the importance of chemical equations

7/23/2019 The Importance of Chemical Equations

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-importance-of-chemical-equations 1/62

101/04/16 Prepared ByPrepared BySir HONG BOON LIANGSir HONG BOON LIANG

The Importance of The Importance of

Chemical EquationChemical Equation

BENG!EL !I"IA GO"BA! #$%&BENG!EL !I"IA GO"BA! #$%&



2

Cation 'Poiti(e Ion)Cation 'Poiti(e Ion)

http*++,,,-face.oo/-com+Sir HONG Chemitry Grouphttp*++,,,-face.oo/-com+Sir HONG Chemitry Group

Ionic 0ormulaIonic 0ormula Ion NameIon Name

NHNH&&11 Ammonium ionAmmonium ion

!!11 Potaium ionPotaium ion

NaNa11 Sodium ionSodium ion

A2A211 Sil(er ionSil(er ion

HH11 Hydro2en ionHydro2en ion

LiLi11 Lithium ionLithium ion

"2"2#1#1 "a2neium ion"a2neium ion

3n3n#1#1 3inc ion3inc ion

BaBa#1#1 Barium ionBarium ion


CaCa#1#1 Calcium ionCalcium ion

SnSn#1#1 Tin'II) ionTin'II) ion

CuCu#1#1 Copper'II) ionCopper'II) ion

0e0e#1#1 Iron'II) ionIron'II) ion

P.P.#1#1 Lead'II) ionLead'II) ion

"n"n#1#1 "an2anee'II) ion"an2anee'II) ion

AlAl4141 Aluminium ionAluminium ion

0e0e4141 Iron'III) ionIron'III) ion

Cr Cr 4141 Chromium'III) ionChromium'III) ion



3

Anion 'Ne2ati(e Ion)Anion 'Ne2ati(e Ion)



0055 0luoride ion0luoride ion

ClCl55 Chloride ionChloride ion

Br Br 55 Bromide ionBromide ion

II55 Iodide ionIodide ion

OHOH55 Hydro6ide ionHydro6ide ion

NONO4455 Nitrate ionNitrate ion

NONO##55 Nitrite ionNitrite ion

"nO"nO&&55 "an2anate'7II) ion"an2anate'7II) ion

CHCH44COOCOO55 Ethanoate ionEthanoate ion


ClOClO44

55 Chlorate'7) ionChlorate'7) ion

COCO44

#5#5 Car.onate ionCar.onate ion

OO#5#5 O6ide ionO6ide ion

SS#5#5 Sulphide ionSulphide ion

SOSO&&

#5#5 Sulphate ionSulphate ion

SS##OO44#5#5 Thioulphate ionThioulphate ion

Cr Cr ##OO88

#5#5 9ichromate'7I) ion9ichromate'7I) ion

CrOCrO&&

#5#5 Chromate'7I) ionChromate'7I) ion

POPO&&

4545 Phophate ionPhophate ion



4

Chemical 0ormula of ionicChemical 0ormula of ionic

compoundcompound


Ionic Compound NameIonic Compound Name Chemical 0ormulaChemical 0ormula

Sodium o6ideSodium o6ide NaNa##OO

Potaium man2anate'7II)Potaium man2anate'7II) !"nO!"nO&&

Aluminium nitrateAluminium nitrate Al'NOAl'NO44))44

Calcium chlorideCalcium chloride CaClCaCl##

Sodium nitriteSodium nitrite NaNONaNO##

Copper'II) car.onateCopper'II) car.onate CuCOCuCO44

Ammonium ulphateAmmonium ulphate 'NH'NH&&))##SOSO

&&

Iron'II) phophateIron'II) phophate 0e0e44'PO'PO

&&))##

Potaium dichromate'7I)Potaium dichromate'7I) !!##Cr Cr ##OO88



5

Chemical 0ormula of ionicChemical 0ormula of ionic

compoundcompound


Ho, many Chemical 0ormula of ionic compound do you

ha(e:

%; Cation

%; Anion4#& Chemical 0ormula



6

Claify Chemical 0ormula into 8Claify Chemical 0ormula into 8

2roup2roup


Group % 5 Acid 'H1)

Chemical 0ormulaChemical 0ormula Compound NameCompound Name

H0H0 Hydrofluoric acidHydrofluoric acid

HClHCl Hydrochloric acidHydrochloric acid

HBr HBr Hydro.romic acidHydro.romic acid

HH##CrOCrO&& Chromic'7I) acidChromic'7I) acid

HNOHNO44 Nitric acidNitric acid

CHCH44COOHCOOH Ethanoic acidEthanoic acidHH##COCO

44 Car.onic acidCar.onic acid

HH##SOSO&& Sulphuric acidSulphuric acid

HH44POPO&& Phophoric acidPhophoric acid



7


2roup2roup


Group # 5 Al/ali 'OH5) 5 Bae that olu.le in ,ater


NaOHNaOH Sodium hydro6ide olutionSodium hydro6ide olution

!OH!OH Potaium hydro6ide olutionPotaium hydro6ide olution

LiOHLiOH Lithium hydro6ide olutionLithium hydro6ide olution

Ca'OH)Ca'OH)## Calcium hydro6ide olutionCalcium hydro6ide olution

Ba'OH)Ba'OH)## Barium hydro6ide olutionBarium hydro6ide olution

NHNH&&OHOH Ammonium hydro6ide olutionAmmonium hydro6ide olution

Only < al/ali



8


2roup2roup


Group 4 5 Bae 'OH5 = O#5) 5 Inolu.le in ,ater 'Solid)


"2'OH)"2'OH)## "a2neium hydro6ide"a2neium hydro6ide

P.'OH)P.'OH)## Lead'II) hydro6ideLead'II) hydro6ide

Al'OH)Al'OH)44 Aluminium hydro6ideAluminium hydro6ide

3nO3nO 3inc o6ide3inc o6ide

CuOCuO Copper'II) o6ideCopper'II) o6ide

!!##OO Potaium o6idePotaium o6ideP.OP.O Lead'II) o6ideLead'II) o6ide

SnOSnO Tin'II) o6ideTin'II) o6ide

0e0e##OO44 Iron'III) o6ideIron'III) o6ide



9


2roup2roup


Group & 5 "etal car.onate 'CO4#5) 5 Inolu.le in ,ater 'Solid> e6cept !1> Na1> NH&

1)


CaCOCaCO44 Calcium car.onateCalcium car.onate

"2CO"2CO44 "a2neium car.onate"a2neium car.onate

3nCO3nCO44 3inc car.onate3inc car.onate

P.COP.CO44 Lead'II) car.onateLead'II) car.onate

CuCOCuCO44 Copper'II) car.onateCopper'II) car.onate

A2A2##COCO

44 Sil(er car.onateSil(er car.onate

0eCO0eCO44 Iron'II) car.onateIron'II) car.onate



10


2roup2roup


Group ? 5 "etal halide '05> Cl5> Br 5 = I5)


!Br !Br Potaium .romidePotaium .romide

NaINaI Sodium iodideSodium iodide

Na0Na0 Sodium fluorideSodium fluoride

"2Cl"2Cl## "a2neium chloride"a2neium chloride

NaClNaCl Sodium chlorideSodium chloride

3nBr 3nBr ##

3inc .romide3inc .romide

0eCl0eCl44 Iron'III) chlorideIron'III) chloride

NHNH&&II Ammonium iodideAmmonium iodide

!I!I Potaium iodidePotaium iodide



11


2roup2roup


Group < 5 "etal nitrate 'NO45)


!NO!NO44 Potaium nitratePotaium nitrate

"2'NO"2'NO44))## "a2neium nitrate"a2neium nitrate

NHNH&&NONO

44 Ammonium nitrateAmmonium nitrate

3n'NO3n'NO44))## 3inc nitrate3inc nitrate

Al'NOAl'NO44))44 Aluminium nitrateAluminium nitrate

LiNOLiNO44 Lithium nitrateLithium nitrate



12


2roup2roup


Group 8 5 Salt 'Include Group &> Group ?> Group <)


P.SOP.SO&& Lead'II) ulphateLead'II) ulphateCaCrOCaCrO

&& Calcium chromate'7I)Calcium chromate'7I)

3nS3nS 3inc ulphide3inc ulphide

!!##SS##OO44 Potaium thioulphatePotaium thioulphate

AlPOAlPO&& Aluminium phophateAluminium phophate

0eSO0eSO&& Iron'II) ulphateIron'II) ulphate



13

0lo, chart of equation0lo, chart of equation


Chemical Equation

Ionic Equation

# 6 Half Equation

9ecri.e a chemical reaction and 2i(e the

num.er of mole of the reactant and

product-

0ind the particle in(ol(e in the chemical

reaction- 'Atom + "olecule + Ion)

Sho, the tranfer of electron and chan2e

in o6idation num.er of the reactant-



14

CHE"IST@ SP" #$%& TA@GETCHE"IST@ SP" #$%& TA@GET


SP"SP" "ar/"ar/

Paper %Paper % &$&$

Paper #Paper # 8?8?

Paper 4Paper 4 &$&$TotalTotal 8;8;

SP"SP" "ar/"ar/

Paper %Paper % 4;4;

Paper #Paper # <$<$

Paper 4Paper 4 4;4;TotalTotal <;<;

A5A5AA

SP"SP" "ar/"ar/

Paper %Paper % &?&?

Paper #Paper # ;?;?

Paper 4Paper 4 &$&$

TotalTotal ;?;?

A1A1YOU CANYOU CANDO ITDO IT



15

Acid 1 "etalAcid 1 "etal Salt 1 Hydro2en 2aSalt 1 Hydro2en 2a


Electrochemical Serie

!ami !

Na/Na

Cari Ca

"an2/u/ "2Aluminium Al

3on3n

0elipina 0e

Saya Sn

Pandai P.Hiap 'H)

Cu/a Cu

Apple A2

Cu 1 HNO4 No @eaction

Copper i le electropoiti(e thanhydro2en-

9ecreain2

order of

electropoiti(ity

"etal ,hich i more electropoiti(e can

attract ne2ati(e ion from an aqueou

olution of a le electropoiti(e metal-



16

Acid 1 "etalAcid 1 "etal Salt 1 Hydro2en 2aSalt 1 Hydro2en 2a


Sulphuric acid react ,ith ma2neium

Chemicalequation

Ionicequation

Halfequation

HH##SOSO&& 1 "21 "2 "2SO"2SO&& 1 H1 H##

#H#H11 1 "21 "2 "2"2#1#1

1 H1 H##

#H#H11 1 #e1 #e HH## "2"2

"2"2#1#1 1 #e1 #e



17

Acid 1 Bae 'Solid)Acid 1 Bae 'Solid) Salt 1 ater Salt 1 ater

'Neutraliation reaction)'Neutraliation reaction)


Nitric acid react ,ith copper'II) o6ide po,der

Chemicalequation

Ionic

equation

#HNO#HNO44 1 CuO1 CuO Cu'NOCu'NO

44))## 1 H1 H##OO

#H#H11

1 CuO1 CuO CuCu#1#1

1 H1 H##OO



18

Acid 1 Al/ali 'Solution)Acid 1 Al/ali 'Solution) Salt 1 aterSalt 1 ater

'Neutraliation reaction)'Neutraliation reaction)


Nitric acid react ,ith ammonia olution

Chemicalequation

Ionic

equation

HNOHNO44 1 NH1 NH

&&OHOH NHNH&&NONO

44 1 H1 H##OO

HH11

1 OH1 OH55

HH

##OO



19

Acid 1 "etal car.onate 'Solid)Acid 1 "etal car.onate 'Solid) Salt 1Salt 1

ater 1 Car.on dio6ide 2aater 1 Car.on dio6ide 2a


Hydrofluoric acid react ,ith mar.le po,der

Chemicalequation

Ionicequation

#H0#H0 1 CaCO1 CaCO

44 Ca0Ca0## 1 H1 H

##O 1 COO 1 CO##

#H#H11 1 CaCO1 CaCO

44 CaCa#1#1 1 H1 H##O 1 COO 1 CO

##



20


Electrochemical Serie

!ami !

Na/Na

Cari Ca

"an2/u/ "2Aluminium Al

3on3n

0elipina 0e

Saya Sn

Pandai P.Hiap 'H)

Cu/a Cu

Apple A2

Cu 1 3n'NO4)# No @eaction

Copper i le electropoiti(e than inc-

9ecreain2

order of

electropoiti(ity

"ore reacti(e metal 1 Salt"ore reacti(e metal 1 Salt Salt 1 LeSalt 1 Le

reacti(e metal '"etal diplacement reaction)reacti(e metal '"etal diplacement reaction)

"etal ,hich i more electropoiti(e can

diplace another metal ,hich i le

electropoiti(e from it alt olution-



21

"ore reacti(e metal 1 Salt"ore reacti(e metal 1 Salt Salt 1 LeSalt 1 Le

reacti(e metal '"etal diplacement reaction)reacti(e metal '"etal diplacement reaction)


3inc react ,ith tin'II) nitrate olution

Chemicalequation

Ionicequation

Halfequation

3n3n 1 Sn'NO1 Sn'NO44))## 3n'NO3n'NO44))## 1 Sn1 Sn

3n3n 1 Sn1 Sn#1#1 3n3n#1#1

1 Sn1 Sn

3n3n 3n3n#1#1

1 #e1 #e SnSn#1#1 1 #e1 #e SnSn



22

05

Cl5

Br 5

I5

"ore reacti(e halo2en 1 "etal halide"ore reacti(e halo2en 1 "etal halide

"etal halide 1 Le reacti(e halo2en"etal halide 1 Le reacti(e halo2en

'Halo2en diplacement reaction)'Halo2en diplacement reaction)

I# 1 NaCl No @eaction

Iodine i le electrone2ati(e than chlorine-9ecreain2

order of electrone2ati(ity

An element ,hich i more electrone2ati(e can diplace another

element ,hich i le electrone2ati(e from it alt olution-



23

"ore reacti(e halo2en 1 "etal halide"ore reacti(e halo2en 1 "etal halide

"etal halide 1 Le reacti(e halo2en"etal halide 1 Le reacti(e halo2en

'Halo2en diplacement reaction)'Halo2en diplacement reaction)


Chlorine react ,ith potaium .romide olution

Chemicalequation

Ionicequation

Halfequation

ClCl## 1 #!Br1 #!Br #!Cl#!Cl 1 Br 1 Br ##

ClCl## 1 #Br 1 #Br 55 #Cl#Cl55

1 Br 1 Br ##

ClCl## 1 #e1 #e #Cl#Cl55 #Br #Br 55 Br Br

## 1 #e1 #e



24

Solu.le alt 1 Solu.le altSolu.le alt 1 Solu.le alt Inolu.le alt 1 Solu.le altInolu.le alt 1 Solu.le alt

'Precipitation reaction + 9ou.le decompoition reaction)'Precipitation reaction + 9ou.le decompoition reaction)


Insoluble saltAgCl

PbCl2

PbSO4

BaSO4

CaSO4

PbI2

Salt

Soluble saltK+

Na+

NH4+

NO3-



25

Solu.le alt 1 Solu.le altSolu.le alt 1 Solu.le alt Inolu.le alt 1 Solu.le altInolu.le alt 1 Solu.le alt

'Precipitation reaction + 9ou.le decompoition reaction)'Precipitation reaction + 9ou.le decompoition reaction)


Lead'II) nitrate olution react ,ith potaiumiodide olution

Chemicalequation

Ionic

equation

P.'NOP.'NO44))## 1 #!I1 #!I P.IP.I

## 1 #!NO1 #!NO44

P.P.#1#1

1 #I1 #I55

P.IP.I##



26

"etal o6ide 1 ater"etal o6ide 1 ater "etal hydro6ide"etal hydro6ide

'Al/ali olution)'Al/ali olution)


Sodium o6ide diol(e in ,ater

Chemicalequation

NaNa##O 1 HO 1 H

##OO #NaOH#NaOH



27

"etal 1 O6y2en 2a"etal 1 O6y2en 2a "etal o6ide"etal o6ide


Aluminium react ,ith o6y2en 2a

Chemicalequation

Ionicequation

Halfequation

Δ

&Al 1 4O&Al 1 4O## #Al#Al##OO44

&Al 1 4O&Al 1 4O## &Al&Al4141 1 <O1 <O#5#5

AlAl AlAl4141 1 4e1 4e OO## 1 &e1 &e #O#O#5#5



28

"etal 1 Halo2en 2a"etal 1 Halo2en 2a "etal halide"etal halide


3inc react ,ith .romine 2a

Chemicalequation

Ionicequation

Halfequation

Δ

3n 1 Br 3n 1 Br ## 3nBr 3nBr ##

3n 1 Br 3n 1 Br ## 3n3n#1#1 1 #Br 1 #Br 55

3n3n 3n3n#1#1 1 #e1 #e Br Br ## 1 #e1 #e #Br #Br 55



29

"etal car.onate"etal car.onate "etal o6ide 1 Car.on"etal o6ide 1 Car.on

dio6ide 2a 'E6cept al/ali metal car.onate)dio6ide 2a 'E6cept al/ali metal car.onate)


"a2neium car.onate decompoe .y heatin2

Chemicalequation

Δ

"2CO"2CO44 "2O 1 CO"2O 1 CO

##



30

Al/ali metal nitrateAl/ali metal nitrate "etal nitrite 1"etal nitrite 1

O6y2en 2aO6y2en 2a


Sodium nitrate decompoe .y heatin2

Chemicalequation

Δ

#NaNO#NaNO44 #NaNO#NaNO

## 1 O1 O##



31

"etal nitrate"etal nitrate "etal o6ide 1 Nitro2en"etal o6ide 1 Nitro2en

dio6ide 2a 'Bro,n) 1 O6y2en 2adio6ide 2a 'Bro,n) 1 O6y2en 2a


3inc nitrate decompoe .y heatin2

Chemicalequation

Δ

#3n'NO#3n'NO44))## #3nO 1 &NO#3nO 1 &NO

## 1 O1 O##



32

Al/ali metal 1 aterAl/ali metal 1 ater Al/ali metalAl/ali metal

hydro6ide 'Al/ali olution) 1 Hydro2en 2ahydro6ide 'Al/ali olution) 1 Hydro2en 2a


Sodium diol(e in ,ater

Chemicalequation

#Na 1 #H#Na 1 #H##OO #NaOH 1 H#NaOH 1 H

##



33

"etal 1 Steam"etal 1 Steam "etal o6ide 1"etal o6ide 1

Hydro2en 2aHydro2en 2a


Aluminium react ,ith team

Chemicalequation

#Al 1 4H#Al 1 4H##OO AlAl

##OO44 1 4H1 4H##



34

Halo2en 1 aterHalo2en 1 ater "i6ture of acid"i6ture of acid


Bromine diol(e in ,ater

Chemicalequation

Br Br ## 1 H1 H

##OO HBr 1 HOBr HBr 1 HOBr

Hydro.romic acid 1 Hypo.romu acidHydro.romic acid 1 Hypo.romu acid



35

Al/ali metal thioulphate 1 AcidAl/ali metal thioulphate 1 Acid Salt 1Salt 1

Sulphur 1 Sulphur dio6ide 2a 1 ater Sulphur 1 Sulphur dio6ide 2a 1 ater


Sodium thioulphate olution react ,ithulphuric acid

Chemicalequation

Ionic

equation

NaNa##SS##OO44 1 H1 H

##SOSO&& NaNa

##SOSO&& 1 S 1 SO1 S 1 SO

## 1 H1 H##OO

SS##OO44

#5#5

1 #H1 #H11

S 1 SOS 1 SO## 1 H1 H##OO



36

E6tra reactionE6tra reaction


Bu..lin2 of car.on dio6ide throu2h lime ,ater

Chemicalequation

COCO## 1 Ca'OH)1 Ca'OH)

## CaCOCaCO44 1 H1 H

##OO



37



@eaction .et,een ammonia and hydro2en

chloride

Chemicalequation

NHNH44 1 HCl D NH1 HCl D NH

&&ClCl

'Thic/ ,hite fume)'Thic/ ,hite fume)



38



@eaction .et,een ulphur dio6ide 2a and ,ater

Chemicalequation

SOSO## 1 H1 H

##OO HH##SOSO44

'Sulphurou acid)'Sulphurou acid)

@eaction .et,een car.on dio6ide 2a and ,ater

Chemicalequation

COCO## 1 H1 H

##OO HH##COCO44

'Car.onic acid)'Car.onic acid)



39



9ecompoition of hydro2en pero6ide

Chemicalequation

#H#H##OO## #H#H

##O 1 OO 1 O##

'Catalyt 5 "an2anee'I7) o6ide)'Catalyt 5 "an2anee'I7) o6ide)

9ecompoition of potaium chlorate'7)

Chemicalequation #!ClO#!ClO

44 #!Cl 1 4O#!Cl 1 4O##



40



Ioniation of acid in ,ater

Chemical

equation HClHCl HH11

1 Cl1 Cl55

Ioniation of al/ali in ,ater

Chemicalequation NaOHNaOH NaNa11 1 OH1 OH55

H#O

H#O



41

Contact proceContact proce


"anufacture of ulphuric acid

Chemicalequation

Sta2e %Sta2e % S 1 OS 1 O##

SOSO##

Sta2e #Sta2e # #SO#SO## 1 O1 O

## D #SOD #SO44

Sta2e 4Sta2e 4 SOSO44 1 H1 H

##SOSO&& HH##SS##OO88 'Oleum)'Oleum)

HH##SS##OO88 1 H1 H##OO #H#H

##SOSO&&

Sta2e # 5 Catalyt* 7anadium'7) o6ide> 7#O?

Temperature* &?$ 5 ?$$ C

Preure* % atmophere



42

Ha.er ProceHa.er Proce


"anufacture of ammonia

Chemicalequation

NN## 1 4H1 4H## D #NHD #NH

44

Catalyt* Iron filin2> 0e

Temperature* &?$ 5 ?$$ C

Preure* #$$ 5 ?$$ atmophere



43

? Homolo2ou erie? Homolo2ou erie


"eth"eth

EthEth

PropProp

ButBut

PentPent

He6He6

HeptHeptOctOct

NonNon

9ec9ec

%%

##

44

&&

??

<<

88

;;

FF

%$%$

Num.er of car.on atom Name

"a/"a/

En2/auEn2/au

Per2iPer2i

BrailBrail

Pa/aiPa/ai

Heli/opter Heli/opter

Hantar Hantar Oran2Oran2

Na/Na/

9atin29atin2



44

Al/aneAl/ane


"eth"ethaneane

EthEthaneane

PropPropaneane

ButButaneane

PentPentaneane

CHCH&&

CC##HH<<

CC44HH;;

CC&&HH%$%$

CC??HH%#%#

CnH#n1# ,here n %> #> 4

Chemical 0ormula Name



45

Al/eneAl/ene


EthEtheneene

PropPropeneene

ButButeneene

PentPenteneene

He6He6eneene

CC##HH&&

CC44HH<<

CC&&HH;;

CC??HH%$%$

CC<<HH%#%#

CnH#n ,here n #> 4> &

0unctional 2roup 5

9ou.le co(alent .ond

.et,een t,o car.on

atom

5CC5




46

AlcoholAlcohol


"eth"ethanolanol

EthEthanolanol

PropPropanolanol

ButButanolanol

PentPentanolanol

CHCH44OHOH

CC##HH??OHOH

CC44HH88OHOH

CC&&HHFFOHOH

CC??HH%%%%OHOH

CnH#n1%OH ,here n %> #> 4

0unctional 2roup 5

Hydro6yl 2roup

5OH




47

Car.o6ylic acidCar.o6ylic acid


"eth"ethanoicanoic acidacid

EthEthanoicanoic acidacid

PropPropanoicanoic acidacid

ButButanoicanoic acidacid

PentPentanoicanoic acidacid

HCOOHHCOOH

CHCH44COOHCOOH

CC##HH??COOHCOOH

CC44

HH88

COOHCOOH

CC&&HHFFCOOHCOOH

CnH#n1%COOH ,here n $> %> #

0unctional 2roup 5

Car.o6yl 2roup

5COOH




48

EterEter


"ethyl"ethyl methmethanoateanoate

EthylEthyl ethethanoateanoate

PropylPropyl proppropanoateanoate

ButylButyl .ut.utanoateanoate

PentylPentyl pentpentanoateanoate

HCOOHCOOCHCH44

CHCH44COOCOOCC##HH??

CC##HH??COOCOOCC44HH88

CC44HH88COOCOOCC&&HHFF

CC&&HHFFCOOCOOCC??HH%%%%

CnH#n1%COOCmH#m1% ,here n $> %> # and m %> #> 4

0unctional 2roup 5

Car.o6ylate 2roup

5COO5

n from car.o6ylic acid and m from alcohol


Al/ane + Al/ene + Alcohol 1 O6y2en 2aAl/ane + Al/ene + Alcohol 1 O6y2en 2a



49


Car.on dio6ide 2a 1 ater Car.on dio6ide 2a 1 ater

'Complete com.ution reaction)'Complete com.ution reaction)


Complete com.ution of propene

Chemicalequation

Δ

#C#C44HH<< 1 FO1 FO

## <CO<CO## 1 <H1 <H

##OO




50


'Limited)'Limited) Car.on mono6ide 2a 1 ater Car.on mono6ide 2a 1 ater

'Incomplete com.ution reaction)'Incomplete com.ution reaction)


Incomplete com.ution of propane

Chemicalequation

Δ

#C#C44HH;; 1 8O1 8O

## <CO<CO 1 ;H1 ;H

##OO

Al/ane 1 Halo2enAl/ane 1 Halo2en Haloal/ane 1 Hydro2enHaloal/ane 1 Hydro2en



51

Al/ane 1 Halo2enAl/ane 1 Halo2en Haloal/ane 1 Hydro2enHaloal/ane 1 Hydro2en

halidehalide 'Su.titution'Su.titution reaction)reaction)

Condition*Condition* uv uv rayray


"ethane react ,ith chlorine

Chemicalequation

Name andtructural

formula ofthe product

CHCH&& 1 Cl1 Cl## CHCH44ClCl 1 HCl1 HCl

HH

H J C J HH J C J H

ClCl

ChloromethaneChloromethane



52

Al/ene 1 Halo2enAl/ene 1 Halo2en 9ihaloal/ane9ihaloal/ane 'Addition'Addition

reaction + Halo2enation reaction)reaction + Halo2enation reaction)


Pent5%5ene react ,ith .romine

Chemical

equationO.er(ation

Name and

tructuralformula of

the product

CC??HH%$%$ 1 Br 1 Br ## CC??HH%$%$Br Br

##

TheThe .ro,n.ro,n colour of .romine chan2ecolour of .romine chan2e

to colourle-to colourle-

H H H H HH H H H H

H J C J C J C J C J C J HH J C J C J C J C J C J H

Br Br H H HBr Br H H H %>#5di.romopentane%>#5di.romopentane

Al/ene 1 Hydro2en halideAl/ene 1 Hydro2en halide Haloal/aneHaloal/ane



53

Al/ene 1 Hydro2en halideAl/ene 1 Hydro2en halide Haloal/aneHaloal/ane

'Addition'Addition reaction + Hydrohalo2enationreaction + Hydrohalo2enation

reaction)reaction)


But5#5ene react ,ith hydro2en chloride

Chemicalequation

Name andtructural


CC&&HH;; 1 HCl1 HCl CC&&HHFFClCl

H H H HH H H H

H J C J C J C J C J HH J C J C J C J C J H

H Cl H HH Cl H H#5chloro.utane#5chloro.utane

Al/ene 1 Hydro2en 2aAl/ene 1 Hydro2en 2a Al/ane 'AdditionAl/ane 'Addition



54

Al/ene 1 Hydro2en 2aAl/ene 1 Hydro2en 2a Al/ane 'AdditionAl/ane 'Addition

reaction + Hydro2enation reaction)reaction + Hydro2enation reaction)

Condition* Ni + Pt and %;$ CCondition* Ni + Pt and %;$ C


But5%5ene react ,ith hydro2en 2a

Chemicalequation

Name andtructural


CC&&HH;; 1 H1 H## CC&&HH%$%$

H H H HH H H H

H J C J C J C J C J HH J C J C J C J C J H

H H H HH H H H

ButaneButane

Al/ene 1 aterAl/ene 1 ater Alcohol 'Addition reactionAlcohol 'Addition reaction



55

Al/ene 1 aterAl/ene 1 ater Alcohol 'Addition reactionAlcohol 'Addition reaction

+ Hydration reaction) + Hydration reaction)

Condition* HCondition* H44POPO&&> 4$$ C and <$ atm> 4$$ C and <$ atm


Ethene react ,ith team

Chemicalequation

Name andtructural


CC##HH&& 1 H1 H##OO CC##HH??OHOH

H HH H

H J C J C J HH J C J C J H

H OHH OHEthanolEthanol

Al/ene 1 ater 1 KO6y2en atomAl/ene 1 ater 1 KO6y2en atom Al/ane5diol 'O6idationAl/ane5diol 'O6idation



56

K y2 K y2 ''

reaction)reaction)

@eactant* Acidified !"nO@eactant* Acidified !"nO&& olution + Acidified !olution + Acidified !

##Cr Cr ##OO88

olutionolution


Propene react ,ith acidified potaiumPropene react ,ith acidified potaiumman2anate'7II) olutionman2anate'7II) olution

ChemicalChemicalequationequation

O.er(ationO.er(ation

Name andName and

tructuraltructuralformula offormula of

the productthe product

CC44HH<< 1 H1 H##OO 1 KO1 KO CC44HH<<'OH)'OH)##

TheThe purplepurple colour of acidified potaium man2anate'7II)colour of acidified potaium man2anate'7II)

olution chan2e to colourle-olution chan2e to colourle-

H H HH H H

H J C J C J C J HH J C J C J C J H

OH OH HOH OH H

Propane5%>#5diolPropane5%>#5diol

nAl/enenAl/ene 'Al/ene)'Al/ene)nn 'Polymeriation'Polymeriation



57

nAl/enenAl/ene 'Al/ene)'Al/ene)nn 'Polymeriation'Polymeriation

reaction)reaction)

Condition* #$$ C and %?$$ atmCondition* #$$ C and %?$$ atm


Polymeriation of ethene

Chemical

equation

Name andtructural


nCnC##HH&& 'C'C##HH&&))nn

H HH H

J J C J C JC J C J

n nH HH H

PolyethenePolyethene

AlcoholAlcohol Al/ene 1 ater '9ehydration reaction)Al/ene 1 ater '9ehydration reaction)



58

AlcoholAlcohol Al/ene 1 ater '9ehydration reaction)Al/ene 1 ater '9ehydration reaction)

Condition* Heated porcelain piece +Condition* Heated porcelain piece +

Concentrated HConcentrated H##SOSO

&& and %;$ Cand %;$ C


Butan5%5ol in the preence of heated porcelainpiece

Chemicalequation

Name andtructural


CC&&HHFFOHOH CC&&HH;; 1 H1 H##OO

H H H HH H H H

H J C C J C J C J HH J C C J C J C J H

H HH H

But5%5eneBut5%5ene

Alcohol 1 #KO6y2en atomAlcohol 1 #KO6y2en atom Car.o6ylic acid 1 aterCar.o6ylic acid 1 ater



59

K y2 y2 yy

'O6idation reaction)'O6idation reaction)

@eactant* Acidified !"nO@eactant* Acidified !"nO&& olution + Acidified !olution + Acidified !

##Cr Cr ##OO88

olutionolution


Propan5#5ol react ,ith acidified potaiumdichromate'7I) olution

Chemicalequation

O.er(ation

Name and

tructuralformula of

the product

CC44HH88OHOH 1 #KO1 #KO CC##HH??COOH 1 HCOOH 1 H##OOTheThe oran2eoran2e colour of acidified potaium dichromate'7I)colour of acidified potaium dichromate'7I)

olution chan2e toolution chan2e to 2reen2reen--

H H OH H O

H J C J C J C J OHH J C J C J C J OH

H HH H

Propanoic acidPropanoic acid

Al h l 1 @ ti t lAl h l 1 @ ti t l S lt 1S lt 1



60

Alcohol 1 @eacti(e metalAlcohol 1 @eacti(e metal Salt 1Salt 1

Hydro2en 2aHydro2en 2a


Propan5%5ol react ,ith potaium

Chemicalequation

#C#C44HH88OHOH

1 #!1 #! #C#C44HH88O! 1 HO! 1 H

##

Car.o6ylic acid 1 AlcoholCar.o6ylic acid 1 Alcohol Eter 1 aterEter 1 ater



61

Car.o6ylic acid AlcoholCar.o6ylic acid Alcohol Eter aterEter ater

'Eterification reaction)'Eterification reaction)

Condition* Concentrated HCondition* Concentrated H##SOSO&& and reflu6and reflu6


Propanoic acid react ,ith propan5%5ol

Chemical

equationName andtructuralformula of

the product

CC##HH??COOHCOOH 1 C1 C

44HH88OHOH CC##HH??COOCCOOC44HH88 1 H1 H

##OO

H H O H H HH H O H H H

H J C J C J C J O J C J C J C J HH J C J C J C J O J C J C J C J H

H H H H HH H H H H Propyl propanoatePropyl propanoate

GOO9 LMC!



GOO9 LMC! GOO9 LMC!

A1 ChemitryA1 Chemitry

Than/ ouThan/ ou

the importance of chemical equations

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