections of the deepest fears and anxieties, which have beenonly vaguely experienced at a half-concious level, constitutes a process ofcatharsis and liberation analogous to the therapeutic effect in psychoanalysisof confronting the subconscious content of mind (Esslin, 1969:48).

The most dominated analysis in The Theatre of the Absurd is about the

biography of Beckett and his exploration about the elusiveness of human

personality in his works. The theme, the search for the self, is deeply explored in

Esslin’s study on Beckett’s work. As we can see in his opinion in Beckett’s other

play, Krapp’s last Tape, Esslin said that Beckett has found graphic expression for

the problem of the human ever-changing identity (Esslin, 1969:55).

Through the brilliant device of the autobiographical library of annual recordedstatements, Beckett has found a graphic expression for the problem of theever-changing identity of the self, which already described in his essay on

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proust. In Krapp’s Last Tape, the self at one moment in time is confrontedwith its earlier incarnation only to find it utterly strange (Esslin,1969:56).

Another study on Beckett is Alan Astro’s Understanding Samuel Beckett.

This book provides an analysis on Beckett’s works such as his early writings,

major novels, and major theatrical works. The analysis on the character can be

seen in several parts. Astro analyzed on Beckett’s drama in a complex way. The

analysis is dominated with Astro’s opinion on the way Beckett used the theme of

pessimism and the chaotic atmosphere in most of his play.

In his analysis on Endgame, Astro focused on the relation between two

major characters in it, Hamm and Clov. Their physical description is the object

that Astro used for his analysis. The relation between Hamm and Clov is said as

the pseudocouple in the way they are complementing each other.

Later we learn he is Hamm, Clov’s blind and paralyzed master. He cannotstand, and Clov cannot sit. They complement each other’s infirmities, as befitsa pseudocouple (Astro, 1990:132).

The catastrophe that is used as the setting of Endgame is one of the objects

of Astro’s analysis. The setting of Endgame is described as a painful place. A

great holocaust has happened in the world. This condition has affected the

characters. They live a sorrowful life. Astro gives a philosophical opinion about

Hamm. He said that Hamm’s need of pain-killer can be interpreted as his sickness

of his existence.

Life in this postholocaust world is quite painful. Hamm repeatedly asks Clovfor a pain-killer, and Clov always answers that the time for it has not yet tocome. Until the end when he informs him,”There’s no more pain-killer” (E71). These words apply to the audience as well: we share the characters’ painas spectators of the terribly laborious dialogue and action. We cannot escapefrom the fact that existence is painful, and that world is bent on destruction.(Astro, 1990:132).

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Astro’s book provided opinion from other philosopher about the

significant of holocaust setting that is used in Endgame. It posted the Theodore

Adorno’s opinion about the using of symbols in Endgame. It is an argument about

the significant of Ardens mountains that has been used as the setting for the place

where Nagg and Nell, two of four characters in the play, having an accident and

lost their legs.

Theodore Adorno, the social theoretician of the Frankfurt school, argues in anarticle on Endgame that the reference to the Ardennes Mountains issignificant, for they were the site of one of the first modern mass destruction,the battlegrounds of World-War I (Astro, 1990:132).

The idea of denying the existence of God appears as one of objects that

can be seen in the character. God, according to Astro’s analysis, is said as the

nonexistent creator for characters in Endgame. This can be seen in the part where

Astro discussed about they way Beckett use Antonin Artaud’s perception about

the modern theatre.

Beckett follows the precepts of Antonin Artaud, who urged that moderntheater leave realism behind and look toward classical Greek theater and itsorigin in ritual. Sacrifice is the most dramatic of rituals, and it is an importantpart of Endgame, where all humankind is offered up in an empty holocaust toa God of whom Hamm says “the bastard! He doesn’t exist”(Astro,1990:133).

The names of the four characters, Clov, Hamm, Nagg, and Nell, are

analyzed in the relation of their position, and condition on the play and as a

system of symbolism. These names said as having symbolical relation of the

significant of one characters towards the others.

Hamm would be the hammer, merciless against all humanity, who bears downon several nails: his slave Clov (Clou in French means Nail), his father Nagg (Nagel is german for Nail)and his mother Nell(who name sounds likeNail)(Astro,1990:134).

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The study on Endgame in Understanding Samuel Beckett also analyzed the

concept of time that is used in Endgame. To reach this, Astro analyzed the way

the character said about time. There is a significant relationship between the

character and time. On the idea of time, which is a complex one, Astro drew a

conclusion about the eternity of time as the time setting of the play.

Hamm then says that “time was never and time is over, reckoning closed andstory ended”(E 83). That time should be both over and never have been iscontradictory but not illogical; if time has ended, we are in a timelessdimension; therefore it is impossible for time to have existed before, for therecould be no “before” (Astro, 1990:135).

In Endgame, Hamm has knowledge about a paradox of the end of time that

leads him to doubt that anything can end. The characters will not reach the end

since they will not feel or aware of it because they already end or death when the

end appears. As Astro stated that death is something that, in a sense, never comes.

Wait for it as we like, when it arrives we have died and cannot know it has arrived

(Astro, 1990:135).

The idea of end that never arrives in Endgame is related to Sartre’s

concept of existentialism. This opinion about an end in Endgame is only can be

understood by using Sartre idea about being. This concept will help in

understanding the idea that it is impossible to say that anything could reach finish

in Endgame. It will be related to what professor Astro said as the “Non-

dimensional world”.

It seems impossible for anything to finish in Endgame, for if all human lifeceased, there would be nothingness, not and an “end”. In order that there be anend, a subjectivity is required to notice the ending; ends do not exist inthemselves (Astro, 1990:137).

Endgame has been an object of numbers of analyses. Most of them

concern on its particular way of using the different kind of plot, and the way the

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characters are characterized. Others focused on the fact that the play could be

analyzed on its use of symbolism, the way it criticizing something, the value of

philosophical ideas in it, and its relation with Beckett’s life.

In the relation to the school of philosophical thoughts Endgame is said as

having a critique toward several philosophical and aesthetic movements. Endgame

implies a critique of several philosophical and aesthetic movements: Naturalism,

Realism, Romanticism, Classicism, Enlightenment progress, Empiricism, and

Rationalism (http://www.msb27@u.washington.edu .accessed on October, 2007).

Many studies on Beckett’s dramas are made by the comparison between

them. Beckett’s most known play, Waiting for Godot, is the one that is mostly

used to be compared with others. As we can see in Wallace Fowlie’s Dionysus in

Paris, it said that Endgame is having much features than Waiting for Godot. The

analysis about this features concern on the style of acting and performances that is

used in Endgame ( http:// www.theatrehistory.com/irish/beckett/endgame. html.

Accessed on October, 2007).

Beckett’s style of writing in Endgame is said as indicates with great

precision, as if he was writing a musical score, the pauses between speeches. This

is unusual for the French style of acting. If observed in the performance of the

play, the effect may well enhance the painfulness of waiting, the emptiness of

existence, the expectancy of collapse, of a manifestation of total despair. The

innumerable pauses between speeches when the stage is silent underscore the

anguish in each of the four characters and the nudity of the words themselves

when they are spoken (http:// www.theatrehistory.com/irish/beckett/endgame.

html. Accessed on October, 2007).

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Beckett is said as a play writer that allows total freedom to directors,

actors and critics, but then wishes to correct their interpretations. Worton in his

essay said that, Beckett does not want his actors to act. He wants them to do only

what he tells them. When they try to act, he becomes very angry.

What is most interesting is that whenever he directed or was closely involved in

the production of his plays, he focused on different aspects

(http://web.archive.org/web/20010128075500/http://www.cyberuni.vu/wormi001.

html. Accessed on October, 2007).

Worton in his review of Endgame is comparing the theme that is used in

the play with the later works of Beckett’s novels. It cannot be denied, of course,

that Waiting for Godot and Endgame present many of the themes already explored

in the novels, all of which centre on the complex problem of how we can cope

with being-in-time. There is the abiding concern with death and dying, but death

as an event (i.e., actually becoming “a little heap of bones”) is presented as desired

but ultimately impossible, whereas dying as a process is shown to be our only

sure reality. Beckett's characters are haunted by “the sin of having been born”, a

sin which they can never expiate. Pozzo remarks that, one day we were born, one

day we shall die, the same day, the same second

(http://web.archive.org/web/20010128075500/http://www.cyberuni.vu/wormi001.

html. Accessed on October, 2007).

As we have already seen in Astro’s analysis on Beckett’s play, the concept

of time is one of the analyzed objects. Worton also put this as one of the topic in

his analysis, Waiting for Godot and Endgame: Theatre as Text. The concept of

time in Endgame and Waiting for Godot is said as having a common in their

15

continuity. In other words, time indubitably exists as a force of which the

characters are aware in that they become increasingly decrepit, but they have no

sense of its continuity. If each day is like all the others, how can they then know

that time is really passing and that an end is night. Waitng for Godot is grounded

in the promise of an arrival that never occurs, and Endgame is the promise of a

departure that never happens. This would seem to imply that the characters look

forward to the future, yet if there is no past, there can be neither present nor

future. So in order to be able to project onto an unlocatable, and perhaps non-

existent future, the characters need to invent a past for themselves

(http://web.archive.org/web/20010128075500/http://www.cyberuni.vu/wormi001.

html. Accessed on October, 2007).

Samuel Beckett was known with his inspirable works that open a new

chapter in the world of Theatre. We can see this in an article on New York Times

which said about Beckett’s influence to the traditional character. It said that,

Beckett's great innovation in Waiting for Godot and Endgame is both to question

the formal structure that playwrights of previous traditions have felt obliged to

respect, and to offer a mimesis or representation of reality that recognizes and

inscribes the formlessness of existence without attempting to make it 'fit' any

model.” ''(http://www.nytimes.com/books/97/08/03/reviews/20046.html.

Accessed on October, 2007 ).

Beckett himself gives an opinion about the new form that he brings in the

drama. In 1961 Beckett wrote as follows.

16

What I am saying does not mean that there will henceforth be no form in art.It only means that there will be a new form, and that this form will be of sucha type that it admits the chaos, and does not try to say that the chaos is reallysomething else. The form and the chaos remain separate. The latter is notreduced to the former. That is why the form itself becomes a preoccupation,because it exists as a problem separate from the material it accommodates. Tofind a form that accommodates the mess, that is the task of the artist(http://www.nytimes.com/books/97/08/03/reviews/20046.html. Accessed onOctober, 2007 ).

Beckett’s work is mostly considered as a work which has an element of

bleakness. This consideration might comes from the use of pathetic, and

pessimism theme in his works. His name, in adjectival form, is used in English as

a synonym for bleakness.

Though his name in the adjectival form, Beckettian, entered the Englishlanguage as a synonym for bleakness, he was a man of great humor andcompassion, in his life as in his work. He was a tragicomic playwright whoseart was consistently instilled with mordant wit(http://www.nytimes.com/books/97/08/03/reviews/20046.html. Accessed onOctober, 2007 ).

Beckett did not really concern with the public opinion on his work. There

was a rarely record on his activity of giving a public statement. He received Noble

Prize in 1969 but Beckett did not attend the ceremony. New York Times said that,

In 1969 Beckett was awarded the Nobel Prize in literature for a body of work that

''has transformed the destitution of man into his exaltation.'' Karl Ragnar Gierow,

secretary of the Swedish Academy, said his writing ''rises like a Miserere from all

mankind, its muffled minor key sounding liberation to the oppressed and comfort

to those in need.'' He was on holiday in Morocco at the time of the Nobel

announcement and in characteristic fashion offered no public statement and

refused to attend the ceremony. He sent his publisher in his stead. Reportedly he

17

gave his prize money of $72,800 to needy artists.

(http://www.nytimes.com/books/97/08/03/reviews/20046.html. Accessed on

October, 2007).

The studies above deal with several objects of study in analyzing

Endgame. They explored the characters, the writing style of Beckett, the

significant of theme and setting, and the philosophical values, from many

philosophical schools, in Endgame. This thesis’ focus is the particular

philosophical value that reflected in characters’s characterization of Endgame.

The philosophical value that is analyzed in this thesis is the concept of absurdity

based on Albert Camus’ idea of absurdity. The main analysis is about the

characters’ characterization and how it reflects the idea of absurdity.

B. Review of Related Theories

1. Theory of Character and Characterization

According to A Glossary of Literary Terms, characters are persons

presented in the dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by the reader as

being endowed with moral, dispositional and emotional qualities and that are

expressed in what the say -the dialog- and by what they do -the action-.

(Abrams,1981:20).

In order to understand about character and its development we must

concern about the character’s consistency as Abrams state in Glossary of Literary

Term.

18

Character may remain essentially ‘stable’, or unchanged in his outlook and hisdispositions, from beginning to end of a work, or he may undergo a radicalchange, either through a gradual development or as a result of an extremecrisis. Whether a character remains stable or changes, the reader of atraditional, realistic work requires ‘consistency’- the character should notsuddenly break off an act in a way not plausibly grounded in his temperamentas we have already come to know it”(Abrams,1981:20).

According to A Handbook of Literary Terms, character is divided into two

groups which are main and minor. Many writers present their main characters

with fullness of detail, while the minor appear somewhat lifeless. However this

conception of main and minor is not that significance since there is a tendency to

regard any human being who strays into the book as being worthy (Yelland,

1953:31).

On the characterization, Roger B. Henkle has drawn a scheme about the

position of character in novels to define a characterization. He said that

characterization is central to the fictional experiences and the principal objective

of the creation of the characters in novels is to enable us to understand and to

experience the people (Henkle, 1977:86).

On the author way of presenting information about the character, Edgar V.

Robert and Henry E. Jacob describe about the four ways.

1. What the characters themselves say (and think if the author expresses their

thoughts).

On the whole, speeches may be accepted at face value to indicate the

character of a speaker. Sometimes, however, a speech may be made offhand, or it

may reflect a momentary emotional or intellectual state. Readers must consider

19

the situation or total context of a statement and also whether show change or

development.

2. What the characters do

Readers should interpret action as sign of character. Often reader will find

that action is inconsistent with logic or expectation. Such behavior may signal

naiveté, weakness, deceit, or scheming personality, they may also signalize strong

inner conflicts, and also change or growth.

3. What other characters said about them

In stories and in plays, as in life, people often talk about other people. If

the speakers are honest, reader may accept their opinion as accurate description of

other characters. However, sometimes person’s prejudices and interests distort

what that person said. Therefore, an author may give a reader a good impression

of characters by having a bad or negative character said a negative things about

them.

4. What the author say about them, speaking as a storyteller or an observer.

What the author, speaking with the authorial voice, says about character is

to be accepted as accurate. However, when the authorial voice interpret action and

characteristic, the author himself or herself assume the role of a reader or a critic,

and any opinions may be either right or wrong. For this reason, author frequently

avoid interpretations and devote their skill instead to arranging events and

speeches so that only readers themselves draw conclusions (Robert and Jacob,

1989:147).

20

2. Theory of Absurdity

A century before Camus, the 19th century Danish philosopher Søren

Kierkegaard wrote extensively on the absurdity of the world. In The Myth of

Sisyphus, Camus reviewed Kierkegaard’s writing about absurdity.

The man who writes: “The surest of stubborn silences is not to hold’s onetongue but to talk” makes sure in the beginning that no truth is absolute or canrender satisfactory an existence that is impossible in itself. Don Juan of theunderstanding, he multiplies pseudonyms and contradiction, writes hisDiscourse of Edification at the same time as the manual of cynicalspiritualism, The Diary of the Seducer. He refuses consolations, ethic, reliableprinciples ( Camus, 1955:19).

Entering the era after the Second World War people start to make a

reflection about them with the achievement of life that they have reached so far.

People found the reality that what they have thought as modernism, and other

ideas, concepts or ideologies brought to them nothing but war and suffering. The

most basic and oldest question remains unanswered. A question which asking

about the reason of human existence.

Philosophy is one of the oldest schools of thinking that accompanies

human being in the history of their lives. Philosophy has already walk through a

long way that take it into a long process of the dynamically development. One

way of answering the old question about human existence is provided by the

existentialist philosopher. Albert Camus in many of his work is using the theme of

the absurdity of human existence in the world. Camus can be said as an

existentialist thinker, by concerning on his works, as the others existentialists like

Sartre and Kierkegaard (Kauffman, 1956:49). Camus’ theory of absurdity is

inspired or related to the existentialism idea from Nietzsche, Kierkegaard, and

21

Sartre. Camus and writers like Pascal, Kierkegaard, and Nietzsche can be

classified as writers who were first of all philosophers or religious writers, but

they have stylistic achievements and literary flair that give them a special place in

the of world literature as well.

Jean-Paul Sartre, the founder of existentialism, state that the basic of

existentialism is the totally freedom of man since there is no God who give an

essence for man’s existence. Existentialists believe that Existence is prior to

Essence.

What is meant here by saying that existence precedes essence? It means that,first of all, the human individual exists, turns up, appears in the world, and,only afterwards, defines himself. If the human individual, as the existentialistthinks of him, is indefinable, it is because at first he is nothing. Only afterwardwill he be something, and he himself will have made what he will be. Thus,there is no human nature, since there is no God to conceive of it. Not only isthe human individual what he conceives himself to be, but he is also onlywhat he wills himself to be after this thrust toward existence(Kaufmann,1966:287).

The Myth of Sisyphus (1955) is one of Camus’ works that has been mostly

used for the reference of his absurdity theory. This is a book with the essential or

fundamental statement of Camus’ philosophy. It is in this book that Camus

formally introduces and fully articulates his most famous idea, the concept of the

absurdity, and his well known essay about Sisyphus which is a symbol of human’s

life struggle. On the opening Camus directly stated the main problem of the

discussion that there is but one truly serious philosophical problem, and that is

suicide (Camus,1955 :3).

Camus put his idea through the book with excellent aphorisms and

insights. Camus said that suicide is not the solution for man’s absurdity condition.

22

He said that absurdity must not be evaded either by religion “philosophical

suicide” or by annihilation “physical suicide”; the task of living should not merely

be accepted, it must be embraced. The struggle itself toward the heights is enough

to fill a man’s heart. One must imagine Sisyphus happy (Camus, 1955:91).

In order to understand absurdity, it is not as simply of finding references

that we can see in the reality of life today such as paradoxes, incongruities, and

intellectual confusion. As Camus himself emphasizes and tries to make clear, the

absurd expresses a fundamental disharmony, a tragic incompatibility, in our

existence. In effect, he argues that the absurd is the product of a collision or

confrontation between our human desire for order, meaning, and purpose in life

and the blank, indifferent “silence of the universe.” The absurd is not in man nor

in the world, but in their presence together. It is the only bond uniting them

(Camus,1955:16).

We can make a conclusion that in Camus’ view there are three possible

philosophical responses to this predicament. Two of these he condemns as

evasions; the other he puts forward as a proper solution. Man first choice is blunt

and simple: physical suicide. If we decide that a life without some essential

purpose or meaning is not worth living, we can simply choose to kill ourselves

(Camus,1955:6). Camus rejects this choice as cowardly. In his terms it is a

repudiation or renunciation of life, not a true revolt.

The second choice is the religious solution of positing a transcendent

world of solace and meaning beyond the absurd (Camus, 1955:7). Camus himself

calls this solution “philosophical suicide” and rejects it as transparently evasive

and fraudulent. To adopt a supernatural solution to the problem of the absurd (for

23

example, through some type of mysticism or leap of faith) is to annihilate reason,

which in Camus’ view is as fatal and self-destructive as physical suicide. In effect,

instead of removing himself from the absurd confrontation of self and world like

the physical suicide, the religious believer simply removes the offending world,

replacing it, via a kind of metaphysical things, with a more agreeable alternative.

The last choice is simply to accept absurdity, or better yet to embrace it,

and to continue living. Since the absurd in his view is an unavoidable, indeed

defining, characteristic of the human condition, the only proper response to it is

full, unflinching, courageous acceptance. As Camus said, that one must be lived

all the better if it has no meaning (Camus, 1955:8). The idea of this revolt is can

be seen in his use of Sisyphus is in his philosophical essay.

Doomed to eternal labor at his rock, fully conscious of the essentialhopelessness of his plight, Sisyphus nevertheless pushes on. In doing so hebecomes for Camus a superb icon of the spirit of revolt and of the humancondition (http://www.iep.utm.edu/c/camus.htm. Accessed on October, 2007).

. In the Myth of Sisyphus, Camus explores the idea of absurdity by

conducting a large scheme of explanation in form of essay. There he stated about

the absurdity as the ultimate truth and provide requirements, which he said as the

enumeration, to understand absurdity (Camus,1955:10). In the scheme we can

found the use of the three themes in the discussion on absurdity.

In The Myth of Sisyphus Camus stated about the indications of absurdity.

In the essay titled Absurd Walls Camus showed how the absurdity can appear to

men in a sudden attack. The absurd will be seen when men realize about their

condition. This awareness leads men to the situation that there is an unexplainable

distance between themselves and the world. It can be said that when men start

24

aware all the object of reality will be revealed from the meaning that they already

had have. One of the object is the daily live. When men realize the mechanically

routine of their life, they are entering the step to experience the absurdity.

Another point of the schemes in understanding Camus’ concept of

absurdity is the idea of the end. The end or death is one of the objects of

discussion on the idea of absurdity. Camus said that what is left is a destiny of

which only the end is predetermined. Apart from this single predetermined fact of

death, all, joy or happiness, is freedom (O’Brien.1970: 30).

Camus pointed man to rise each day to fight a battle he knows he cannot

win. Although facing the ultimate truth of his failure to understand the world man

should keep the struggle with wit, grace, compassion for others, and even a sense

of mission. In the other word man should became what Camus said as an absurd

hero. A hero whose face the absurdity with all his integrities.

C. Theoretical Framework

The theories stated in this chapter will be use to analyze Endgame. The two

theories, the theory of characters and the theory of characterization, will provide

basic help in analyzing the characters in the play. The theory of absurdity of

Camus will be a guide to find the value of absurdity in the characters of the play.

The theory of characters and characterization are applied in studying the

characters in Endgame. Basically there only are four characters in Endgame, they

are Hamm, Clov, Nagg, and Nell. As Abrams stated in his Glossary of Literary

Terms that in analyzing a character we should concern on their consistency. This

25

theory will help the analysis of the characters in Endgame. The theory of

characterization by Edgar V. Robert and Henry E. Jacobs will be a guide in

analyzing the characterization of the characters in the play. That is through what

the characters themselves say, what the characters do, what other characters said

about them, and what the author say about them (speaking as a storyteller or an

observer) this theory will help in studying the development of the characters in the

play.

This thesis uses Camus’ theory of absurdity as the basic. The analysis will

be mainly based on the concept of absurdity by Camus. Making a intensive review

on the theory and study it from many point of view such as historically and it

development as one of the philosophical school the writer would try to find how

the characterization of characters reflects Camus’ idea of absurdity in Endgame.

26

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

A. Object of the Study

Samuel Beckett’s Endgame is a dramatic work which still uses the same

theme of waiting that has been used in another Beckett’s play Waiting for Godot.

Endgame was written in French, entitled Fin de Partie, then Samuel Beckett

himself translated it into English. The process of writing Endgame was finished in

July 1956. It was published in February 1958 by Groove Press, copyright 1958 by

Groove Press. This play, the English version, consists of 43 pages and it was

republished together with Beckett’s other plays in Samuel Beckett The Complete

Dramatic Works by Faber and Faber limited in London in 1986. The first

production, in the hands of Roger Blin, was put on in the Studio des Champs-

Elysées in May of 1958.

Endgame is a play in one act. The characters of the play are four persons;

Hamm, Clov, Nagg, and Nell. Each of the characters was described as having a

mutual depending toward another. The story began with Clov, the servant of the

house, starts some activities which can be said as his daily tasks. Clov serves

Hamm, the master but later can be concluded as Clov’s father, and Hamm’s

parents; Nagg and Nell who have no legs and living in the ashbin. Most parts of

the play are the conversation between the four characters and it is dominated with

Clov intent to leave Hamm. It can be said that the waiting in the play is the

waiting of Clov’s leaving which will be result in the end other characters’ life.

27

B. Approach of the Study

This thesis deals with the idea of absurdity that reflected in the

characterization of characters in Samuel Beckett’s Endgame. As a literary work

Endgame can be said to have a value that is a reflection of the reality. The value

could be in form of critic or an inspirable idea that will help man in their

contemplation or searching for the meaning of live. This thesis will use this moral

philosophical idea as the main idea of the discussion.

Endgame is a portrait of the hopeless human condition. By using the idea

of absurdity we can see that Endgame contain an idea of man searching the

meaning of his life and it is a critic toward man eternal failure to understand about

it. Therefore the Moral-philosophical approach will be applied in the analysis

since there is an indication of the present of philosophical value in Endgame.

Moral-philosophical approach, according to Guerin, is an approach of which is

basic is to examine the literary work that teach morality and to probe

philosophical issue (Guerin, 1979:29). With this approach, the analysis to find the

idea of absurdity that reflected on the characterization of characters in Beckett’s

Endgame will be possible to be done.

C. Method of the Study

In order to support this research, several sources of data are used. They are

books and articles that related to Endgame and philosophically idea of absurdity

which belong to Camus. Those sources are Samuel Beckett the Complete

Dramatic Works, The Myth of Sisyphus, Camus, Existentialism from Dostoevsky

28

to Sartre, The Theater of the Absurd and many more. The library research method

is used as the main method in order to find out the play and supportive readings to

study the topic. The writer also used the other media i.e. internet to collect an

information that related to the research. By finding the data from relevant

websites, the writer got more information about the author, the play, the

philosophy idea of absurdity, others related articles, and essays. Several steps in

the following were done to reach the result of the study.

Firstly, the writer read the play in order to understand about it. An

intensive reading was taken for the purpose of the best understanding of the play.

The primary source of this study was Bekcett’s Endgame, a play which included

in the book Samuel Beckett the Complete Dramatic Works. The writer was

interested to the relation of the play with the philosophical idea about human

existence. A deeper reading led the writer to specify the philosophical aspect into

the idea of absurdity.

The second step was collecting the data that is related to the play and the

philosophy of absurdity. Most of the data were the studies about Beckett’s work

of plays and it relation to the scope of philosophy. The writer also used secondary

sources to analyze the study. Some of the sources are The Theatre of the Absurd

and The Myth of Sisyphus. The first book was used as a guide in understanding

Beckett’s dramas in the aspect of its role in the field of drama.

The third step was processing the data and starting to make the research in

more systematically form. In this step the writer tried to find a problem which

formulated into problem formulation for the focus of the analysis. Also in this

29

step, the writer started the analysis by answering the problem formulations. The

collection of data and readings support the writer to understand the concept of

philosophy and the theory of character and characterization. The Myth of Sisyphus

is reliable guide to understand about the concept of Absurdity that stated by

Camus. The writer’s comprehension on the theory of character and

characterization was supported by A Handbook of Literary Terms, and Reading

the novel: An introduction to technique of interpreting fiction. The first problem

formulation that is related to the characterization of all characters was answered

by applied the theory to the fact that can be found in the play. The second problem

formulation, the idea of absurdity that reflected on the characterization of

characters, was possible to answer after having an understanding of the concept of

absurdity.

Finally, the fourth step. This last step was drawing a conclusion. In this

step the writer made a summary of all process of analyzing and the result

of the research.

30

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS

Samuel Beckett’s Endgame is a play in one act. The characters in the play appear

in their way of interaction to others. The play goes by showing a contact, and a

communication that the characters build between themselves since they are members of a

family. Most of the activity that the characters do in the play is the routine of their lives.

Endgame is a story about a life of a family. The characters are the four people

who are father (Nagg), mother(Nell),son(Hamm), servant (Clov). The condition of this

family, which is said as the last human being after a big catastrophe happened on the

earth, is dying for food and hope. These characters seemed like trapped in a monotonous

condition that will be ended only by their natural deaths. The story is about how the

characters deal with the time between their present time and the end of their lives.

This undergraduate thesis focused on the characterization of characters in

Endgame and certain idea reflected by the characterization. In this part the study will do

the analysis by answering the questions that are stated in the Problem Formulation. The

question that will be answered firstly is about the characterization of characters in the

play; Hamm, Clove, Nagg and Nell. On the next part, this chapter will answer the second

question about how the characterization of the characters reflects the idea of absurdity.

31

A. Characterization of Characters in Endgame

In this part the writer will analyze the characterization of each of the characters in

Endgame. There are four characters in Endgame. They are, in order of the appearance,

Clov, Hamm, Nagg and Nell. In this analysis the focus will be on all of the four

characters. By reading and understanding the role of these characters in the play a

conclusion can be drawn in how they are characterized.

1. Clov

Clov is a servant of Hamm. He is younger than Hamm. He is characterized as a

person who has a staggering walk and a stiff movement. The physical description of Clov

can be seen in the stage direction of the play.

CLOV goes and stands under window left. Stiff, staggering walk (Beckett,1986:92).

Clov has a physical problem, he can not sit. This physical problem of Clov is the

opposite of the other character in Endgame, Hamm, whose physical problem is the

inability to stand.

HAMM . Sit on him!CLOV . I can’t sit.HAMM . True. And I can’t stand (Beckett,1986:97).

There are other physical problems that Clov has. His legs and eyes are not in a

proper condition.

HAMM. How are your eyes?CLOV. BadHAMM. How are your legs?CLOV. Bad (Beckett,1986:95).

Clov is characterized as a person who plays an important rule in the house. He is

the only character who has an ability to walk. He, as a servant, is the one who arrange the

32

food for Hamm and his parents. He also manages all things in the house. Clov is

controlled by Hamm. His main duty is to wait an order from Hamm, or Nagg, and Nell.

CLOV. I’ll go to my kitchen, ten feet by ten feet, and wait for him to whistle me(Beckett,1986:93).

CLOV. I’m back again, with the biscuit. [He gives the biscuit to NAGG who fingersit, sniffs it.]

NAGG. [Plaintively.] What is it?CLOV. Spratt’s Medium ( Beckett.1986:97).

Clov is obsessed by order. As we can see in the next first quotations his walking

was done in an exact number of steps. This is shown by his straight movement and also

his idea or ambition to arrange everything and put them in order. The addiction to put

anything in order is one of the ways he is characterized in Endgame.

CLOV. I’ll go to my kitchen, ten feet by ten feet, and wait for him to whistle me(Beckett,1986:93).

CLOV : [ Straightening up.] I love order. It’s my dream. A world where all would besilent and still and each thing in its last place, under the last dust( Beckett,1986:120).

As a servant Clov is characterized as a person who is very loyal to Hamm. He

finds that it is difficult for him to leave Hamm. As we can see in the following quotation,

Clov has already tried to do it since he was a young boy. His obedience according to Clov

himself is something that he will not ever understand.

HAMM. I thought told you to be off.CLOV. I’m trying. [He goes to door, halts.] Ever since I was whelped

(Beckett,1986:98).

CLOV. There’s one thing I’ll never understand. [ He gets down.] Why I always obeyyou. Can you explain that to me?

HAMM. No…Perhaps it’s compassion (Beckett,1986:129).

33

Clov is actually has an opportunity to end Hamm live. One of the reasons for Clov

of not doing the action is a food. Hamm is the one who know the combination of the

larder where the food is kept.

HAMM. Why don’t you kill me?CLOV . I don’t know the combination of the larder. [ Pause.] (Beckett, 1986:96).

Clov is very loyal to Hamm. As the result this character always changes his

opinion when it is facing with Hamm’s. He never replies Hamm with a direct offensive

answer. The replying of Clov to Hamm can be said as a compromised answer or a loyal

answer of a servant to his master.

HAMM. Nature has forgotten us.CLOV . There’s no more nature.HAMM. No more nature! You exaggerate.CLOV. In the vicinity.HAMM. But we breathe, we change! We lose our hair, our teeth! Our bloom! Our

ideals!CLOV. Then she hasn’t forgotten us.HAMM. But you say there is none ( Beckett,1986: 97).

Clov and Hamm always has a conversation where both of them reply each other

with a short expression. This expression is more about the logical meaning of the

sentence rather than the motive of the speaker who said it. In the following quotations we

can see how Clov and Hamm having the kind of conversation. Clov is characterized as a

person who has a different way of using language.

HAMM. I’ll give you nothing more to eat.CLOV . Then we’ll dieHAMM. I’ll give you just enough to keep you from dying. You’ll be hungry allthe time.CLOV . Then we shan’t die (Beckett,1986: 95).

HAMM. Why do you stay with me?CLOV . Why do you keep me?HAMM. There’s no one else.CLOV . There’s nowhere else (Beckett,1986:95).

34

Hamm several times asked Clov to leave him. Clov, as he said, has already tried

to leave Hamm but he never success in doing it. The conversation between Clov and

Hamm about his leaving always ends with Clov’s obedience to Hamm. As we can see in

the following quotation, Clov follows what Hamm has said to him although it was a

contradiction with his own previous idea. This is the part that explains that Clov is

characterized as a person with a hesitation.

CLOV. So you all want me to leave you.HAMM. Naturally.CLOV. Then I’ll leave you.HAMM. You can’t leave us.CLOV. Then I shan’t leave you (Beckett,1986:110).

Clov does anything in the scheduled routine and seemed to have no concern about

the other thing beside his job. He contemplates about the life that they have. This

contemplation result in questions about the existence and the meaning of life. This is an

indication that Clov is characterized as a person who realizes about his existence. In the

quotation below, there is a part where Clov asks Hamm about reason of his life that he

has to face every day and his existence. Hamm answered that the reason of his life is the

routine and the reason of his existence is the dialog.

CLOV. Why this farce, day after day?HAMM. Routine (Beckett.1986:107).

CLOV. What is there to keep me here.HAMM. The dialogue.[Pause.] (Beckett.1986:121).

Clov’s contemplation is also about the end of their life. This idea of end seems

like the only exact thing that can be predicted in his life since Clov is a hesitating

character. The first quotation below is the first dialog that Clov said in Endgame which

also the first dialog of the play. Clov is in a waiting of the finish or the end of his life. In

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the second quotation below, it shows that Clov has a conversation with Hamm on the idea

about the end.

CLOV. [Fixed gaze, tonelessly.] Finished, it’s finished, nearly finished, it must benearly finished (Beckett,1986:93).

CLOV. Do you see how it goes on.HAMM. More or less.CLOV. Will it not soon be the end?HAMM. I’m afraid it will.CLOV. Pah! You will make up another (Beckett,1986:122).

Clov has a kind of father-son relationship with Hamm. He is sometimes said as a

son of Hamm. There is no exact information about Clov’s status in the family. There are

only clues that show several facts about Clov. According to Hamm narration, in the

quotation follows, Clov is characterized as the son of a man who long time ago came to

him for asking a help. At that time Clov was a little boy and he start to lives with Hamm

as his father start to work there. The first quotation is a part of Hamm’s monologue where

he called Clov as his son, the second and third quotations are the story about the past time

of Clov.

HAMM. If I can hold my peace, and sit quiet, it will be all over with sound, andmotion, all over with sound, and done with.[Pause.] I’ll have called my fatherand I’ll have called my…[he hesitates]…my son (Beckett,1986:126).

HAMM. I’ll tell you how it goes. He comes crawling on his belly-CLOV. Who?HAMM. What?CLOV. Who do you mean, he?HAMM. Who do I mean! Yet another.CLOV. Ah him! I wasn’t sure.HAMM. Crawling on his belly, whining for bread for his brat. He’s offered a job as

gardener. Before- [ CLOV bursts out laughing.] What is there so funny aboutthat?(Beckett,1986:121).

HAMM.[ After reflection.] Nor I.[Pause.] I continue then. Before accepting withgratitude he asks if he may have his little boy with him.

CLOV. What age?

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HAMM. Oh tiny.CLOV. He would have climbed the trees.HAMM. All the little odd jobs (Beckett,1986:122).

Clov, in the discussion of the physical ability, is characterized as the opposite of

Hamm. This situation makes Clove become a very important person for Hamm. The

information about the outside world is come to Hamm through the sight of Clov. Hamm

is depending on Clov almost for every single help.

HAMM. Look at sea.CLOV . It’s the same.HAMM. Look at the ocean![CLOV gets down, take a few steps towards window left, goes back for ladder, carriesit over and sets it down under window left, gets up on it, turns the telescope on thewithout, looks at length. He starts, lowers the telescope, examines it, turns it again onthe without.]CLOV. Never seen anything like that!HAMM. [Anxious.] What? A sail? A fin? Smoke?CLOV. [Looking.] The light is sunk.HAMM. [Relieved] Pah! We all knew That (Beckett,1986:106).

In the end of the play, Clov is preparing to leave the place in order to see the little

boy that he has looked through the telescope. Hamm, who realized about Clov’s

departure, said a long monologue that ended with an asking for Clov to remain.

HAMM. More complications! [CLOV gets down.] Not an underplot, I trust.[CLOV moves ladder nearer window, gets up on it, turns telescope on thewithout.]

CLOV. [Dismayed.] looks like a small boy!HAMM.[Sarcastic.] A small …boy!CLOV. I’ll go and see (Beckett,1986:130).

HAMM. And speak no more about it…[He finishes unfolding.]…speak no more. [Heholds the handkerchief spread out before him.] Old stancher! [Pause.]You…remain. (Beckett,1986:133)

After made an analysis on the character of Clov, the characterization of this

character can be said as follows. Clov is characterized as a loyal person. He is a loyal

servant of Hamm. He has all the physical ability which is an opposition to Hamm’s

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condition. Clov can not sit and has a stiff and straight movement. Clov is the one who has

a responsibility for food arrangement of the family. He provides Hamm with many helps

since Hamm has a lot of physical problem. Clov made contemplation on his life, his

existence, and the end of his life. Clov is always characterized to leave the family but he

never made it.

2. Hamm

Hamm is a blind middle-aged man. He is a senile old man who uses a wheeled

chair. His position is in the center of the room. Hamm’s physical description in the text

can be seen as follows.

In a dressing-gown, a stiff toque on his head, a large blood-stained handkerchiefover his face, a whistle hanging from his neck, a rug over his knees, thick socks onhis feet (Beckett,1986:93).

Hamm is characterized as a person who has the highest authority in the house. He

controlled and kept the food supply for the people in the house. He is the one who knows

the combination of larder where the food is kept. This can be seen in the quotation below

that shows Hamm’s control of the food storage.

HAMM. Why don’t you kill me?

CLOV. I don’t know the combination of the larder.[Pause.] (Beckett,1986:96).

HAMM. Why don’t you finish us?[Pause.] I’ll tell you the combination of the larderif you promise to finish me (Beckett,1986:110).

Hamm is characterized as a noble person. He has a good sense in using his noble

manner with words. Hamm has a special characteristic of talking. He sometimes speaks

in a monologue style. The opening and the closing of Hamm’s part of dialog were done

in monologue. The first of the quotations follow is his first dialogue, and the second is his

last part.

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HAMM. Me-[He yawns]- to play. [He holds the handkerchief spread out beforehim.] Old stancher! [He takes off his glasses, wipes his eyes, his face, theglasses, puts them on again, folds the handkerchief and puts it neatly in thebreast-pocket of his dressing-gown. He clears his throat, joins the tips of hisfingers.] Can there be misery-[He yawns]-loftier than mine? No doubt.Formerly. But Now? [Pause.] (Beckett,1986:93).

HAMM. Me to play. [Pause. Wearily.] Old endgame, play and lose and have donewith losing. [ Pause. More animated.] Let me see.[Pause.] Ah yes![He tries tomove the chair, using the gaff as before. Enter CLOV, dressed for the road.Panama hat, tweed coat, raincoat over his arm, umbrella, bag. He halts by thedoor and stands there, impassive and motionless, his eye fixed on HAMM, tillthe end. HAMM gives up.] (Beckett,1986:132).

Hamm is a storyteller. During the play he several times tells a story, he called it as

his soliloquy, which is a narration of something he wants to say or his memory of a past

time. As we can see in the below quotations, the first is Hamm’s story about the process

of being old that will happen to Clov. The story about his friend who has a mentally

illness can be seen in the second quotation.

HAMM. In my house.[Pause. With prophetic relish.] One day you’ll be blind, likeme. You’ll be sitting there, a speck in the void, in the dark, for ever, like me.[Pause.] One day you’ll say to yourself, I’m tired, I’ll sit down, and you’ll goand sit down. Then you’ll say, I’m hungry, I’ll get up and get something toeat. But you won’t get up (Beckett,1986:109).

HAMM. I once knew a madman who thought the end of the world had come. Hewas a painter-and engraver. I had a great fondness for him. I used to go andsee him, in the asylum. I’d take him by the hand and drag him to window.Look! There! All the rising corn! And there! Look! The sails of the herringfleet! All that loveliness![Pause.] He’d snatch away his hand and go back intohis corner. Appalled. All he had seen was ashes (Beckett,1986:113).

Hamm calls his story as his soliloquy or chronicle. He wants to be heard by

anyone else. He will force somebody to hear his story. Moreover for Clov, Hamm’s story

is just the one that he has telling himself all his days. This shows that Hamm is

characterized as person with a power and control.

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HAMM. Ask my father if he wants to listen to my story. [CLOV goes to bins, raisesthe lid of NAGG’s, stoops, looks into it. Pause. He straightens up.]

CLOV. He’s asleep.HAMM. Wake him.( Beckett,1986:115).

Hamm has a problem on his emotion. His unstable emotion is able to turn him

from a calm and easy speaker to a brutal and violent screamer. When something or

somebody interrupts him annoyingly he will use strong words of curse to express his

feeling of dislike. The expression that he used for cursing is a formal expression, such as

“accursed progenitor”, this, again, shows that he is characterized as a person with

nobility.

HAMM. Accursed progenitor!NAGG. Me pap!HAMM. The old folks at home! No decency Left! Guzzle,guzzle, that’s all they think

of.[He whistles. Enter CLOV. He halts beside the chair.] Well! I thought youwere leaving me (Beckett,1986:96).

Hamm’s awareness of his life condition leads him to think about its end. He

knows that the only truth is that the end of life will come. He also knows that he and the

others people in the house have a freedom to make the end comes faster. He several times

said to Clov to leave or to end the life of him and the rest of the family.

HAMM. Why don’t you finish us?[Pause.] I’ll tell you the combination of the larderif you promise to finish me.

CLOV. I couldn’t finish you (Beckett,1986 : 110).

In the middle of their suffering condition Hamm still dreamed for a joyful life

somewhere out there and the existence of another human being. The condition of the

world in their time is post-great catastrophic one. Hamm and his parents are not in good

physical condition. All the characters have a physically problem. Hamm is blind,

paralyzed, and a user of pain-killer. They are running out of food and medicine supply

and are nearing the end of their life.

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HAMM. [With ardour.] Let’s go from here, the two of us! South! You can make araft and the currents will carry us away, far away, toother…mammals!(Beckett,1986:109).

HAMM. That here we’re down in a hole. [Pause.] But beyond the hills? Eh? Perhapsit’s still green. Eh? [Pause] Flora! Pomona! [Ecstatically.] Ceres! [Pause.]Perhaps you won’t need to go very far (Beckett,1986:111).

Hamm’s attitude in the previous paragraph, however, is not the indication that

Hamm is hoping of a better life. Hamm is characterized as a hesitating person. He never

really wants a better life or any other life at all. This can be seen in his dislike of the

possibility of a new life that occurs several times in the play. The quotation below shows

the part when Hamm worries about a crablouse that Clov has in his body. Hamm is afraid

that the insect will start a new life on earth.

CLOV. [Anguished, scratching himself.] Unless it’s crablouse.HAMM.[Very perturbed.] But humanity might start from there all over again! Catch

him, for the love of God! (Beckett,1986 : 108).

Hamm is characterized as a senile person. Since he is weak and unable to move

his body, Hamm depends on other’s help to do his activity. Clov as the servant is the one

who always help him. The helps are the sight, the movement, food supply, and a listener.

Whenever Hamm wants to know the information about their surrounding Clov will

provide him with the information about it.

HAMM. What’s the weather like?CLOV. The same as usual.HAMM. Look at the earth.CLOV. I’ve looked.HAMM. With the glass?CLOV. No need of the glass.HAMM. Look at it with the glass ( Beckett,1986:105).

Hamm is also characterized as a teacher of Clov. Since they have stayed together

for a long time we can say that it was Hamm who taught Clov about things in life. As we

41

can see in the play, it was Hamm that taught Clov about language. Hamm also provided

an answer when Clov asking about the reason of their existence. This can be seen in the

second and third quotation below.

CLOV. [ Violently.] that means that bloody awful day, long ago, before this bloodyawful day. I use the words you taught me, if they don’t mean anythinganymore, teach me others (Beckett,1986 :113).

CLOV. Why this farce, day after day?HAMM. Routine (Beckett.1986:107).

CLOV. What is there to keep me here.HAMM. The dialogue.[Pause.] (Beckett.1986:121).

Hamm is characterized as a person who has a particular way to communicate with

Clov. As we can see in the conversation between Hamm and Clov, they are talking in a

choppier manner. The language they used is seemed less thoughtfully and more

automatically.

HAMM. I’ll give you nothing more to eat.CLOV . Then we’ll dieHAMM. I’ll give you just enough to keep you from dying. You’ll be hungry all

the time.CLOV . Then we shan’t die. (Beckett,1986: 95).

HAMM. Why do you stay with me?CLOV . Why do you keep me?HAMM. There’s no one else.CLOV . There’s nowhere else. (Beckett,1986:95).

Based on the play we can see some evidences that show the relation between

Hamm and Clov. Hamm is characterized as the master of Clov and also as a person who

treated Clov as his own son. One of Hamm’s narrations is about a man who comes to

Hamm in asking for a help. This man is probably a real father of Clov. The story

indicates that the man wanted to work for Hamm.

HAMM. I’ll tell you how it goes. He comes crawling on his belly-

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CLOV. Who?HAMM. What?CLOV. Who do you mean, he?HAMM. Who do I mean! Yet another.CLOV. Ah him! I wasn’t sure.HAMM. Crawling on his belly, whining for bread for his brat. He’s offered a job as

gardener. Before- [ CLOV bursts out laughing.] What is there so funny aboutthat?(Beckett,1986:121).

The analysis on the characterization of Hamm resulted in some conclusions.

Hamm is characterized as an old man who has a lot of physical weakness and also as

noble person. He has the highest authority in the house. He controlled the food supply for

the people in the house. Hamm has a special characteristic of talking. He sometimes

speaks in a monologue style. His unstable emotion makes him as a cruel and offensive

character. Hamm is characterized as a hesitating person. He is worrying about the

possibility of a new life. Hamm is aware that the only truth in his life is the end or his

natural death. In communicating with Clov Hamm used a peculiar style of conversation.

He is dependent on Clov, his servant, who he treated like his own son.

3. Nagg

Nagg is the father of Hamm. He is characterized as a person who lives in the bin,

a kind of container. This is due to his physical condition. He is characterized as an old,

sick, legless person with a very white face.

CLOV .Sometimes on horse. [The lid of one of the bins lift and the hands of NAGGappear, gripping the rim. Then his head emerges. Very white face. NAGGyawns, then listens] (Beckett,1986:96).

He lost his legs in the accident that he had with his wife. The story about the

accident can be seen in the first quotation below. Nagg loves his wife, Nell, very much

and he is not really in a good relation with his son, Hamm. Nagg has a habit of telling a

story. It is a kind of narration which can be seen in the second quotation. This habit is the

43

same thing as Hamm’s. On the contrary, Nagg’s only listener is his wife, Nell. In this

case he is different from Hamm who insisted on the other person to hear his story. Nagg

is a romantic character, the story that he told is about the happy life of him and his wife

past time. The intention of him in telling the story is to make his wife happy.

NAGG. Do you remember-NELL. No.NAGG. When we crashed on our tandem and lost our shanks. [They laugh heartily.]NELL. It was in the Ardennes. [ They laugh less heartily.]NAGG. On the road to Sedan (Beckett,1986:100).

NAGG . What does that mean? [Pause.] That means nothing.[Pause.] Will I tellyou the story of the tailor?

NELL . No.[Pause.] What for?NAGG . To cheer you up.NELL . It’s not funny.NAGG. It always made you laugh. [Pause.] The first time I thought you’d die(Beckett,1986:102).

Nagg is characterized as a loving person. He loves his wife Nell. He cares about

Nell condition although he can not do much about it since he is limited by the physical

condition. In their sorrow and painful condition Nagg tries to do his best for Nell. He tells

a happy and romantic story, he cares about Nell physical condition and he shares the food

with her.

NAGG . …Do you want a bit?NELL . Biscuit. I’ve kept you half. [He looks at the biscuit. Proudly. ] Three

quarters. For you. Here. [He proffers the biscuit.] No? [Pause.] Do you not feelwell? (Beckett,1986:100).

Not all of stories that Nell tells is about the happy memory. There is a story which

is a kind of pathetic story. It is a humour about the comparison of a trouser and the earth.

Although it has a funny side, the sad and gloomy atmosphere can still be found on the

story. In this humour, Nell shows a comparison between the world and trousers.

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NAGG. .…Well, to make it short, the bluebells are blowing and he ballockses thebuttonholes. [Customer’s voice] ‘ God damn you to hell, Sir, no, it’s indecent,there are limits! In six days, do you hear me, six days, God made the world. YesSir, no less Sir, the WORLD! And you are not bloody well capable of makingme a pair of trousers in three months!’[Tailor’s voice, scandalized.] ’But mydear Sir, look-[ disdainful gesture, disgustedly]-at the world-[Pause.]-and look-[Loving gesture,proudly]-at my TROUSERS!’ (Beckett,1986:102)

The relation between Nagg and Hamm is full with conflict and hatred. Hamm

speaks to Nagg with rude words and expression. Nagg is treated badly by his son Hamm.

Hamm shows his hate to his father by using a strong and rude word when they are

talking, this can be seen in the first quotation below. On the other hand, as we can see in

the second quotation, Nagg always tries to find a chance to mock Hamm. He listens to the

what Hamm said and make a joke out of it.

NAGG . Me pap!HAMM . Accursed progenitor! (Beckett,1986: 96).

HAMM. …A heart, a heart in my head.[Pause.]NAGG .[Soft.] Do you hear him? A heart in his head! [ He chuckles cautiously.]( Beckett,1986: 100).

Nagg realizes that Hamm has treated him in a very rude way. The tension of their

relation is getting high and it reaches the peak when Hamm once again pushes him by

using the strong, impolite and rude expression. In this part Nagg defense himself by

saying his hope that someday Hamm will need his companion and attention.

NAGG . …I hope the day will come when you’ll realy need to have me listen toyou, and you need to hear my voice, any voice. [Pause.] Yes, I hope I’ll live tillthen, to hear you calling me like when you are a tiny boy, and were frightened,in the dark, and I was your only hope (Beckett,1986:120).

Nagg is characterized as a loving person. He is an old, sick, legless person who

lives in the bin. He cares about his wife, Nell very much. He tries to give all his best for

Nagg although his effort is limited by his physical weakness. This characteristic can