the importance of solid recovered fuels in modern waste ... · 3 questions roland pomberger,...
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13.05.2013
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Franz-Josef-Straße 18, A-8700 LeobenTel./Fax +43 (0) 3842 402-5101/5102
Lehrstuhl für Abfallverwertungstechnik und Abfallwirtschaft
The importance of solid recovered fuels
in modern waste management
Univ.-Prof. DI Dr.mont. Roland Pomberger
Protests against Incinerators …
…why not againstlandfills???
Source: www.buergeraktiv.at
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3 Questions
Roland Pomberger, 13.05.2013, Folie 3
landfill IncinerationIs it safety for health andenvironment ?
? YES
Does it recover ressources ? NO YES
No problem for yourgrandchildren ?
NO YES
2. Content
1. Modern waste management
2. Energy recovery by incineration
3. Developments of waste fuels in CI
4. Risks and chances
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1. Modern waste management
Cycle of thermal recovery
Thermal Treatment
Treatment
Emissions
• Water
• Air
Residues
• Soil
Rawmaterials
ENERGY
Production Usage Collection
Biosphere
Lithosphere
Thermal Recovery
RepairRecycling
Reuse
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Constraints of circular flow management
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Thermal Treatment
Treatment
Emissions
• Water
• Air
Residues
• Soil
Rawmaterials
ENERGY
Production Usage Collection
Biosphere
Lithosphere
Repair
Thermal Recovery
Recycling
Reuse
Situation in EU
Roland Pomberger, 13.05.2013, Folie 8
High recycling + incineration
=high level
waste management
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Waste Incineration Capacityin Europe 2011
Source: Eurostat, 2013
Source: gaia, 2013
2. Energy recovery by incineration
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Proved Techologies
MSW - Incineration grate
WtE - Incineration grate• fluidizied bed
Co-Incineration fluidizied bed rotary kiln
High Efficiency Waste-to-Energy Concepts –MSI as Energy/Heat Supplier
Source: www.wku.at
MSI Pfaffenau, Vienna, AT
AEB Amsterdam , NL
420 C80 barefficiency el. 30 %
250.000 t/a400 C40 bar
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MBT needs WtE plants
Combination MBT and WtE
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RDF-Power Plant –Fluidized Bed Combustion
Source: Lehmkuhl, 2005
Source: www.recyclingmagazin.de
Witzenhausen, GER
High energy efficiency and integration in production process
RVL Lenzing Quelle: www.ave.at
Expansion of WtE in Germany
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Overview Waste Incinerators in Germany/Austria
2011: 67 MSW-Incinerators37 Co-Incinerators
2010: 10 MSW-Incinerators21 Co-Incinerators (≥ 2 t/h)
Source: Thomé-Kozmiensky, 2012
Source: BAWP, 2011BMLFUW Bericht, 2012
SRF in Cement Rotary Kiln
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DI Pomberger/Mag. Schmidt
SRF in cement rotary kilns
Conventional SRF for primary burnerhas small size andhigh calorific value
Technical challengeis usage of middlecalorific SRF withbigger size
Mechanical pretreatment network for Co-incineration
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3. Developments of WasteFuels in Cement Industry
Introduction
Waste FuelWaste that is used for purpose of energy generation and which satisfies quality criteria of Waste Incineration Directive.
Waste undergoes treatment by preparation (classifying, sorting, separation,…)and manufacturing (crushing, drying, pelletizing,…)
Solid Recovered Fuels (SRF)Prepared from high calorific fractions of municipial, commercial, or industrial materials.
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Fundamental conditions
3 Fundamental ConditionsLegal compliance and legal certaintySecurity of supplyAssured quality
AcceptanceToday largely accepted by society in Austria.Pioneer phase is overOptimization and improvement of substitution rate
Current State
Volumes of Thermal Treatment in Austria1.665 million t a-1 treated in thermal plants
24 processing plants for „primarly mechanical treatment“ for mixed municipial and commercial waste (capacity 1.2 million t a-1 )
14 mechanical processing plants SRF production (capacity 0,7 million t a-1 )
MVA Pfaffenau, Wien MBT Oberpullendorf SRF ThermoTeam, Retznei CP Retznei
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397.470 t a -1 in 2011 Plastic waste is the main
waste fuel Big increase due to ban of
landfilling (2004)
< Input of RDF in Austrian cementproduction plants 1988 – 2012 (Mauschitz, 2012)
Waste Fuels in Austrian Cement Plants
Example of styrianCP Retznei 82 %
Austria 65 % Germany 61 %
EU average 30 % Global average 12 %
< Substitution rate in cement industry 2000 – 2011 (VDZ, VÖZ, Pomberger 2012
International Substitution Rate 2000 - 2011
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Austria GermanyEU 27 Global
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< Legal, material, plant and economic developmentsand properties of SRF(Lorber 2012)
Developments
Legal Developments
RegulationsTechnical guideline for Waste Fuels (2008)
Waste Incineration Directive (2010)
Main PointsDefines input quality criteria in co-incineration plants
3 types of plants (Cement production plants, Power plants, Other co-incineration plants)
Limit values: pollutant content per net calorific value
Statistic methods rather than strict limits: median and 80 percentil
Possibility of „end-of-waste“ generates „SRF-product“
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Material Developments
Decreasing Heating ValueWaste streams of high quality plastics tend to material recycling
More waste streams from MBT with higher biological content
Increasing Chlorine ProblemPVC packagings
Consumer behavior in different countries
Waste imports from these countries
Necessity of automatic sorting systems and sampling concepts
Material Developments
Heavy Metal Contents in Metal FractionsRemaining metal despite mutiple metal sorting
Different percentage of heavy metals are bounded to the metallic fraction
Usage of Solid Hazardous WasteSolid waste containing oil and solvents
Mechanical treatment enables usage as SRF
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Increasing ThroughputIncreasing production in existing plants
Improved shredder technology
E.g. SRF production plant Thermo Team in Retznei (A):
40.000 t a-1 (2004)
up to 95.000 t a-1 (2011)< Lindner shredder at ThermTeam
SRF plant in Retznei (A)
Production Plant Developments
Chlorine RejectingModern sensor based sorting technologies (NIR)
Remove fractions with higher rate of chlorine (e.g. PVC)
Stabilizing output quality
Resource RecoveryConsiderable amounts of plastics (e.g. PET) and aluminium in SRF
Positive sorting of these valuable fractions for material recycling
< New combined chlorine rejection and material recovery plant at ThermoTeam Retznei (A)
Production Plant Developments
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Production for Secondary Firing
Trend to increase substitution rate by use of SRF in secondary firing
Specifically designed combustion chambers (e.g. HOTDISC)
Middle calorific SRF (lower heating value and bigger particle size)
Example: CP Rohoznik (SLO) playes certain role in Austrian waste management
< Combustion chamber of HOTDISC process (FLSmidth)
Production Plant Developments
Production Plant Developments
Logistic OptimizationMaximum load capacity achived by compression plants
Fire prevention in storage (monitoring self ignition, automatic fire fighting)
100 % Substitution RateSeems to be a realistic target
Mixture of solid and liquid waste fuels necessary
E.g. CP of Retznei (A) successfully tested 100 % for 1 week !
and runs currently some weeks over 90 %
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Economic Developments
Capacity Model describes Price DevelopmentInterdependencies between primary and secondary raw material markets
Life cycle of different waste fractions
Depending on plant capacity and waste amount the price is determined by disposal market or energy/raw material market
Some waste materials are high correlated with raw material markets (e.g. scrap, paper)
SRF has medium correlation and price elasticity (energy is not fully paid at present)
Price of SRF gears towards substituted primary raw material´s price
SRF price converges substituted primary fuel prices
< Capacity model showing RDF price development (Klampfl, Pomberger 2011)
Economic Developments
Energy / raw material market
Positive price
Negative price
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Importance of SRF Quality Assurance
Supplier ControlQuality control is done by supplier
Supplier gives all relevant information to consumer
Consumer does identity checks
Consumer ControlExamination by the co-incineration plant itself
Sampling plan for every type and origin of SRF seperately
Risks and Chances
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Overcapacity in Waste Incineration
???price
Risk of Re-municipalisation
Innovation needs markets: Elimination of competition leads to standstill in development
Innovative waste management systems are cooperations of communal and private sector. Both need same regulations and requirements
Abuse of waste as tax revenue is attractive for government, but on the long term a failure
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Summary
In Austria and other middle/north European countries is SRF accepted and “state of the art”
Problems in developing countries with acceptance (social process)
Requirement is a complex waste management system to generate capable waste streams
Waste is “scarce good” – demand will increase
Chances
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Our world
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Chances
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Waste generated
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Waste recovered