the importance of tenure and other rights over …october 2, 2018 the importance of tenure and other...
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![Page 1: The importance of tenure and other rights over …October 2, 2018 The importance of tenure and other rights over fisheries: Pacific perspectives Hugh Govan Eric Ross LMMA Network MarViva](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042409/5f26bc68ec446a28e84541d3/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
October 2, 2018
The importance of tenure and other rights over fisheries: Pacific
perspectivesHugh Govan Eric RossLMMA Network MarViva
Co-organized with the Republic of Korea's Ministry of Ocean in Fisheries
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Rights Based ApproachesExamples across the Pacific
Input controls
Limited licences
Effort quotas
Territorial Use Rights
Output controls
Individual quotas
Vessel catch limits
Community based quotas
Technical measures: e.g. size limits
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Offshore fisheries dominate…
Tuna
Dock value US$ 3-4 billion End value $US20-30 billion
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PNA Tuna managementBased on joint jurisdiction (UNCLOS) and effort controls (VDS)
Gillett 2016
Tuna access fees to Pacific Islands increased –> US$0.5 billion
PNA
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Coastal fisheries
Estimated to generate around US 0.5 billion (similar to offshore)
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Customary Marine Tenure (CMT) in the Pacific Islands
CMT historical
CMT current
Coastal “communities”
Papua New Guinea 4000Fiji Islands 850Solomon Islands 4038New Caledonia (Fra.) ? NDVanuatu 1400French Polynesia (Fra.) ? 48Samoa
Village byelaws 330Tonga
Special Mangt. Areas
167
American Samoa (U.S.) ? 74Wallis and Futuna (Fra.) ? ? 34Cook Islands (N.Z.) 37Tuvalu 9Niue (N.Z.) 14Tokelau (N.Z.) 3Pitcairn Islands (U.K.) ? ? 1Guam (U.S.) ? No 13Federated States of Micronesia Some 75Kiribati
Island Council 184Northern Mariana Islands (U.S.) No? 12Marshall Islands 103Palau 16Nauru No 14
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Bundle of rights in marine tenure systems
Exclusion
• Ability to exclude outsiders from fishing
Access
• Ensures rights of locals to extract resources
Management
• Rules/ practices to achieve goals (resource health?)
Enforcement
• Ways to impose rules and punish infringers
Transfer
• Lease or sell rights
Courtney and Jahaveri 2017, Ostrom 1990
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Avana-Muri Lagoon Ra’ui, Rarotonga, Cook Islands (© Ewan Smith)
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1997
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Bundle of rights in marine tenure systems
Exclusion
• Ability to exclude outsiders from fishing
Access
• Ensures rights of locals to extract resources
Management
• Rules/ practices to achieve goals (resource health?)
Enforcement
• Ways to impose rules and punish infringers
Transfer
• Lease or sell rights
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2016
Fijis commitment through FLMMA to achieve 100% inshore management
(35,000 sqkm) by 2020
• 79% of inshore fishing area is actively under local management so far
• 11% of inshore area is under permanent or periodically opened no-take reserves
• 71% of coastal villages are involved
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“Man
agem
ent
pla
n”
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And customary approaches -closing tabu
with a pig killing
Modern approaches -
Signing management
plan
Vanuatu, Efate © T. Obed
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Mararo, Malaita, Solomon Islands
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• Tenure is often unclear in national law
• Management rules in most LMMAs don’t have legal basis…
• A few exceptions e.g. Samoa and Tonga
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Tonga: Special Management Areas
• Crown owns coastal areas
• Fisheries Act describes way
for communities to define a
fishing area (SMA) working
with Fisheries Department
• Including an area where
strictly NO FISHING is
permitted to ANYONE
“tapu” (blue lines)
Courtesy S. Malimali
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# of sites with local
management
recorded (LMMAs,
CBRM, SMAs, etc)
Source: LMMA Network and Govan et al 2009
Growth in recorded Community Based Fisheries Management (i.e. projects)
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0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
2000 2010Source: LMMA Network
# of coastal
communities in
Pacific
# of Locally
Managed Marine
Areas (LMMAs)
Most Pacific Island Communities still rely on CMT and receive no other (external) support
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• Tenure is often unclear in national law
• Management rules in most LMMAs don’t have legal basis…
• ….or indeed most LMMAs
• Tenure seems to be the one vital factor
• Tenure alone cannot perform beyond certain thresholds of $$$ or threats – role for government
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Rights Based Approaches Input
controls
Limited licences◄
Effort quotas ◄
Territorial Use Rights ◄
Output controls
Individual quotas
Vessel catch limits
Community based quotas
Technical measures: e.g. size limits
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“Top-down” Customary
management
Authoritarian Traditional
practices
Co-management
Community-basedmanagement
Co-management
Negotiated
Shared
decisions and
actions / power
“Collaborative or shared management ”
Source: Govan et al 2008, LMMA Network
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Coco Island National Park and Seamounts Marine Management Area
• Region is rich in pelagic species.• Coco Island is closed to fisheries, viewed as a spill over area.• Seamounts allows for responsible tuna fisheries, e.g. greenstick and short
longline.• Authorities working on vessel and catch restrictions.
Top-down Approach
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Golfo Dulce Responsible Fishing Marine Area
• Co-management between six fisher communities, authorities and NGO’s.
• The communities propose the area to authorities and work with research institutions and NGO’s to develop the plan.
• Responsible fishing is the main factor for these areas.
Co-management
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Ballyhoo fishery in Golfo Dulce
• Important resource for artisanal fisheries.• They are sold to sports fishers at $1 per fish.• Over-exploitation of ballyhoo species caused concern among
fishers and authorities a.• Regulations include:
• Minimum landing size.• Daily allowable catch.• Number of licenses.• Closure season.
Co-management
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El Chocó Norte, Colombia
• Community based management.
• Community and inter-institutional alliance.
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Going forward
• Promote marine tenure as a more important basis for sustainable SSF
• Still a clear need to promote legitimate participation of fishers and communities in decision-making
• Many experiences and much can be learned but beware “one size does not fit all”
Challenges
• Displaced, immigrant and migrant populations
• State/power holders resistance (e.g. SDG 14b from “recognize
access rights” to “capacity building to enhance access”)
• How to capture tenure in modern legislation
• Ensuring rights linked to responsibilities
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East Malaita, Solomon Is.