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Womenmakeup20.3percentofparliamentariansaroundtheworldtoday（IPU2012）.Theworldiswitnessingtherapiddiffusionofgenderquotasaimedatimprovingthehistoricalunderrepresenta-tionofwomeningovernment—womencontinuetodobetterwhenlegislativeorvoluntaryquotasareused.Howeffectivehavethesequotasbeeninmeetingtheiroriginalobjectivesofincreasinggenderrepresentation?Haveundesirablefemalecandidatesenteredpoliticalofficeasaresultofgenderquo-tas?Franceschetetal.’sbook（2012）addressesthesequestionsregardingtheimpactofquotasusingin-depthcasestudiesoftwelvecountriesfromfiveregionsaroundtheworld:WesternEurope,LatinAmerica,sub-SaharanAfrica,AsiaandtheMiddleEast.Thisreviewsummarizesmajorfindingsofthebook,anddiscussesimportantcontributionsinthefieldofwomenandpolitics.Iconcludethere-viewbydiscussingimplicationsthesefindingshaveongenderrepresentationinEastAsia—aregionthatisnotcoveredindetailinFranceschetetal.’sbook.

Thebookbeginsbyconceptualizingtheimpact—“whetherthemeansbywhichwomenenterpol-itics influencehow,whyandtowhatextenttheirpresenceaffectsdifferenttypesofrepresentativeprocess”（p.4）.Specifically,theauthorsdistinguishthreeimportanttypesofpoliticalrepresentation:“descriptiverepresentationisunderstoodasthenumbersandthekindsofwomenelected,substantiverepresentationisconceptualizedastheformandcontentofpolicymaking,andfinallysymbolicrepre-sentationistheorizedaspublicattitudestowardwomeninpoliticsandtrendsinthepoliticalengage-mentoffemaleconstituents”（p.13）.

Thebook,then,discussesatotaloftwelvecountries,assessinghowquotasaffectdescriptive,sub-stantive,andsymbolicrepresentationineachcountry.Thatis,chapters2,3,and4examinethediffer-encesintheprofilesofmaleandfemalerepresentativesinFrance,ArgentinaandUganda（adistinc-tionmadebetweenquotaandnon-quotawomen）,findingthatthoughbackgroundsmaydiffer,femalepoliticiansarenotnecessarily lessqualifiedthantheirmalecounterparts.Similarly,assessingwhatkindoffemalerepresentativesappearedsincetheadoptionofreservedseats inMorocco,chapter5findsthatpoliticalpatronageplaysanimportantroleindeterminingwhowinsaccesstopower,whichappliessimilarlytobothmenandwomen.

Next,chapters6 through9assesshowthe formandthecontentofpolicieschangeasquotawomenentergovernment;however,theempiricalevidenceonthistopicismixed.Chapter6showsthatfemalelegislatorsgenerallygivemoreprioritytominorityissuesthanmaleparliamentariansinBrazil,althoughsuch focusedattentiononwomen’s issuesrunsthedangerofmarginalizing female

Franceschet,Susan,MonaLenaKrook,andJenniferM.Piscopo編著

The Impact of Gender Quotas（CambridgeUniversityPress.2012年ISBN:978-0199830084US26.96$）

YOONJiso

〈書評〉

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legislators,byseekingsoftissuesratherthanhardissuesthatdealwiththeessenceofgovernmentpolicymaking（e.g.,economy,defense）.Chapter7similarlyshowsthatfemalerepresentativesactonbehalfofwomenastheygainexperience inEngland.Bycontrast,aschapters8and9show,anin-creaseinthenumberoffemalelegislatorshasnotmademuchdifferenceinSouthAfricaorAfghani-stan,althoughthesefindingsarenotsurprisingconsideringthe fact that thetwocountriesarena-scentdemocracies,wherepoliticalinstitutionsarequiteyoungandunstable.

Finally,chapters10through13examinehowpublicperceptionsandattitudeschangedasaresultofgenderquotaadoptionand implementation.Whereas theBelgiancase inchapter10showsthatquotaswidenthegapbetweenmaleandfemalelegislatorsinthewaysinwhichpoliticalelitesthinkaboutissuesofunderrepresentation,otherchaptersanalyzinghow“public”attitudeschangeasare-sultofquotasfindthatitisquitedifficulttopreciselyassesstheimpactofquotasonsymbolicrepre-sentation.That is, thoughMexico,Rwanda,andIndiacasesdo illustratehowpublicperceptionsofwomenand leadershipchanged,studiesareunable toconfirmwhetherthis isadirectoutcomeofgenderquotas,orapartofbroadculturalandpoliticalchangesoccurringovertime.

Overall, these findingshave important implications forunderstanding the impact ofquotascross-nationally.Most importantly,quotas innowayencourageunder-qualifiedfemalecandidatestoentergovernment.Additionally,agreaternumberofwomeninparliamentdoeschangepolicymakinginacountry—moreattention ispaid towomen’sconcerns（e.g.,domesticviolence, andwomen’srights）asmorewomenentergovernment—althoughthespecificdegreeof impactdependsonthecontext.Forinstance,agreaternumberofwomeninparliamentdoesnotnecessarilyresultinpolicychangesinnascentdemocracies.Finally,quotasandwomenlegislatorsdochangethewaysinwhichthepublicthinkaboutgovernmentandrepresentation,butspecificwaysinwhichsymbolicrepresen-tationtakesplaceremainunclearandinconclusive.

Thebookhasdistinctstrengthsthatdeserveafurthermention.First,thebookclearlyconceptu-alizestheimpactofgenderquotasondistincttypesofpoliticalrepresentation（i.e.,descriptive,sub-stantive, symbolic）.Second, thebookexamines the impactofquotasacrosscountriesandregionsaround theworldbyrelyingon thecommonconceptof representation.Finally, thegeographicalscopeandmethodologicaldiversitythebookofferstoassesstheimpactofgenderquotasaroundtheworldisunprecedentedandtrulyimpressive.

Atthesametime,however,thebookalsohasseveralcaveats.Mostimportantly,differentwaysofoperationalizingkeyconcepts likedescriptive, substantiveandsymbolic representationacrosscountriesmakeitdifficulttoassessthetrueimpactofquotascomparatively.Thisismostproblematicinthecaseofsubstantiverepresentation—measuringwhenandhowwomenparliamentarianshavemadeadifferenceinpoliticsandpolicymakinginacountry.Additionally,thepoliticalvariable,orthepoliticalcontext thataffects the impactofquotasremainsunclear.For instance,dogenderquotasworkbetterundercertainelectoralandpartysystems?Whatpoliticalandsocialcharacteristicspro-moteorpreventwomen’spoliticalrepresentation?

ThoughthebookdoesnotdiscussmuchabouttheimpactofquotasinAsia,thefindingsofthe

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bookhaveimportantimplicationsforunderstandinggenderrepresentationintheregion.Regionalav-eragesofwomeninparliamentstatisticsshowthatwomencomprise17.9percentofparliaments inAsiatoday.This iswellbelowtheaverage intheNordiccountries（42.0%）,andsignificantly lowerthanthatofsub-SaharanAfrica（20.4%）.Furthermore,EastAsiaremainsaregionwherethereisrel-ativelylittleresearchongenderrepresentation.Mostdiscussionsarelimitedtoanalyzingtheimpactofquotasondescriptiverepresentation,particularlybecausethenumberofwomeningovernmentre-mainslowinthesecountries.WhetherelectoralorpartyquotashaveassistedgenderrepresentationingovernmentinEastAsiaremainslargelyunexplored.

Japan,inparticular,remainsacountrywherethenumberoffemalerepresentativesisstillverylowincomparisontoestablisheddemocracies,aswellasmanydevelopingdemocracies.Womencom-prise8.1percentof theLowerHouse,16.1percentof theUpperHouse（see Inter-ParliamentaryUnionwebsite:http://www.ipu.org/english/home.htm）,and10.4percentofsubnationalparliaments

（Eto2010）.Theabsenceoflegislativegenderquotas,anddifferentelectoralrulespresentatthena-tionaland localelectionscomplicatesmeans to increasegenderrepresentation.Furthermore, so-cio-culturalfactors（e.g.,genderroles,andbiasagainstwomen’sinvolvementinpolitics）alsocontrib-ute towomen’sunderrepresentation inparliament.Nevertheless,politicalparties（e.g.,TheJapanNewPartyintheearly1990s,theLiberalDemocraticPartyintheearly2000s）havemadesuccessfulattemptstoimplementgenderquotasvoluntarilyinordertoincreasethenumberoffemalerepresen-tatives.Similarly,thewomen’smovementassociatedwiththeLifeClubCo-operativemadeimportantadvancementsingettingtheirrepresentativeselectedinlocallegislatures（LeBlanc1999）.Theim-pressivestridesmadebywomen’sgroupsinJapaninsubnationalparliamentssuggestthatwomen’selectoral successcanbepromotednotonly through institutionalmeans（i.e.,quotaprovisionsandelectoralreforms）,butalsothroughnoninstitutionalmechanisms（i.e.,socialmovements）.

Ontheotherhand,womeninpublicofficebecamethefocusofpublicattentionwhenParkGeun-hye—afifthtermNationalAssemblymemberbeforeannouncingherdecisiontorunforpresident—becamethefirstwomanPresidentofKoreain2013.Koreahasadoptedgenderquotasatbothnation-alandsubnationalparliamentaryelectionssince theearly2000s（Shin2014）.Yet,whetherquotawomenhavemadeanypolicydifference,oraffectedhowthepublicthinkaboutpoliticsremainsrela-tivelyunknown（butforanexceptionseeKimandOh2010）.ItisparticularlyimportanttoexaminethesequestionsgiventherecentdiscussionsofelectoralreformsinKoreaoverabolishingpartynomi-nationsinprovincialandmunicipalelections（Park2013）.Thoughthegoalofthereformistoeradi-catethenegativeinfluenceofpoliticalpartiesinhavingtoomuchcontroloverlocalgovernanceandpolitics,party involvement in localelectionsmakes it impossible forpoliticalparties tocommit tonominatingacertainproportionof femalecandidates（implementationofquotas）.Ifevidencefindsthatquotashaveassistedwomen’srepresentationdescriptively,substantively,andsymbolicallyinKo-reanpolitics,anymovementthatobstructsthe implementationofgenderquotasshouldbetreatedwithcaution.

Insum,Franceschet,KrookandPiscopo’seditedvolumeontheimpactofgenderquotasdoesa

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stunningjobofconceptualizingpoliticalrepresentation,andapplyingtheminvariousnationalcontextsusingdifferentresearchmethodologies.Theeditorsaswellasauthorsofindividualcountrychaptersdeserveapplause fortheiraccomplishmentsandacademiccontributions inthefieldofcomparativepolitics.Fewcomparativestudiestodateintegratetheoriesofelectoralandpartysystemswithmi-norityrepresentation,andextendthediscussiontodifferentregionsaroundtheworld（foranexcep-tionseeKittilsonandSchwindt-Bayer2012）.Inthisregard,thebookisasignificantadditiontogrow-ingresearchoncross-nationalstudiesofgenderandpolitics.

（ゆん・じそ／カンザス大学政治学部専任講師）

引用文献Eto,Mikiko.“WomenandRepresentationinJapan.”International Feminist Journal of Politics.12.2.（2010）:pp.177-201.Franceschet,Susan,MonaLenaKrook,andJenniferM.Piscopo,eds.The Impact of Gender Quotas.NewYork:Cambridge

UniversityPress,2012.Inter-ParliamentaryUnion（IPU）.Women in Parliament in 2012: The Year in Perspective,2012.Inter-ParliamentaryUnion（IPU）.“WomeninNationalParliaments.”AccessedDecember1,2013.http://www.ipu.org/wmn-e/

classif.htm.KimHyunhoi,andYusoekOh. “TheGenderQuotaSysteminKoreanPolitics:TenYears’Experience.”Current Trends and

Prospect.79.（2010）:pp.140-82.（InKorean.）Kittilson,MikiCaul,andLeslieA.Schwindt-Bayer.The Gendered Effects of Electoral Institutions.Oxford:OxfordUniversity

Press,2012.LeBlanc,Robin.Bicycle Citizens: The Political World of the Japanese Housewife.Berkeley,California:UniversityofCalifornia

Press,1999.Park,Gilja.2013.“TheDebateOverAbolishingPartyNominationsinMunicipalElections.”Women Times.August,10.Shin,Ki-young. “Women’sSustainableRepresentationandtheSpilloverEffectofElectoralGenderQuotas inSouthKorea.”

International Political Science Review.35.1.（2014）:pp.80-92.