the impact of photography on the awareness of climate change

7/25/2019 The Impact of Photography on the Awareness of Climate Change

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The Impact of Photography on the Awareness of Climate

Change

Amy Rebecca Burton

BA (hons) Photography

Practice as Research - 6PG503

The University of Derby

15/12/2014


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Contents

List of Illustrations

Introduction

Chapter 1: Mapping the world

The Enlightenment

Romanticism

Chapter 2: Changing Perspectives

Tourism

The Apollo Missions

Chapter 3: Contemporary Photography

Photographers

Organisations

Conclusion

References

Bibliography

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List of illustrations

Fig. 1. William Henry Fox Talbot ,An Oak Tree in Winter, c.1842-4 - p. 8

Fig. 2. Gustave Le Gray, Buk, ok. 1855 - p. 8

Fig. 3. Robert Havell Jr., View of Hudson River from Tarrytown Heights, 1842, p. 11

Fig. 4. NASA, Frank Borman & William Anders, Earthrise from the Moon, 1968, p. 13

Fig. 5. NASA, Harrison Schmitt, Whole Earth, 1972, p. 13

Fig. 6. Alex MacLean, Marias River Drainage and Pivot Irrigator, Loma Area, 1991, p. 19

Fig.7. Richard Misrach, Hazardous Waste Containment Site , Louisiana, 1998, pp. 19-20

Fig. 8. Chris Jordan, Midway: Message from the Gyre , 2009-present, p. 20

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Introduction

This extended essay is a detailed exploration of whether photography has made a significant

difference in raising awareness of climate change in the past few decades. To do this, I will be

researching into the Enlightenment period and Romanticism, in order to gain understanding of

how these eras have changed the publics views on the natural environment, and how it was

represented through art. I will be looking at the pioneers and organisations who have made

efforts to influence peoples feelings towards climate change. More specifically, I will be

reviewing how environmental photography has developed over the years, and the significance

of its role in changing the publics opinions about the way we are impacting nature. In relation to

this, I will be looking at how the growth of tourism, as well as the images of the Earth produced

from the Apollo missions, changed our perceptions of the planet, and subsequently, how

contemporary photographers have made various efforts to raise awareness of climate change

using their images.

Climate change has been a highly controversial subject for a few decades now, with

governments, scientists, and individuals arguing whether we are actually having a permanent

negative impact on the planet, or not.

In the early nineteenth century, Joseph Fourier, a French physicist who studied the theory of

heat conduction, identified what we know as the natural greenhouse effect. The greenhouse

effect is often interpreted as the increase in the Earths average temperature, when heat from

the sun is absorbed by gases in the planets atmosphere. Soon after Fouriers discovery,

scientists started to argue that human activities could also add considerably to this greenhouse

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effect, which in turn could possibly change the climate dramatically, in both a temporary and

permanent basis.

During the 1970s, because of advances in technology and knowledge, scientists started to lean

more and more towards the global warming theory, and in 1988, the Intergovernmental Panel on

Climate Change was formed in order to gather information, research, and assess the causes

and effects of climate change. Since then, scientific research has risen significantly, which has,

in turn, increased our understanding of climate change, and the short and long terms effects

certain activities are having on our planet.

An ever increasing number of people, photographers in particular, have joined in with the

mission to raise awareness, and to change the publics views on the natural environment and

how we treat it. From Romantic picturesque landscape images and aerial photography, to

graphic images that shock the public into understanding our impacts, to images for

organisations such as the National Geographic, or the International League of Conservation

Photographers. The modern age is allowing us to explore many different areas in photography,

which is greatly beneficial in our gaining visual information about various ecosystems and

environments around the world.

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Chapter 1: Mapping the World

Since the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, poems and images of nature became more

popular in showing the beauty of the natural environment. The Enlightenment brought in new

equipment such as the telescope and the microscope, which allowed for many discoveries

about our world, and living organisms that had never been seen before. In opposition to this

however, as more inventions and scientific experiments were created, others protested the idea

of advances in technology and science that could have a potential negative effect on the natural

environment. Writers, poets, and painters started to create pieces of work that expressed

Romantic observations of different natural areas.

The Enlightenment, which took place in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, was the

dramatic revolution in science, philosophy, society, and politics in the western world. Numerous

discoveries, inventions, books, essays, and laws were made during this period, with the purpose

of reforming society, challenging ideas, and gaining more knowledge and understanding of the

world around us.

In an essay on Environmentalism, written by David Peterson Del Mar, it is discussed that the

Enlightenment encouraged people to have less fear of nature, and more confidence in

understanding it, controlling it, and then manipulating the world around us for our own benefit.

There is a part in this essay in which Del Mar states that, capitalism emasculated nature 1

To emasculate is often referred to as depriving a man of his male role, or to make something or

someone weaker and insignificant. Therefore, this statement is quite true in declaring that our

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economy, politics, laws, and rules are creating a world in which nature is seen as not as

important or significant as it should be.

Although this may be true, a lot of people still fight to make the state of the natural environment

known to the public. One of the earliest known pieces on air pollution was written during the

Enlightenment period, called Fumifugium, or the Inconvenience of the Aer and Smoake of

London Dissipated, by English writer John Evelyn. This three part letter specifically for King

Charles ll, provided details of the problem with air pollution in London, as well as its effect on

human health proposed solutions to said problems and then suggestions for improving the air

quality in London by increasing vegetation and gardens in the area.

Many other pioneers in science, philosophy, and written works, like Benjamin Franklin, Jared

Eliot, and William Wordsworth, all took part in noting and protesting certain aspects of pollution

such as water sanitation, waste disposal, soil uses and erosion, and the lack of respect for the

natural environment.

After the Enlightenment, and during the Industrial Revolution, in the eighteenth and nineteenth

centuries, artists, poets, and writers showed resentment towards new technologies and

industrialisation processes, and opposed to it using works related to the Romantic movement.

This movement emphasised the importance of nature in a time when the world was changing so

dramatically, and used emotion, rather than science to show this.

The Romantic period is described as an artistic and literary movement in which the

characteristics included: subjectivity and emphasis on individualism spontaneity freedom from

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rules solitary life rather than life in society the beliefs that imagination is superior to reason and

devotion to beauty love of and worship of nature and fascination with the past. 2

Artists often created picturesque and sublime images of mountain ranges, deep chasms,

storms, oceans, volcanoes, avalanches, and so on. All of which stressed the beauty of the

landscape, as well as the immense power of nature that a lot of people couldnt comprehend.

In an extended essay on Romanticism by Aidan Day, it is explained that the movement was a

violent reaction to the Enlightenment 3, which sparked works by many artists and poets inspired

by nature. This is both due to the advances in technology, which helped people to learn more

about nature and due to the fact that many other people detested the idea of new science and

technology advancing our manipulation of nature. Many of these poets would write about the

beauty, power, health, and integrity of nature, in contrast to the destruction caused by man-kind.

Wordsworth was one of the most famous poets of this period, as Day discusses in his essay,

who often described his observations of nature, and the beauty of it, as well as its corruption by

man. He was known for writing about nature as an enriching religious experience, rather than a

collection of subjects to be examined, studied, and extracted by man.

Many other poets wrote similar works based on their observations mans relationship with

nature, our feelings towards nature, and our negative impact upon it.

William Gilpin, an English writer and artist, also mentioned in Days essay, was well known for

his observations of various landscapes around the UK. In particular, his piece on the River Wye

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had great influence on many other artists, writers and poets at the time, including Wordsworth.

As well as this, Gilpins observations aided greatly in popularising the Wye Tour, promoting the

area for its beauty, and building up the tourism in the UK.

When photography was first introduced, picturesque images of the landscape were among the

first to appear, to give viewers a new insight into the natural world, and to document explored

environments around the globe. William Henry Fox Talbot, an inventor and pioneer in

photography, and Gustave Le Gray were among the earliest photographers who took images of

natural objects and landscape scenes to emphasise its beauty, its power, and often, its fragility.

In Figures 1 and 2, the images are both based on the form of one particular subject of nature.

This form can be seen as dominating the landscape such as in Talbots photograph, yet it can

also be viewed as fragile, or broken, which we can see in Grays image. There are many

different interpretations when photographing nature, and as we go a little further down the line,

we see the landscape photographers William Henry Jackson and Ansel Adams, who

documented Yellowstone and Yosemite in America, to show the differences in the landscape,

and the effects that man was having on them. Because of their efforts in raising awareness of

these areas, both Yellowstone and Yosemite were declared national parks in order to preserve

their beauty.

After this historic turning point in the creative world, people started looking at new ways to

photograph certain subjects in the natural environment, in particular, how to take images that

will be significant in showing the public what we are doing to the planet, and what we are risking

if we dont take action.

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Fig. 1. William Henry Fox Talbot , An Oak Tree in Winter, c.1842-4 - p. 7

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Fig. 2. Gustave Le Gray, Buk, ok. 1855 - p. 7

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Chapter 2: Changing Perspectives

The creative writings and paintings around the world during the Romantic period sparked a

significant rise in tourism globally. More and more people had a desire to travel to these areas

of which artists spoke so fondly. New transportation from railroads, to bicycles, and then

automobiles, also allowed people to travel more freely to and from these destinations. However,

why is it that the tourist industry grew so dramatically, so quickly?

As many cities around the world grew larger, and more technologically advanced, they also

became more crowded and busy. More so, that the people living within these cities wanted to

escape from a society that they felt they were getting too comfortable with. People wished to

escape from their hectic lives in search of, or indeed to create, a rural idyll - often defined as a

natural area of perfection and peace.

Influences from artists such as Robert Havell Jr, a 19th century painter, aided in promoting

attractive locations to the public. As seen in Figure 3, Havell created pieces based on these

idyllic myths and scenes of the American countryside.

In the article, Of Mother Nature and Marlboro Men: An Inquiry Into the Cultural Meanings of

Landscape Photography, created by the writer Deborah Bright, there is a significant statistic

which states that in the early twentieth century, there were only about seventy thousand tourists

travelling to several of the National Parks around the US. Just twenty years later, about three

million people were then travelling to the same destinations.

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Landscape photography has become a key element in showing the public various places of

interest. Because of this showcase of beauty and power, tourism has risen dramatically over the

past century. Nature quickly became something for us to escape to and gaze upon as a wonder.

People started to pay large amounts of money specifically for camping, adventures, leisure, and

so on using nature for their own pleasure and entertainment, without thinking about what effects

they were, and are, having on it. We constantly seek to discover more about nature, yet we are

also preoccupied with using and controlling nature to the point of destroying it.

If we are to briefly look back onto Del Mars essay on Environmentalism, there is a passage

included of a woman talking about the Derbyshire countryside being defaced and ruined by

man. She describes men tearing through the fields like swarms of devastating locusts 4,

destroying the countryside as they travel through it.

This metaphor for humans extinguishing nature is quite relevant, as we can see that where

tourism has become more popular, we have shaped and morphed the landscapes even more

forming pathways, roads, fences to mark territory, and bins that never seem to be used. The

world has grown into a place so populated and controlled by people, that even the places we

call natural, are often not in todays society.

Although we might recognise that our adventures and holidays are causing damage to the

environment, tourism is still one of the biggest - if not the biggest industry in the world - and it

constantly continues to grow. It has got to the point where we feel the need to discover new

experiences, and start exploring outside of our own world. Space tourism has been a popular

idea for a few years now because of this, and with aid from the English icon Richard Branson,

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we are getting closer and closer to this possibility. The Apollo missions have been a great

influence in this desire for further space exploration, as the first images of Earth taken from

space gave the public a new perspective of our planet, and the beauty and fragility of it, as well

as the vast universe we are suspended in.

In the late twentieth century, NASA sent astronauts out into space in the Apollo missions in

order to explore the moon. In the Apollo 8 mission in 1968, Commander Frank Borman and his

fellow crewman William Anders took one of the most influential images ever recorded. Earthrise

from the Moon (Figure 4) was the first image ever taken of our planet from space. A few years

later in 1972, Whole Earth (Figure 5) was taken by Apollo 17 astronaut Harrison Schmitt. This

was then the first image taken of the Earth as a whole that the public had ever seen.

In the journal Rethinking Apollo: Envisioning Environmentalism through space, Holly Henry

and Amanda Taylor pose a significant discussion about the role of the Apollo images in society,

and how space travel has affected our views not only on our own environment, but other

environments outside ours.

Within this journal, it is mentioned that as soon as the images were published, they sparked

interest and speculation about our world, and the publics feelings towards it. People finally had

a view of Earth that they had never achieved before. Seeing the planet in such a vast and empty

space made us realise just how fragile, yet beautiful our world is.

There is also a quote within the journal, from former astronaut Jim Lovell on the missions

success:

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We learned a lot about the Moon, but what we really learned was about the Earth, and how

insignificant we really all are. But then, how fortunate we are to enjoy living here amongst the

beauty of the Earth itself. 5

Because of this significant new perspective on the planet, many new environmental acts were

created within a few years of seeing the Apollo images of Earth. In the US, the Clean Air Act,

the Clean Water Act, the Natural Environmental Policy Act, and the first Earth Day were created

in response.

Space art also became very popular in this era, with artists such as Chesley Bonestell creating

strangely beautiful pieces to engage with our feelings towards space, and certain environments.

Saturn as seen from Titan, a painting by Bonestell, depicts a view of Saturn from space, much

like our new view of Earth. This and many other pieces were created to show the viewer

landscapes that exists outside of our world, and to enable the viewer to imagine themselves as

part of these landscapes.

As discussed in the journal, both the images taken from Apollo, and the space art created as a

result of the photographs, sparked a rise for global environmental awareness, as well as more

awareness of alien environments.

Because of this significant new view of our planet, an increasing number of photographers now

have the desire to create their own mixed perspectives of the Earth, and certain issues within in

aerial photography being one of these methods which emphasises the beauty of our world from

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a different angle.

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Fig. 3. Robert Havell Jr. View of Hudson River from Tarrytown Heights, 1842, p. 10

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Fig. 4. NASA, Frank Borman & William Anders, Earthrise from the Moon, 1968, p. 12

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Fig. 5. NASA, Harrison Schmitt, Whole Earth, 1972, p. 12

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Chapter 3: Contemporary Photography

Photography today is changing dramatically, with new technology and cultures giving artists

more options in terms of subject matter, concepts, and perspectives. As one of the reactions to

the images from the Apollo missions, aerial photography is becoming an increasingly popular

trend, used by many environmental photographers to show the scale of a natural or man-made

landscape, or an object within a landscape.

Alex MacLean is an example of a photographer who is part of this trend. He has travelled

around America taking images from a helicopter, of which made up the series Designs on the

land. This collection of photographs ranges from themes such as agriculture and boundaries in

natural landscapes, to huge housing estates or car parks. His images have had a great

influence on how the natural environment is projected and received and that aerial photographs

offer the best viewpoint to gain insight into the vast scale and shape of different landscapes, and

the magnitude of our effects on it. Many of the images in this collection, as seen in Figure 6

for

example, are effective in showing both the beauty of the environment, yet the destructive and

wasteful ways of human-kind. Seeing such large areas of land being affected by man can often

come as a shock to the public. We dont usually see these structures from the air, so we cannot

imagine how much of the natural landscape these structures and activities is destroying.

Although some photographers today use very different methods of dissemination, Romantic

strategies of presenting the beauty of the landscape are still used by artists such as Richard

Misrach, who emphasise our negative impact on the environment, as well as this beauty. This

American photographer is very well known for his series Cancer Alley, which is a collection of

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images that documents the industry along the Mississippi River, for about eighty miles. Each

image shows the viewer several problems that this industry is causing including smog,

deforestation, and waste. Misrach often uses the beauty of the landscape in his images to make

us question what is going on in the scene that isn't considered beautiful. In Figure 7, nature is

the main context, however, we can clearly see what affect humans have had on the area from

this photograph.

A very different method of emphasising various issues within nature is to use shock tactics.

Photographers are increasingly producing very graphic images to draw the viewers attention,

and to make a bigger impact on how people feel about the natural environment.

Chris Jordan is creating a series of images based on man-made materials that harm wildlife. He

found many dead young seabirds that had plastic inside them, due to their parents mistaking

trash for food, shown in Figure 8. This image very well represents all that we are doing to the

wildlife on Earth. Everything that we do has an effect on different species, yet we never think

about this, and very often, we do not act upon it. Seeing photographs which show so brutally

that humans are killing many animals everyday works well in drawing the viewers attention, and

making them consider what impacts we are having, and perhaps what we can do to change.

Although artists today often try to find very different ways to relate their photographs to the

natural environment in order to draw the viewers attention, a lot of photographers will still

choose to use landscape images. This may be due to the fact that they are sometimes

considered to be the last preserve of a nations myths about nature, civilisation, and beauty. 6

As Deborah Bright explains here, landscape images have been used for a very long time to

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represent the ideas we have of nature being peaceful, perfect and secluded from man when in

fact, this is often not the case, simply because man has taken control of every possible aspect

of the planet as we know it.

Whatever the subject or image may be, a lot of contemporary photographers are now involved

with various environmental and conservation organisations. Having their images promoted and

spread worldwide through magazines and websites committed to these organisations, helps

raise awareness of an issue even further.

National Geographic, one of the largest known nature societies, was founded in 1888, with the

aims of increasing peoples knowledge of nature, and to inspire the public to care more about

the planet. The website, and the magazine are both teeming with stunning landscape and

wildlife images from various photographers, all of which are showing our world as an idyll. A

place of pure perfection. Even in the environment section, where we can often see images of

cities, and cars, these photographs still have a strange beauty about them. Being part of this

organisation, photographers can distribute their images further, encouraging people to become

a part of the ever-growing group who strive to make the planet a better place.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change is a very different organization, the sole

purpose of which is to gain more knowledge of climate change, and provide people with clear

information about this issue. The photography used for this organisation is to simply document

climate change, and provide proof of various concepts around this subject - the main being ice

melt.

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The International League of Conservation Photographers is quite similar, in that they only use

their photography to communication certain environmental issues, and conservation to the

public. The aim of the people who are part of this organisation, is to spread not only

environmental conservation, but cultural also,through the use of the art of photography.

Although these and many other organisations differ greatly in their goals, and the photography

themes and concepts used, they are all similar in that they are still a part of conveying nature to

be powerful, beautiful, and this perfect place for humans to escape to when their city lives

become too much. However, we still feel the necessity to emphasise our direct and indirect

effects on natural environments through photography also.

Looking back briefly to Deborah Brights Of Mother Nature and Marlboro Men: An Inquiry Into

the Cultural Meanings of Landscape Photography, it is stated that, Whatever its aesthetic

merits, every representation of landscape is also a record of human values and actions imposed

on the land over time.7

From this, we can deduct that although landscape images may represent the beauty of nature,

they also unwillingly document the impact of human activities on the landscape over a certain

amount of time. If one were to take an image of a stunning valley scene, with vast wooded areas

and thriving wildlife, in a few years' time, that area could become a city. A large area of concrete

and metal. Therefore, every image we take of nature becomes a record of how we have affected

it over the years.

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Fig. 6. Alex MacLean, Marias River Drainage and Pivot Irrigator, Loma Area, 1991, p. 18

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Fig.7. Richard Misrach, Hazardous Waste Containment Site, Louisiana, 1998, pp. 18-19

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Fig. 8. Chris Jordan, Midway: Message from the Gyre, 2009-present, p. 19

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Conclusion

In looking at the development of our awareness of climate change, and of environmental

photography over the past couple of centuries, it is evident that our knowledge and

understanding in this area has increased significantly. This is due to the advances in science

and technology from as early as the Enlightenment period, allowing us to both find out more

about certain aspects of nature, and to comprehend how important nature actually is, not only

for us, but for every other species on the planet.

From the Enlightenment, the Romantic period brought about a spark of interest in nature, by

poets, writers, and artists who created pieces that reflected the beauty, and power of nature, as

well as the early visible changes that humans activities were making to it.

Due to the pioneers of the Romantic period creating this idyllic view of the natural environment,

tourism around the world grew rapidly in a very short amount of time. People suddenly had the

desire to escape from their crowded and controlled city lives, only to visit a crowded and

controlled rural area. However, because of this new interest in nature, even more creative

pieces, photography in particular, were made in order to document these places of wonder and

perfection.

From then on, using the art of photography to show environmental awareness became more

and more popular, and in the late 1900s, when the NASA Apollo missions produced the first

images of our planet as seen from space, the publics views of the Earth and how we are

impacting it changed dramatically. Seeing the world from such a different perspective

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encouraged people not to solely look at the planet as a source of energy and life, but also as a

miracle. The Apollo images pushed the public to realise just how important the Earth is, yet also

how beautiful and delicate it is.

Contemporary artists today, now use many different methods of photographing to raise

awareness of climate change. An even greater advance in technology is allowing us to record

various subjects of interest in very different ways, and to produce a variety of images that reflect

on many issues ranging from the loss of species, morphing the natural landscape, urbanisation,

ice melt, and so on.

Many organisations have also been formed over recent years to aid in raising awareness of

substantial impacts we are having on the planet. Without the use of photography to document

these negative impacts, we would not be able to understand the beauty, and power of the planet

we live on, and we would not have clear recognition of what we are doing it, and in turn, we

would not know what to do in order to try and keep it alive.

From this essay, and the subjects discussed in terms of how environmental studies and art has

changed since the Enlightenment, one can conclude that photography holds a very important

part in documenting what humans have done, and are doing to the planet and in spreading

awareness of this around the world.

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References:

7 - Bright, D. (1985). Of Mother Nature and Marlboro Men: An Inquiry Into the Cultural

Meanings of Landscape Photography. Exposure, (23:1), p. 2

6 - Bright, D. (1985). Of Mother Nature and Marlboro Men: An Inquiry Into the Cultural

Meanings of Landscape Photography. Exposure, (23:1), p. 11

3 - Day, A. (1996). Romanticism. New York: Routledge, pp.1-38

5 - Henry, H & Taylor, A (2009), Rethinking Apollo: Envisioning Environmentalism in Space,

Sociological Review, 57, p. 193

1 - Peterson Del Mar, D (2006), Environmentalism, First Edition, Routledge, p. 6

4 - Peterson Del Mar, D (2006), Environmentalism, First Edition, Routledge, p. 13

2 - Uh.edu, (2014). Introduction to Romanticism. [online] Available at:

http://www.uh.edu/engines/romanticism/introduction.html [Accessed 19 Nov. 2014].

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