saqarTvelos damoukideblobis idea

1917-1918 wlebis qarTul presaSi `saqarTvelo~, `saxalxo saqme~,

`alioni~, `erToba~

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

rusudan vaSakiZe

saqarTvelos damoukideblobis idea

1917-1918 wlebis qarTul presaSi `saqarTvelo~, `saxalxo saqme~,

`alioni~, `erToba~

xelmZRvanelebi: prof. dali CikvilaZe

prof. manana kakabaZe

Tbi lisis

univ ersitetis gamomcemloba

naSromi, wardgenili Jurnalistikis doqtoris akademi-

uri xarisxis mosapoveblad, ibeWdeba socialur da politi-

kur mecnierebaTa fakultetis sadisertacio sabWos reko-

mendaciiT. disertaciis stili daculia.

disertaciis sajaro dacva Sedga 2009 wlis 20 marts

Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 2009

ISBN 978-9941-13-124-0

5

sarCevi

Sesavali ............................................................................................... 7

I Tavi saqarTvelos damoukideblobis idea da 1917-1918

wlebis gazeTi `saqarTvelo...........................................................14

26 maisi da `saqarTvelo~ ........................................................ 25

grigol robaqiZe ...................................................................... 32

tician tabiZe ..............................................................................41

giorgi leoniZe ..........................................................................47

mixeil javaxiSvili .................................................................. 50

II Tavi gazeTi `saxalxo saqme~ eris uflebisa da Tavisuf-

lebis Sesaxeb (1917-1918ww.) ...........................................................62

26 maisi da `saxalxo saqme~ ......................................................78

konstantine gamsaxurdia ........................................................85

levan metreveli ........................................................................90

vaxtang kotetiSvili ...............................................................93

III Tavi gazeTi `alioni~ politikuri avtonomiidan damou-

kideblobis deklaraciamde (1917-1918ww.) ..............................103

26 maisi da `alioni~ .................................................................118

ivane gomarTeli .......................................................................120

Taguna (Salva SaraSiZe) ..........................................................127

leo qiaCeli ................................................................................132

IV Tavi 1917-1918 wlebis gazeTi `erToba~ saqarTvelos Ta-

visuflebis Sesaxeb .........................................................................146

6

26 maisi da `erToba~ .................................................................160

daskvna ................................................................................................171

damowmebuli literatura ...........................................................175

periodika ...........................................................................................178

7

Sesavali

qarTuli Jurnalistikis, literaturisa da istoriis

mkvlevarTaTvis XX saukunis pirveli oci weli ar aris mxo-

lod simbolizmis, realizmisa Tu politikuri pluralizmis

epoqa. maSin, roca pirveli msoflio omi mZvinvarebda, roca

ruseTis bolSevizmi dedamiwis erT meeqvseds gawiTlebiT

emuqreboda, qarTveli publicistebi, mwerlebi da sazogado

moRvaweni Tavisuflebis ideas qadagebdnen da saqarTvelos

saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenas cdilobdnen.

1917-1918 wlebi saqarTvelos demokratiuli respubli-

kis daarsebis pirveli periodia. man dasabami misca demokra-

tiul principebze saxelmwifoebriobis Camoyalibebas. arCe-

vanis ufleba misca qarTvel xalxs da safuZveli Cauyara

qarTul parlamentarizms.

samocdaaTwliani komunisturi reJimisagan tabudade-

bul istorias pirvelad XX saukunis 80-iani wlebis bolos

dawyebulma erovnul-gamaTavisuflebelma moZraobam mohfi-

na naTeli. Seiqmna araerTi mniSvnelovani istoriuli narkve-

vi da gamokvleva am periodis Sesaxeb, daibeWda cnobil po-

litikosTa mogonebebi, qarTvel emigrantTa nawarmoebebi.

gansakuTrebulia es epoqa qarTuli Jurnalistikis isto-

riisTvis. 1917-1918 wlebis saqarTvelos demokratiuli perio-

duli presisa da qarTveli publicistebis da mwerlebis am

procesSi monawileobis Sesaxeb fundamenturi naSromi dRemde

ar Seqmnila. cxadia, rom am wlebis periodika TavisTavad Cveni

qveynis istoriis utyuari wyaroa, romelic gvacnobs imdroin-

del politikur ZalTa balanss, partiaTa moRvaweobas, qar-

8

Tul sazogadoebriv azrs, aseve, mTavar saerTaSoriso moTama-

Seebs, evropasa da ruseTSi mimdinare procesebs.

aTeulobiT gazeTi gamodis qarTul da rusul enebze

1917-1918 wlebis saqarTveloSi. presa exmaureba yvela poli-

tikur Tu sazogadoebriv movlenas, aris erovnuli saqmeebis

SuagulSi da ukompromisod mouwodebs arsebul xelisufle-

bas damoukideblobis gamocxadebas, im revoluciuri buru-

sidan gamosvlas, riTac qarTuli social-demokratia iyo

moculi.

1917-1918 wlebis qarTuli presa, romelSic, bunebrivia,

dominirebs partiuli interesebi da miznebi, asaxavs saqar-

Tvelos saxelmwifos mSeneblobis gzaze arsebul mraval

dabrkolebasa da xelis SemSlel faqtors. saqarTvelo ar

iyo erTiani da udides siZneles warmoadgenda qveynis mTli-

an saxelmwifoebriv erTeulad gadaqceva. qarTveli mwerle-

bi da publicistebi sxvadasxva politikur partiebTan Ta-

namSromlobdnen. maT sagazeTo publikaciebSi, statiebsa da

narkvevebSi naTlad Cans is siZneleebi, romlebic Tavisuf-

lebisaken saqarTvelos winsvlas aferxebdnen da es, mniSvne-

lovanwilad, politikuri Zalebis moqmedebisa da daqsaqsu-

lobis Sedegi iyo. miuxedavad amisa, am periodSi sami mniSvne-

lovani movlena moxda: aRdga qarTuli eklesiis avtokefa-

lia, daarsda qarTuli universiteti da Camoyalibda damou-

kidebeli qarTuli saxelmwifo 26 maisis aqtiT.

1917-1918 wlebis qarTuli presa naTlad adasturebs,

rom es umniSvnelovanesi movlenebi didi gansjis, cxare po-

litikuri da sazogadoebrivi debatebis Sedegia. presis

furclebze TvalSi sacemia politikur ZalTa Soris radika-

luri dapirispirebebi, araTanmimdevruloba, principebsa da

strategiul miznebs Soris mkveTri sxvaoba. gansakuTrebiT

es sxvaoba mmarTvel politikur Zalasa da umciresobas So-

ris SeiniSneba.

9

Cveni naSromis mizania, warmovadginoT oTxi wamyvani ga-

zeTi `saqarTvelo~, `saxalxo saqme~, `alioni~ da `erToba~ da

maT magaliTze vaCvenoT saqarTveloSi imxanad arsebuli

publicisturi mimarTulebebi, profesiuli standartebi,

taqtikuri midgomebi da gamovkveToT, ra tendenciebi War-

bobda wamyvan qarTul gazeTebSi, raze keTdeboda aqcentebi,

ramdenad pluralistuli iyo presa da SeeZlo Tu ara sazo-

gadoebas alternatiuli arCevanis gakeTeba; aseve, rogor

daiwyo politikuri debatebis istoria presis furclebze

da ramdenad adekvaturi iyo igi sazogadoebis moTxovneb-

Tan; ra rols asrulebdnen qarTveli publicistebi da mwer-

lebi 1917-1918 wlebSi da ra ideologiuri saqmianoba hqon-

daT gaCaRebuli.

kvlevis mizania, vaCvenoT ramdenad gamokveTilad aisa-

xeboda sagazeTo statiebSi qarTveli xalxis suliskveTeba

da miswrafebebi. naSromis hipoTezaa, damtkicdes, rom 1917-

1918 wlebis qarTuli presa im periodisTvis maRali profe-

siuli standartiT gamoirCeva da alternatiuli azrovnebis

saSualebas aZlevs mkiTxvels, rom 26 maisis damoukidebloba

qarTveli Jurnalistebis, publicistebisa da mwerlebis

udidesi damsaxurebiT movida. kvleva amtkicebs demokrati-

uli faseulobebisadmi erTgulebasa da evropuli orienta-

ciis ualternativobas.

bevri dawerila qarTveli publicistebis moRvaweobisa

da Semoqmedebis Sesaxeb, magram 1917-1918 wlebis presis ten-

denciebze, aqtiur sazogadoebriv poziciaze, arsebul po-

litikur diskusiaze naklebad msjelobdnen da Tu romelime

avtoris Semoqmedeba xdeboda kvlevis mizani, aRniSnuli pe-

riodi naklebad Seiswavleboda, an saerTod SeumCneveli iyo.

presis analizTan erTad mTavar avtorebzea yuradReba

gamaxvilebuli. aseTi konteqstiT maTi ganxilvac pirveli

cdaa. sainteresoa is profesiuli damokidebuleba, is msje-

10

loba da analizi, rasac grigol robaqiZis, tician tabiZis,

giorgi leoniZis, konstantine gamsaxurdias, Salva amireji-

bis, samson fircxalavas, vaxtang kotetiSvilis, leo qiaCe-

lis, Tagunasa da sxvaTa statiebSi vxvdebiT.

Tu qarTvelma istorikosebma, ase Tu ise, vali moixades

istoriografiis winaSe da Seavses es tabudadebuli perio-

di, miuZRvnes gamokvlevebi da Seiswavles imdroindeli po-

litikuri istoria, qarTuli Jurnalistikisa da literatu-

ris mkvlevrebi namdvilad valSi arian am gardasuli, erT

dros akrZaluli, metad sayuradRebo publicisturi mem-

kvidreobis Seswavlis mimarT. grigol robaqiZis, tician ta-

biZis, Salva amirejibis, samson fircxalavas, konstantine

gamsaxurdias, vaxtang kotetiSvilis, ivane gomarTelis, leo

qiaCelis, Tagunasa da sxvaTa Semoqmedeba SeuZlebelia war-

moidgino 1918 wlis 26 maisis aqtisa da im periodis presaSi

maTi moRvaweobis gareSe. rom ara zemoxsenebul avtorTa

statiebi da daJinebuli moTxovna saqarTvelos damoukideb-

lobis gamocxadebisa, saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli kreba ver

SeZlebda damoukideblobis deklaraciis miRebas. qarTuli

presis mesveurebma didi ideologiuri samuSao gaswies am

mimarTulebiT.

am periods ukavSirdeba saqarTvelos mweralTa kavSiris

daarseba, simbolistebis moRvaweoba. `qarTvel mweralTa

kavSiris~ erT-erTi iniciatori tician tabiZea. maSindel

ruseTis imperiaSi aseTi gaerTianeba pirveli iyo. qarTvelma

mwerlebma imTaviTve daisaxes miznad, TavianTi Semoqmede-

bisTvis erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi datvirTva mieniWebi-

naT, rac mkveTradaa gamoxatuli qarTveli mwerlebis mowo-

debaSi, romelic wamyvanma gazeTebma dabeWdes. es mowodeba

Seicavs brZolis koncefcias da darazmvis mowodebas saqar-

Tvelos Tavisuflebis ideis garSemo. saqarTvelos istori-

is xatovani eqskursis Semdeg mwerlebi ruseTis batonobis

11

dros ganadgurebul qarTul kulturas mistirian: `ise ma-

inc arasdros ar SemoRamebula, rogorc mTeli warsuli sau-

kunis ganmavlobaSi, rusTa batonobis dros. Seni taZrebi Ca-

moingra, saucxovo nagebi cixe-darbazi ganadgurda da gauq-

mda, kedlis Zvirfasi mxatvrobani waiSala da SeibRala. ...be-

qa opizarisa da misebr maRal-niWier xelovanTa mier naWedi

da Camosxmuli ganZeulobani gaibna da wartacebul iqna, sxe-

uli moxdenil da morgebul samos-samkauli miviwyda, simRe-

ra da cekvac gadagvarda. TviT enac wminda da faqizi Seir-

yvna da mwerlobamac iwyo azrovneba sxviseburi, ucxouri,

dahkarga Tavis-Tavadoba. xelovnebaSi mSvenebis RmerTis

nacvlad moZalade dezebiani vinme wamojda maRal kvar-

cxlbekze~(160).

qarTvel mweralTa gulistkivili aris is, rom saqarTve-

los damoukideblobis dakargviT qveyanam Tavisi saxe dakar-

ga da usaxuri gaxda, rac yvela mis mier gaRebul msxverplze

usaSinlesia. sulieri monoba ai problema da tragedia qar-

Tveli eris: `imis garda, rom uzarmazar ruseTis damcire-

bul guberniad iqec, Sen sulieradac mis provinciad Seiqmen,

radganac Crdiloulis qusl-dalursmuli, tlanqi wara mox-

vda Sens axovan mkerds, wagaqcia da sakortnavaT TviT-mpyro-

belobis orTava arwivic mogenTo~(160).

swored es mwerlebi, romlebmac daaarses mweralTa kav-

Siri da airCies pirveli TerTmetkaciani sabWo tician tabi-

Zis, konstantine gamsaxurdias, grigol robaqiZis, kote ma-

yaSvilis (kavSiris pirveli Tavmjdomare), samson dadianis,

akaki papavas, leo qiaCelis, Salva dadianis (kavSiris pirveli

wesdebis Semdgeneli), paolo iaSvilis, pavle ingoroyvas, da-

viT lixel-suliaSvilis SemadgenlobiT, im periodis presis

furclebze moRvaweobdnen iyvnen korespondentebi, poli-

tikuri mimomxilvelebi, gamomcemlebi da redaqtorebi.

maTma moRvaweobam presaSi gamoiwvia is, rom sazogadoe-

12

bis cnobierebaSi TandaTan ufro mZlavrad ikidebda fexs

TavisuflebisTvis brZola da dasavleTTan integraciis au-

cilebloba. es ki ilias gzis gagrZeleba iyo. isini aRviveb-

dnen brZolas damoukideblobis moTxovniT. qarTveli eris

TviTmyofadobis SenarCuneba da damoukidebeli saxelmwi-

foebrivi erTeulis Camoyalibeba iyo maTi mTavari mizani.

ratom SevarCieT es oTxi gazeTi? mizezi martivia gaze-

Tebis reitinguloba, amasTan, oTxive gazeTi oTxi mTavari

politikuri Zalis mier gamoicemoda: `saqarTvelos~ gamos-

cemda erovnul-demokratiuli partia, `saxalxo saqmes~ so-

cial-federalistebi, `alions~ social-demokratebis `alio-

nis~ jgufi, xolo `erTobas~ mmarTveli politikuri Zala

social-demokratiuli partia. romelime partiis organod

arseboba ukve akninebs presis Tavisuflebis ideas, magram Tu

mTlianobaSi ganvixilavT am periods, Tu vityviT, rom oTxive

gazeTi sxvadasxva rakursiT gadmoscemda da aRwerda ama Tu

im politikur movlenas, maSin 1917-1918 wlebi demokratiuli

presis ganviTarebis erT-erT seriozul etapad SegviZlia va-

RiaroT da gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis im tradiciis gamgrZe-

leblad, romelic ilias Taobam XIX saukuneSi daiwyo. demok-

ratiuli Rirebulebebis damkvidreba iyo mTavari mizani,

rac damoukidebeli saxelmwifos gareSe ver miiRweoda.

vfiqrobT, qarTuli Jurnalistikis istoria gamdidrde-

ba kidev erTi saintereso da naklebad Seswavlili periodiT.

Cveni mizania, uyuradRebod ar darCes arc erTi periodi da

SevavsoT is sivrce, romelic komunistebma dagvixures da

luqi daades.

amasTan davamtkicoT, rom 1918 wlis 26 maisi ar aris mxo-

lod istorikosTa da politikosTa kuTvnileba, es TariRi

qarTuli presis, qarTveli Jurnalistebisa da mwerlebis

ukompromiso da dauRalavi moRvaweobis Sedegia. damouki-

deblobis deklaraciis momzadebaSi presam erT-erTi gadam-

13

wyveti roli Seasrula.

ambiciuri gancxadeba ar iqneba Tu davsZenT, rom 1917-

1918 wlebis qarTuli presis, kerZod, gazeTebis `saqarTve-

los~, `saxalxo saqmis~, `alionisa~ da `erTobis~ ganzogadeba

da kvleva aRniSnul konteqstSi siaxlea qarTuli Jurnalis-

tikis istoriaSi.

14

I Tavi saqarTvelos damoukideblobis idea da 1917-1918 wlebis gazeTi `saqarTvelo~

saqarTvelos TavisuflebisTvis, damoukideblobisTvis

brZola gazeT `saqarTvelos~ irgvliv Semokrebil avtorTa

ideuri safuZvelia. mwerlisa da publicistis ideebis Ses-

wavlisas yovelTvis vaanalizebT, Tu ra epoqaSi da ra viTa-

rebaSi werda igi, vis interess emsaxureboda da ra damokide-

bulebas gamoxatavda istoriuli procesebisadmi.

gazeT `saqarTveloSi~ moRvawe mweralTa da publicis-

tTa jgufis memkvidreoba am konteqstSi unda ganvixiloT.

XX saukunis Jurnalistika da publicisturi azrovneba samo-

cianelTa principebidan yalibdeba. gazeT `saqarTvelos~

garSemo Semokrebil qarTvel mweralTa birTvs mravalmxriv

saintereso publicistebi, mecnierebi, sasuliero pirebi da

ilias Taobis memkvidreebi warmoadgenen.

ilia WavWavaZe mudam miuTiTebda: `Tu Jurnals unda ke-

Tilsindisierad aRasrulos Tavisi Zneli saqme, unda Tval-

gafacicebiT Tan ahyves awindel cxovrebas, raTa yovel aR-

moSobil faqtsa Tvali da goneba adevnos, yoveli azris sake-

Tilo moZraobas gza misces, yoveliferi SeniSnos da yoveli-

fers pasuxi gasces, erTi sityviT, uSvelos cxovrebas win

fexis gadadgmis gasamjobineblad, gasakeTeblad. ramdena-

dac cnobierad da vrclad... miagnobs da Seatyobs cxovrebis

majis cemasa da SeniSnavs im majis mciredsa cvlilebasa, ra-

modenadac naTlad ganarCevs cxovrebisagan mogubebul masa-

lasa, imodenad igi pativcemuli iqneba sazogadoebaSi da na-

15

yofieri cxovrebisaTvis ... RmerTma moapovebinos mravali

TanamSromeli, rom Cvenis qveynis da xalxis siyvarulis saxe-

liTa Zmurad urTierTs mxari miscen da ar daiviwyon, rom

xalxi dabali Tu maRali, yvela moyvasia Cveni, SeZlebisamebr

yvelas unda vuSveloT...~(66).

ilias mkvlelobis Semdeg ilias ideebis amsaxveli gaxda

yovelkvireuli sazogadoebriv-ekonomikuri da literatu-

ruli Jurnali `klde~, romlis pirveli nomeri 1910 wlis 16

seqtembers gamovida. Jurnalis daarsebis iniciatori, Ziri-

Tadi damfinansebeli da organizatori daviT vaCnaZe iyo, xo-

lo oficialuri redaqtor-gamomcemeli, misi koreqtori,

saqmis mwarmoebeli, gamavrcelebeli revaz gabaSvili. Jurna-

li sajarod acxadebda, rom erovnuli idea sakiTxia `qarTu-

li enisa, qarTuli teritoriisa, qarTuli eklesiisa, qarTu-

lis kulturisa~.

gazeTi `saqarTvelo~ swored Jurnal `kldis~ safuZvel-

ze daarsda, ris Sesaxebac revaz gabaSvili werda: `marTalia

`kldis~ gamosvlisTanave gagviCnda darazmuli mteri da ma-

Ti razmic iseve izrdeboda, rogorc Cveni momxreebisa, mar-

Talia isic, rom arc `saqarTvelos~ moakldebian, magram es

ar gvaSinebs, vinaidgan Cvens eklian gzas vardni rwmenisani

alamazeben. iSviaTad gvxvdeba dafaseba, an madloba, maTra-

xiTac wamogvwvdebian, magram viT RvTis winaSe sanTeli gzas

ar dahkargavs, ise samSoblos wiaRSi wvrilmannic ar gahqre-

bian~ (74).

gazeT `saqarTvelos~ pirveli nomeri gamovida 1915 wlis

24 maiss sandro SanSiaSvilis redaqtorobiT. redaqcia Tbi-

lisSi, moskovis quCa 4-Si mdebareobda. gazeTi 4-6-gverdiani

iyo. pirveli nomris saredaqcio werilSi gazeTis mesveurni

mkiTxvels mimarTaven, Tu ra mZime viTarebaSi iwyeben isini

gamocemas. dasavleT evropa, ruseTi da saqarTveloc omis

alSia gaxveuli. `Cveni erovnuli energia, daqsaqsuli imTa-

16

viTve, dRes ulmoblad niavdeba omis asparezze... sadReiso

sakiTxi erovnuli Zalebis Tavmoyra da darazmvaa. xval maTi

amoZraveba dagvWirdeba diadi kulturuli SemoqmedebisaT-

vis... Cveni gazeTi ar iqneba arc viwro klasobrivi, arc viwro

jgufobrivi. is ecdeba kerZo interesebi erovnul intere-

sebs anacvalos, partiul marTlmorwmuneobas sulier xal-

vaTobas da mudmivs iWvianobas Tavisufali Zieba daupirda-

piros...~ vkiTxulobT gazeT `saqarTvelos~ saprogramo we-

rilSi (iqve), romlis avtori Tavad redaqtori unda iyos,

radgan saredaqcio svetebs ZiriTadad sandro SanSiaSvili

werda. es iyo, faqtobrivad, gazeT `saqarTvelos~ koncefcia,

misi moRvaweobis mizani.

pirveli saredaqcio statia SeiZleba CaiTvalos gazeTis

saprogramo debulebad. gazeTi mTeli qarTveli xalxis mova-

leobad Tvlis qveynis teritoriis dacvas, erovnuli meurne-

obis, warmoebis da aReb-micemobis ganviTarebas, sulieri

kulturis amaRlebas, qarTuli enis dacvas, mwerloba-mxat-

vrobis, xuroTmoZRvrebis ganviTarebas.

`Tanamedrove kulturosani eri gmir-devTa cixe-simag-

res hgavs, sxvadasxva lodisagan aSenebuls. es cixe-simagre

safrTxeSi Cavardeba, Tu romelime koSki moiSala... gaTviT-

cnobierebul ers fxizeli daraji unda hyavdes yovel adgi-

las~ (iqve), acxadebs gazeTi da Tavad cdilobs gaxdes `fxi-

zeli daraji~ saqarTvelos gaTavisuflebis gzaze. am ideals

`saqarTvelo~ ukanasknel nomramde emsaxureba.

1916 wlis pirveli ianvridan `saqarTvelo~ yoveldRiu-

ri `sapolitiko, saekonomiko da saliteraturo gazeTi~ gax-

da. mis furclebze ukve Cans cenzuris xeli, carieli adgi-

lebi nomridan amoRebul masalebze miuTiTebs. 1917 wlidan

`saqarTvelo~ oficialurad acxadebs, rom igi aris `erov-

nul-demokratiuli~ mimarTulebis.

gazeTs sakuTari korespondentebi hyavs saqarTvelos

17

ZiriTad daba-qalaqebsa da soflebSi, agreTve petrogradsa

da moskovSi. am periodisTvis TanamSromelTa ricxvi gaizar-

da. mis furclebze bevri cnobili qarTveli mwerlisa da

moRvawis gvari gamoCnda. sainteresoa redaqciis TanamSro-

melTa arasruli, magram mainc vrceli sia: arq. ambrosi xela-

ia, a. asaTiani, al. axmeteli, v. barnovi, ek. gabaSvili, r. ga-

baSvili, gandegili, g. gvazava, s. gorgaZe, g. gordeziani, v.

gunia, S. dadiani, z. edili, i. varTagava, gr. veSapeli, e. Taya-

iSvili, in. bani, p. ingoroyva, C. kapanaZe, d. kasraZe, p. karbe-

laSvili, d.g. kariWaSvili, episkoposi kirioni, s. kedia, dek.

k. kekeliZe, episkoposi leonide, n. lorTqifaniZe, t. margve-

laSvili, k. mayaSvili, dutu megreli, S. mRvimeli, n. nikola-

Ze, g. robaqiZe, T. saxokia, t. tabiZe, i. feraZe, S. qarumiZe, s.

qvariani, g. qiqoZe, n. yifiani, s. yifiani, g. yifSiZe, m. Salambe-

riZe, v. SalikaSvili, prof. a. cagareli, z. WiWinaZe, s. Wre-

laSvili, m. janaSvili, Salva amirejibi `farsman faruxis~

fsevdonimiT, aleqsandre yifSiZe `fronelis~ fsevdonimiT.

1917 wels `saqarTvelo~ kvlav sandro SanSiaSvilis re-

daqtorobiT gamodis, xolo 90-e nomris Semdeg gazeTis re-

daqtori grigol veSapeli xdeba. 1918 wlidan gazeTs geron-

ti qiqoZe redaqtorobs(56).

`saqarTvelo~ iwyebs yoveldRiur fiqrsa da msjelobas

erovnul sakiTxze, saxelmwifoebriv mowyobaze. r. ingilo

statiaSi `Zveli fiqrebi axal wels~ mwvaved ayenebs erovnul

sakiTxs da, mware istoriuli gamocdilebis miuxedavad,

imeds gamoTqvams, rom `omis Semdeg, romelmac Seiwira yvela-

feri, rac ram Zvirfasi ebada qarTvel xalxs, SeviqmnebiT im

Tavisufali cxovrebis Rirsi, romelsac patara erebs didi

saxelmwifoebi hpirdebian. ...fxizlad unda iyos qarTvelo-

ba, rom esoden gansakuTrebul dros ar iqnes uRirsi Tavisi

samSoblosi... am spetak azriT ganmsWvaluli, gulmodgineT

vemsaxuroT saqarTvelos didebas, da es iqneba uRrmesi mi-

18

locva, romliTac mivmarTavT qarTvel xalxs axali wlis da-

sawyiss~(75).

ruseTis Tebervlis revoluciis Semdeg gazeTis fur-

clebze gaCnda rubrika `qarTvelebo, SegnebulaT, SeerTebu-

laT, dinjaT!~ aq moTavsebul werilebSi isev da isev erTi mi-

zania saqarTvelos Tavisufleba, gaerTianeba da xalxis da-

razmva qveynis gadasarCenad. `saqarTvelos saxeliT Sever-

TdeT! nuRar iqneba partiul-wodebrivi gansxvaveba. nuRar

iqneba muSa, burJua, Tavadi, aznauri, glexi, eriskaci da sam-

Rvdeloeba! iyos mxolod qarTveli da qarTveloba~(78).

`saqarTvelo~ ruseTis Tebervlis revolucias miesalma

saqarTvelos gaTavisuflebis imediT. gazeTs swams, rom Ta-

visufali ruseTi saqarTvelos Tavisuflebas moutans. gaze-

Ti Tebervlis revoluciis SefasebaSi misalmebasTan erTad

sifrTxilesac iCens. 1917 wlis 12 martis `saqarTvelo~ pir-

vel gverdze acxadebs: `gaumarjos Tavisufal ruseTs, gau-

marjos Tavisufal saqarTvelos!~(78).

spiridon kedia `saqarTvelos~ furclebze wers: `gasu-

li Tebervlis miwurulSi daemxo reJimi, romelic ase mtar-

valurad moeqca saqarTvelos, gandevnes dinastia, romelmac

fici da xelSekruleba daarRvia da saqarTvelo sisxlisagan

dacala. didi aqtia es aqti. Tavisufleba sityvisa, werisa,

krebisa da sindisisa, ai, ra moaqvs revolucias, sayovelTao,

faruli da sxva saarCevno ufleba, ai, ra aRiara revoluci-

am... moispo wodebrioba, saukunoebiT ganmtkicebuli. ar iq-

nebian dabadebiT uflebiTa da upiratesobiT mosilni, ar iq-

nebian dabadebiT damcirebulni da uflebaaxdilni... piradi

Rirseba, piradi kacad-kacoba, ai amieridan axali sazomi pi-

rovnebis mniSvnelobisa da gavlenisa... Cveni salami, Cveni aR-

tacebuli salami am revolucias. dRegrZeloba ruseTis

axal reJims. magram... da ai swored aq iwyeba gansxvaveba Cvensa

da rusebs Soris~(79).

19

irkveva, rom Tebervlis revoluciamde gazeTi `saqar-

Tvelo~ Tavs ikavebda erovnul-demokratTa partiuli saqmi-

anobis `gamJRavnebisgan~. cxadia, organizacia aralegalur

saqmianobas eweoda. erovnul-demokratiulma partiam dam-

fuZnebeli kreba mogvianebiT Caatara(11) da oficialurad

gaformda, rogorc politikuri organizacia, Tumca jer ki-

dev pirveli msoflio omis win social-federalistebis ri-

gebSi gamoikveTa erovnul-demokratTa birTvi. 1917 wlis

ianvarSi `saqarTvelo~ oficialurad acxadebs, rom erov-

nul-demokratiuli mimarTulebisaa. faqtia, rom gazeTis

TanamSromelTa umravlesoba politikuri organizaciis wev-

rebi iyvnen da isini saocar sifrTxiles iCendnen, raTa Tavi-

anT beWdviT organos problema ar Seqmnoda. spiridon kedias

sityvebidan irkveva, rom Tebervlis revoluciis Semdeg

erovnul-demokratebma oficialuri politikuri moRvaweo-

ba daiwyes da gazeTi `saqarTvelo~ maTi perioduli organo

gaxda.

sainteresoa, ras gulisxmobs sp. kedia qarTvelebsa da

rusebs Soris gansxvavebaSi: `aq iwyeba gansxvaveba saqarTve-

losa da ruseTs Soris. es gansxvaveba unda SevignoT. Tavisu-

fali ruseTisTvis es moqalaqeobrivi normebi sakmarisia,

rom frTa gaSalos, rac rom faruli Zala, Semoqmedeba Ses-

wevs, uklebliv gamosTqvas. saqarTvelosTvis es ar kmara. mo-

qalaqeobrivi uflebrioba Tavisufal erSia SesaZlebeli.

Tu ers Tavisi sakuTari mTavroba ara hyavs, Tu eris samarTa-

li mis Svilebisagan ar iwereba, Tu eris marTva-gamgebloba

gadamTielis xelSia da ara mis Svilebisa, fuWia yovelgvari

moqalaqeobrivi ufleba. eris suli Seborkilia, misi arsebo-

ba SeboWili, misi Zala Semoqmedebisa sustia da warmateba Se-

uZlebelia... amitomac, rom Tanabrad keTilismyofeli iyos,

dRevandelma revoluciam uwinares yovlisa saqarTvelos

erovnuli Tavisufleba unda moutanos. revolucia mxolod

20

maSin iqneba sruli, roca Tavisufal saqarTveloSi qarTve-

li xalxi sakuTriv moawyobs da ganamtkicebs marTva-gamgeo-

bis demokratiul reJims. saqarTvelos ganaxleba moqalaqe-

obriv-uflebriv normebis gamocxadebiT ver daiwyeba, ara-

med misi erovnuli Tavisuflebis aRdgeniT. es unda moxdes

exla, an arasodes~(79).

gazeTi `saqarTvelo~ is mZlavri perioduli organo iyo,

romelmac ase mZafrad da naTlad, argumentirebulad daayena

saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis sakiTxi.

gazeTis furclebze moTxovna saqarTvelos damoukideblo-

bis gamocxadebis Sesaxeb permanentul xasiaTs iZens.

1918 wlis dasawyisSi saqarTveloSi politikuri movle-

nebi gamZafrda, rasac srulad gadmoscems gazeTis saredaq-

cio werili: `yofna-aryofnis sakiTxi aqvs gadasaWreli qar-

Tvel ers. ara wvrilmani angariSebisaTvis uxdeba mas sab-

rZolvelad darazmva, ara partiuli, jgufuri miswrafebi-

saTvis, aramed erovnuli miwa-wylis, erovnuli Tavisufle-

bisa da erovnuli arsebobisaTvis. osmaleTma arafrad Caag-

do amierkavkasiis mTavroba, misi seimi da sazavo delegacia.

osmaleTma arafrad miiCnia e.w. `amierkavkasiis demokratia~

(113). statiaSi mowodebaa erovnuli gaerTianebisa da erov-

nuli mTavrobis Seqmnisaken.

gazeTi `saqarTvelo~ aCqarebs xelisuflebas damouki-

deblobis gamocxadebas da mmarTvel social-demokratiul

partias bolSevikebTan kavSiris gawyvetasa da erovnul nia-

dagze dadgomisaken mouwodebs: `bolSevizmi ruseTSi gada-

iqca xulignobis, darbevis, aklebis da yovelive gonierebis

uaryofis sinonimad. igi gadagvarda, socialisturi ideisgan

iSva barbarosuli anarqia, romelmac sruliad daRupa ruse-

Ti menSevizmis sisustesTan erTad xelixelCakidebulma. da

ai... am dros Cveni `mmarTveli partia~ exveweba am jalaTs mo-

di da gviSveleo. es partia Cvens ers bolSevikebis mowveviT

21

umaspinZldeba... maT ara aqvT Cveni dacvis arc SeZleba, arc

saxsari, Tundac rom surdeT da es maT arca surT~(114).

sruliad naTelia, rom `saqarTvelo~ imTaviTve grZnob-

da bolSevizmis safrTxes Cveni qveynisTvis da realurad

afasebda movlenebs. Tumca, gazeTs isic gaazrebuli hqonda,

rom saxelmwifoebriobis dacva romelime Zlier qveyanaze

dayrdnobiT unda ganxorcielebuliyo. gazeTis TanamSrome-

li tite margvelaSvili Tavis publikaciaSi `Cveni orienta-

cia~ xmamaRla acxadebs saqarTvelom unda aiRos germaniis-

ken orientacia, radgan `germaneTma sajarod ganacxada imave

brest-litovskSi, rom Cven gvcnobs damoukideblaT. sazavo

molaparakebis gamarTva trapezundSi zedmeti dadasturebaa

imave debulebisa. aqedan cxadia, rom Sua evropis saxelmwi-

foebis gegmas ar ewinaaRmdegeba Cveni damoukidebloba da

saxelmwifoebrivi arseboba... CvenTvis aucileblad saWiroa

germaneTis ekonomiur kavSirSi Sesvla da Cveni politikuri

damoukideblobis uzrunvelyofa~(115).

statiis avtoris azriT, inglissa da ruseTisken orien-

tacia saqarTvelos politikur Tavisuflebas ver moutanda,

radgan safrangeTi da inglisi Tavisi mokavSire ruseTis

qveSevrdomi patara qveynis damoukideblobas xels ar Seuwy-

obda. maTi qmedeba CaiTvleboda qveynis Sinaur saqmeebSi Ca-

revad, rac eris ekonomikur dauZlurebas udrida. darCeni-

li iyo germaniisaken orientacia, rac qveynis politikur da-

moukideblobas uwyobda xels da ekonomikuradac ukeTes pi-

robebs hpirdeboda. amitom gazeTi `saqarTvelo~ am mimarTu-

lebiT muSaobda da gadaudebel amocanad Tvlida qveynis da-

moukideblobis gamocxadebas.

Tavisufali saxelmwifoebrivi cxovreba maSin aris

erisTvis sasurveli da sasargeblo, rodesac is uzrunvel-

yofs qveynis mSvidobian ganviTarebas, rodesac daculia mo-

qalaqeobrivi Tanasworoba da Tavisufleba, rodesac qveya-

22

nas ganagebs kanoni, samarTali da ara Zalmomreoba da TviT-

neboba, rodesac uzrunvelyofilia eris ekonomikuri ganvi-

Tareba. SeeZlo ki saqarTvelos sakuTari ZalebiT samar-

Tlebrivi saxelmwifos Seqmna? redaqciis TanamSromeli a. asa-

Tiani statiaSi `germaneTis mfarveloba~ aRniSnavs, rom Zlie-

ri saxelmwifos SeqmnisTvis mravalnairi saxsaria saWiro

gonebrivi, zneobrivi, qonebrivi, politikuri aRzrda da dis-

ciplina. `Cven vfiqrobdiT, rom yovelive es uxvad mogvepove-

boda... romeli gareSe Zala SeiZleba, rom davixmaroT Cveni

erovnuli Senobis asagebad da mosarTavad? is qveyana, rome-

lic daixmara am miznisTvis poloneTma, ukrainam, litvam da

finlandiam germaniaa... dRes Cveni erovnuli cxovreba daq-

saqsuli da daSlilia. saqarTvelos erovnuli sxeuli Suazed

aris gankveTili da Cven ar viciT, kidev ramdens moundomeben

CamoWras saqarTvelos erovnul sxeuls... Cvens erovnul Tvi-

sebebze germanuli simtkicisa da disciplinis damyniT da da-

savleTidan Cvens qveynisaken momdinare ekonomiuri talRebis

CvenTvis sasurveli mimarTulebis micemiT, moemzadeba niada-

gi Zlieri saqarTvelosi da iqneba maxlobelma Taobebma ixi-

lon saqarTvelos meore oqros xana~ (116).

`saqarTvelo~ did imedebs amyarebda germaniaze da erov-

nul-demokratebisTvis, rogorc memarjvene opozicionere-

bisaTvis gansazRvruli iyo saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebri-

vi mSeneblobis dasawyisi etapi germanias unda mindoboda. ma-

Sin, roca social-demokratebi amierkavkasiis federaciul

mowyobaze proeqtebs adgendnen, social-federalistebi da

social-revolucionerebi amierkavkasiis konfederaciuli

mowyobis gegmas amzadebdnen, erovnul-demokratiulma

fraqciam moiTxova saqarTvelos amierkavkasiidan gamoyofa

da damoukidebel saxelmwifod misi gamocxadeba. a. asaTianis

sagazeTo statiaSi `saqarTvelos politikuri wyobileba~

vkiTxulobT: `rogori saerTo sagareo politika SeiZleba

23

hqondes somxebs, TaTrebs da qarTvelebs, rodesac erTi

CrdiloeTisken miiwevs, meore samxreTisaken da mesame ki da-

savleTisaken? arc sasargeblo, arc sasurveli da arc SesaZ-

lebelia amierkavkasiis xangrZlivad erT konfederaciad ar-

seboba, ris magaliTs sakmaod iZleva erTi wlis moRvaweoba

amierkavkasiis mTavrobisa da seimisa. saqarTvelo unda moewy-

os calke suverenul saxelmwifod. man unda awarmoos sakuTa-

ri da damoukidebeli saSinao da sagareo politika...~ (117).

gazeTis mowodeba damoukideblobis dauyovnebliv ga-

mocxadebisa dRiTi dRe mZafrdeba da kritikis qarcecxlSi

atarebs damoukideblobis mowinaaRmdegeebs. am politikur

Tu sazogadoebriv debatebSi monawileoben cnobili qarTve-

li mwerlebi da sazogado moRvaweebi.

`gagonila sadme da odesme, rom damoukidebel saxelmwi-

fos ucxo saxelmwifos partia hmarTavdes?~ samarTlianad

kiTxulobs gazeTi `saqarTvelo~(121).

amierkavkasiis damoukidebloba maSin gamocxadda, roca

es sakmaod dagvianebuli iyo. am droisTvis qarTvelebs, som-

xebsa da TaTrebs sakuTari saxelmwifo erTeulebi unda hqo-

nodaT. `amierkavkasiis politikuri xuxula dairRva da dai-

ferfla Tavis Tavad da male iSveba axali saqarTvelos sa-

xelmwifoebrioba, magram rodis?~(122).

gazeTi wuxs, rom dagvianebuli damoukideblobis gamo-

cxadebiT Zlier cota ram Tu gamoswordeba. TavianT uxerxu-

lobas ki xelisufleba erTi sityviT gaamarTlebs: `gvaiZu-

les~(iqve).

sayuradReboa 1918 wlis 18 maisis nomerSi gamoqveynebu-

li saredaqcio statia `damoukidebeli saqarTvelo~. avtori

aRniSnavs, rom saqarTvelos erovnuli da politikuri cxov-

reba axal etapze gadadis.

amierkavkasiis respublika udReuri gamodga da gareSe

Zalis zegavleniT iseve iSleba, rogorc aSenda. Tu amierkav-

24

kasiis respublikam, rogorc saxelmwifom, krizisi ganicada,

gazeTi amis mTavar mizezad osmaleTs asaxelebs, romelmac

Tavisi agresiiT TiTqmis mTeli samxreT amierkavkasia xiS-

tebze `wamoaskupa~.

gazeTi `saqarTvelo~ sworad gansazRvravs saqarTvelos

istoriul aucileblobas da saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideb-

lobis gamocxadebas erTaderT gzad saxavs: `sruli da dau-

yovneblivi damoukidebloba saqarTvelosi mainc is erTa-

derTi gzaa xsnisa, romelic gamoiyvans mas ukiduresi mdgo-

mareobidan... amierkavkasiis respublikas ukve hqonda omi os-

maleTTan. am omSi saqarTvelom waago. Tu somex-osmalTa omi

aucilebelia, saqarTvelom, Tavisi damoukidebloba rom ar

aRiaros, kidev waagebs. saqarTvelos sruli gamoyofa da da-

moukidebloba am axals gansacdels agvacdens~(123).

moulodnelad osmaleTis laSqari borCalos mazraSi Se-

iWra. sazavo molaparakebas baTumSi aWianurebdnen. amierkav-

kasiis respublikis damoukideblobis aRiareba centralur

saxelmwifoTa mier axal-axal dabrkolebebs xvdeboda. osma-

leTi da germania ar Cqarobda molaparakebis Sedegianad dam-

Tavrebas. am viTarebaSi gazeTi `saqarTvelo~ gangaSs texs:

`daxaneba SeuZlebelia, is jgufebi, romelTac Cveni qveyana

am garemoebamdis miiyvanes, valdebulni arian miiRon yovel-

gvari zoma da cxovrebis realur moTxovnilebebTan SeTan-

xmebiT, ixsnan Cveni xalxisaTvis da misi momavlisaTvis is,

risi xsnac kidev SeiZleba~(iqve).

redaqciis TanamSromeli s. imeri Tvlis, rom qarTveli

xalxi dgas udidesi safrTxis winaSe, SeiZleba erma dakargos

yovelgvari SesaZlebloba eris Tavisufali ganviTarebis,

politikuri da kulturuli aRorZinebis, yvelaferi is, risi

imediTac sunTqavda ruseTis monobisa da usaSinlesi erov-

nuli devnis dros eris saukeTeso nawili.

`saqarTvelos~ furclebidan sruliad naTelia, rom da-

25

moukideblobis aqtis gamocxadebis wina dReebSi xelisuf-

leba movlenaTa stiqiur msvlelobas miendo. gazeTi akriti-

kebs xelisuflebas da acxadebs, rom arsebuli mdgomareobis

SeqmnaSi mas ufro meti danaSauli miuZRvis, vidre osmale-

Tis laSqars da bolSevikebis amboxebas, rom mTavrobas ara-

viTari Zala ar aRmoaCnda Tavisi samSoblosa da erovnuli

Tavisuflebis dasacavad. `Sinauri Zalebis daSla da daqsaq-

sva, erovnuli mTlianobis darRveva, erTis mxriv, da Cvens

gareSe moqmed ZalTa angariSis gauwevloba ai, ra axasia-

Tebda Cvens saSinao da sagareo politikas am erTi wlis gan-

mavlobaSi~ (124).

gazeTi partiebs sTxovs, uari Tqvan rusul politikaze,

radgan `swored rusul Zafebs mohyavs saqarTveloSi osma-

leTis jari, radgan osmaleTi iseve sdevnis am rusul poli-

tikas amierkavkasiaSi, rogorc ruseTis jarebs~(iqve).

mwvave kritikuli toni sul ufro Zlierdeba 26 maisam-

de. sruliad naTelia, rom `saqarTvelos~ irgvliv gaerTia-

nebuli jgufi sworad gansazRvravda Seqmnil politikur vi-

Tarebas da erTgvarad safuZvels hqmnida 26 maiss damouki-

deblobis gamocxadebisTvis.

26 maisi da `saqarTvelo~

1918 wlis 26 maiss saqarTvelos damoukidebloba ga-

mocxadda.

`saqarTvelo~ beWdavs aqtis teqsts da aRfrTovanebiT

esalmeba am faqts. saredaqcio statiaSi, romlis saTauria

`damoukidebeli saqarTvelo aRdga, gaumarjos saqarTve-

los!~ vkiTxulobT: `dReidan saqarTvelos damoukidebeli

saxelmwifoebrivi cxovreba aRdgenilia. gaumarjos saqar-

Tvelos, gaumarjos qarTvel ers! saqarTvelos yoveli nawi-

li, qarTveli eris yoveli sazogadoebrivi wre, jgufi qeds

26

moixris saqarTvelos aRdgenili Tavisuflebis winaSe... qar-

Tveli xalxi soflis meurne, qalaqis muSa, xelosani, Tu va-

War-mrewvelni erTsulovnad unda Semokrben saqarTvelos

saxelmwifoebrivi cxovrebis aRmSeneblobisaTvis...~ (125).

gazeTis azriT, damoukidebeli saqarTvelos mTavroba

dauyovnebliv unda Seudges osmaleTTan da mis mokavSireeb-

Tan, yvela mezobel erebTan mSvidobiani urTierTobis dam-

yarebas.

gazeTi ar kargavs imeds, rom germania saqarTvelos po-

litikur mfarvelobas gauwevs da ekonomikuri da finansuri

problemebis mogvarebaSi daexmareba, rom gaZlierdeba saqar-

Tvelos jari da qarTuli mxedroba Rirseulad gaagrZelebs

saxelovan winaparTa gzas: mtkiced daicavs is saqarTvelos

miwa-wyals, mis Tavisuflebas da erovnul mTavrobas.

statia sakmaod omaxianad mTavrdeba:

`saqarTvelos mamuliSvilno! saSinel msoflio qarte-

xilSi, Sinaur da gareSe brZolaSi saqarTvelos Tavisufleba

iSva. SevikriboT yvelani mis dasacavad, asayvaveblad.

gaumarjos ganTavisuflebuls saqarTvelos, gaumarjos

qarTvel ers!~ (iqve).

gazeTi mouwodebs mTel ers saxelmwifo aRmSeneblobi-

saken.

1918 wlis 26 maiss gamocxadebulma saqarTvelos damou-

kideblobam did aRfrTovanebasTan erTad uamravi sazruna-

vi gauCina yvelas. es faqti gazeTis furclebze ganixileba,

rogorc qedis moxra saqarTvelos droSis winaSe, dagvirgvi-

neba da dadastureba im azrisa da mimarTulebisa, romelsac

gansazRvravdnen da yoveldRe imeorebdnen `saqarTveloSi~

moRvawe publicistebi. saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aqti

uzrunvelyofs yvela moqalaqis samoqalaqo da politikur

uflebebs.

saqarTvelos damoukideblobis deklaracia saqarTve-

27

los demokratiul reJimze gadasvlis winapirobad iqca. am

deklaraciiT saqarTvelo miuerTda dasavlur samyaros da

demokratiuli faseulobebi aRiara saerTaSoriso poli-

tikaSi saqarTvelos saxelmwifo icavs mudmiv neitrali-

tets. im periodSi ar arsebobda samxedro-politikuri ali-

ansebi, romelSic gawevrianebis politikuri survili gaC-

ndeboda. erTadaerTi, razec maSin qarTul politikur is-

tebliSmentSi politikuri neba gaCnda, erTa ligaSi moxved-

ra iyo, Tumca es survili survilad darCa da arc erTa ligis

idea aRmoCnda xangrZlivi saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis-

Tvis. vudro vilsonis keTilSobilur survils msoflio di-

di aRtacebiT ar Sexvedria.

gazeTi arCeuli parlamentis mTavar amocanad miiCnevs

konstituciis SemuSavebas da socialuri reformebis gan-

xorcielebas. `cxovrebam mTlad amoswura revoluciuri gza

da exla igi sityvas saparlamento kanonmdeblobas, evolu-

ciur Semoqmedebas aZlevs~(126).

am dRidan gazeTma `saqarTvelomac~ amowura revoluciu-

ri gza. miaRwia imas, risTvisac wlebis manZilze kalmiTa da si-

tyviT ibrZoda. cxadia, advili ar iyo es gza. aTasjer gazomi-

li da awonili sityvis ukan didi riski da gambedaoba idga.

1918 wlis 26 maisis Semdeg `saqarTvelo~ adgils uTmobs

saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis sakiTxebs, gansakuTrebiT, qvey-

nis ZiriTad kanonze konstituciaze muSaobas. rogori un-

da iyos saqarTvelos konstitucia? amis Sesaxeb gazeTi jer

kidev damoukideblobis gamocxadebamde saubrobda da Sem-

degac araerTi saintereso analitikuri werili miuZRvna.

rogor gamoexmaurnen 26 maisis aqtis gamocxadebas qarTve-

li mwerlebi da publicistebi? am mxriv metad mniSvnelovania

giorgi leoniZis leqsis gamoqveyneba `saqarTvelos~ furcleb-

ze, romelic 6 ivnisis nomerSi gazeTma eqskluziurad dabeWda:

28

26 maisi

`vamayob rogorc gulzviadi meisrabari

dasisxlul marjniT iWedeba Cemi saxeli,

cxel armazidan atirdeba Savi Zaxili,

acecxlebula topazebiT amayi saxli.

mze perangs icvams yirmizisas mTebSi nafari;

rkinis kvnesaSi xmalsa hkveravs meisrabari!

sawyal aCrdilebs, rom sdiodaT suni miwisa,

aRar acviaT turnirebze TeTri rZiana;

aRar anaxlebT xma solomon leoniZisa

dgebian rogorc keisari vespasiane.

Svindis droSebiT gavagiJeb yomral moedans.

dRevandeli mze saqarTvelos isev miitans.

neldeba cecxlis koSmarebSi odrikalebi

TeTri fiqrebi maxvevia madrigalerad...

da gorgaslanis melandeba Savi suraTi.

misreTi... hindi... babiloni da asureTi...

Cemsken mohqrian ialqnebiT: sparsi, abaSi,

Cemi saxeli daixeva aRtacebaSi,

dRes sixaruli viT cekvaSi mTvrali salome

rogorc eTeris sarecelze abesalomi!

qarTlosis landi brwyinvalebiT gameTareSa

armazisaken!

nuRar wavalT lega zamTarSi!~ (127)

ai aseTi muxtiT sunTqavda `saqarTvelo~ 1918 wlis 26 ma-

isis dReebSi. es leqsi poetis sabWouri periodis krebuleb-

Si Setanili ar iyo. Cven piradad, pirvelad aTi wlis win, e.w.

`imelis~ biblioTekaSi dacul arqivSi wavikiTxeT leoniZis

`26 maisi~. es leqsi aris sazogadoebrivi manifesti da xmama-

Rali ganacxadi imisa, Tu rogor Sexvda da miesalma qarTuli

mwerloba damoukideblobis aRdgenas. giorgi leoniZe amayia

im faqtiT, rac saqarTvelos xelisuflebam da xalxma ga-

29

dawyvites. misi poeturi niWi da mxurvale emociaa Cateuli

am leqsSi, riTac `saqarTvelos~ erT-erTma erTgulma av-

torma mTeli qarTveli xalxis sixarulis yiJina gamoxata.

2000 wels gamoica giorgi leoniZis wigni `saqarTvelos

cremlebi~ (redaqtori da gamomcemeli giorgi qavTaraZe),

sadac Sesulia leqsi `26 maisi~(34). igive nawarmoebia Sesuli

2001 wels gamocemul krebulSic, romelic Seadgina filo-

logiis mecnierebaTa doqtorma Tamar barbaqaZem (35).

erovnul-demokratiuli partiis wevri da cnobili moR-

vawe revaz gabaSvili damoukideblobis gamocxadebasTan da-

kavSirebiT igonebs: `menSevikebi, rogorc yovelTvis, winaaR-

mdegi iyvnen, Cven, piriqiT, am didi xnis ocnebis, omiTa da re-

voluciebiT Seqmnil xelsayrel garemoebaTa gamo, daJine-

biT moviTxovdiT gamocxadebas. magram, rasakvirvelia, mar-

to Signidan dawoliT ver davZlevdiT inerciasa da menSevi-

kebis winaaRmdegobas, garedan germaniasa da osmaleTsac rom

ar moeTxova igive. am ormagma wnexma Signidan da garedan ai-

Zula menSevikebi 25 maiss daeyenebinaT es sakiTxi `erovnul

sabWoSi~. qarTveli xalxis sasiqadulod unda iTqvas, krebam

erTxmad (garda ramdenime `TavdaWerilisa~ da erTad erTi

`xelgasaxmobis~, mgoni geronti qiqoZe iyo, romelmac xeli

aswia winaaRmdeg) miiRo `saqarTvelos damoukideblobis ga-

mocxadeba xval, 26 maiss~.

magram, rogor moxda, rom 36 `social-demokratiis~, 10

`social-federalistis~, 10 `socialisturi revoluci-

is~ da mxolod 9 `nacional-demokratis~ krebam miiRo ase-

Ti `ucnauri dadgenileba~?

naTelia, rom `sabWos~ dasawyisidanve, arc erTi sakiTxi

iq ara wydeboda, sanam `social-demokratiuli partiis~ sai-

dumlo kreba sadRac jurRmulidan ar moitanda Tavis saku-

Tar gadawyvetilebas. aq ki moxda saswauli. Cven verasodes

ver gavigebT, ra moxda imaT krebazed. vin iyo momxre, vin wi-

30

naaRmdegi?.. magram erTi araCveulebrivi ambavi ki momxdara:

pirvelad, rac ki es `teroristuli~ da `arademokratiuli~

partia arsebobs, neba miuciaT wevrebisaTvis, xma miecaT yve-

las Tavisi nebiT da ara `umravlesobis~ damorCilebiT `um-

ciresobisa~. im saRma umravlesobam, e.i. xalxma, `erovnul

sabWoSi~ moitana qarTuli individualuri xmebi, da ara `men-

Sevikuri partiisa~ da 26 maisi yvela am zemoaRniSnul rTul

garemoebaTa jami iyo.... uzeimod iyo damoukideblobis ga-

mocxadeba da es aRibeWda kidec, saubedurod, menSevikur

`damoukideblobis aqtSi~, saca aRfrTovanebis magier, tiri-

li da bodiSebia.... ruseTis winaSe~ (9).

saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aqti

`mraval saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi saqarTvelo arsebobda,

rogorc damoukidebeli da Tavisufali saxelmwifo.

`meTvramete saukunis dasasruls yovel mxriT mtrisagan

Seviwroebuli saqarTvelo Tvisi nebiT SeuerTda ruseTs im

pirobiT, rom ruseTi valdebuli iyo saqarTvelo gareSe

mtrisagan daecva.

`ruseTis didi revoluciis msvlelobam ruseTSi iseTi

Sinagani wyobileba Seqmna, rom mTeli saomari fronti sru-

liad daiSala da rusis jarmac dastova amierkavkasia.

`darCnen ra Tvisi ZalRonis amarad, saqarTvelom da mas-

Tan erTad amierkavkasiam TviT idves Tavs sakuTari saqmeebis

gaZRola da patronoba da Sesaferi organoebic Sehqmnes,

magram gareSe ZalTa zegavleniT amierkavkasiis erTa Semaer-

Tebeli kavSiri dairRva da miT amierkavkasiis politikuri

mTlianobac daiSala.

`qarTveli eris dRevandeli mdgomareoba aucileblad

moiTxovs, rom saqarTvelom sakuTari saxelmwifoebrivi or-

ganizacia Sehqmnas, misi saSualebiT gareSe Zalis mier dapy-

31

robisagan Tavi gadairCinos da damoukidebeli ganviTarebis

mtkice safuZveli aagos.

`amisda Tanaxmad saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWo, 1917

wlis noembris 22-s arCeuli saqarTvelos erovnuli yrilo-

bis mier, dRes acxadebs:

1. amieridan saqarTvelos xalxi suverenul uflebaTa ma-tarebelia da saqarTvelo sruluflebovani damoukidebeli

saxelmwifoa.

2. damoukidebeli saqarTvelos politikuri forma de-mokratiuli respublika.

3. saerTaSoriso omianobaSi saqarTvelo mudmivi neitra-luri saxelmwifoa.

4. saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikas surs saerTaSo-riso urTierTobis yvela wevrTan keTilmezobluri ganwyo-

bileba daamyaros, gansakuTrebiT ki mosazRvre saxelmwifo-

ebTan da erebTan.

5. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika Tavis sazRvreb-Si Tanasworad uzrunvelhyofs yvela moqalaqis samoqalaqo

da politikur uflebebs ganurCevlad erovnebisa, sarwmuno-

ebisa, socialur mdgomareobisa da sqesisa.

6. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika ganviTarebis Tavisufal asparezs gauxsnis mis teritoriaze mosaxle yve-

la ers.

7. damfuZnebel krebis Sekrebamde mTelis saqarTvelos marTva-gamgeobis saqmes uZRveba erovnuli sabWo, romelic

Sevsebuli iqneba erovnul umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebiT,

da droebiTi mTavroba pasuxismgebelia sabWos winaSe.

`saqarTveloSi~ moRvawe qarTvelma Jurnalistebma da

mwerlebma, udidesi wvlili Seitanes demokratiuli princi-

pebis damkvidrebaSi, gamoxatvis TavisuflebaSi. sagazeTo

publikaciebSi naTlad ikveTeba erTi mTavari principi: svla

CrdiloeTisken progress ar iZleva, maTi gezi dasavleTis-

32

kenaa mimarTuli. did evropasTan integracia ki politikur

cvlilebebTan erTad did Sinagan transformacias moiTxovs.

aris ki mzad saqarTvelo da TiToeuli moqalaqe Tavisi bedi

damoukideblad ganagos da misi wili pasuxismgebloba it-

virTos. isini ar iyvnen arsebuli reJimis mxolod dauZinebe-

li oponentebi, aramed qmnidnen im pozitiur Zalas, romelic

afuZnebda axal, mimzidvel alternativebs demokratiisa da

Tavisufali urTierTobebis saxiT da warmoadgenda evro-

pul struqturebTan kavSiris iniciators.

grigol robaqiZe

1917-1918 wlebSi grigol robaqiZe `saqarTvelos~ aqti-

uri avtoria da erovnul-demokratiuli partiis mimarTu-

lebas uWers mxars. gazeTis furclebze igi mTeli simZafriT

iwyebs `evropeizebuli~ kulturis warmoCenasa da reklami-

rebas. XX saukune saqarTvelos istoriaSi mniSvnelovani

uReltexiliT daiwyo, rac modernizmis ideologma grigol

robaqiZem qarTuli renesansis Casaxvad Seafasa: `mistiuri

simbolo qarTuli renesansis Casaxvis wiwamuris velia: qar-

Tvelma mohkla saqarTvelos mZlavri mxedari, xolo sis-

xliT Seferils xels ro daxeda, mkvlelma saqarTvelos saxe

dainaxa. ilia WavWavaZe msxverplia, Seucnoblad Sewiruli

saqarTvelos sayofelo saxis xilvisTvis. da marTlac: `mgo-

ni, arasodes ise mZafrad ar ugrZvnia qarTvels saqarTvelo,

rogorc am tragikul wams... qarTvelma igrZno saqarTvelo

da am grZnobidan isaxeba qarTuli renesansi~(95).

grigol robaqiZis dakvirvebiT, sxvadasxva Semosevebi,

monRoluri, arab-sparsuli, bizantiuri Tu rusuli, `met-

xorcad miekra~ qarTul kulturas da qarTuli renesansis

winaaRmdeg aRimarTa.

gr. robaqiZes eWvi ar epareba, rom saqarTvelo gaTavi-

33

sufldeba, gaerTiandeba da gamTliandeba. miuxedavad imisa,

rom qarTvelebi ufro impulsis xalxia, vidre grZnobis, ma-

inc swams, rom namdvili da Rrma grZnoba sxvagvar Semoqmede-

bas gaaRviZebs saqarTveloSi. `grZnoba ukanasknels wveTam-

de, ai ra aris CvenTvis Tavi da Tavi. gansakuTrebiT axla,

qarTvelma unda igrZnos rainduli SemoqmedebiT saqarTve-

lo. mxolod am SemTxvevaSi ayvavildeba qarTuli renesansi.

aseT grZnobas, xan da xan mistiurobamde ayvanils, vera siZ-

nele ver gadaeRobeba win; igi yovels zRudes gadalaxavs,

gansakuTrebiT es hmarTebs qarTvel xelovans: igi Tanve ra-

indic unda iyos sulieri, rom mTeli qarTveloba amoswuros

mis istoriulobaSi da gamohkveTos misgan namdvili qarTu-

li stili~ (iqve).

`namdvili qarTuli stilis~ damkvidreba grigol roba-

qiZis `saqarTvelos~ periodis mTavari kredoa. `nurca gonia

vinmes viTom damblis niSnebi iyos Cveni sxeulis xerxemalSi.

mankiersa da xinjians Cvensas Cvenve SevaCvenebT. arc sikvdi-

lis gveSinia, Tu raindulad xmalSi gagviwvies. SesaZloa,

`sisxlis gamoSveba~ gvWirdebodes: didi xania, rac aris da-

gubebuli. magram Tu gamouSves qarTveli xmali maSin mzis

tevrebSi aprialdeba~(105).

sikvdilisa da `mravalJamieris~ Temas grigol robaqiZe

`saqarTvelos~ ramdenime nomerSi gamoqveynebuli werilebis

seriaSi gvTavazobs: `dionisos kulti da saqarTvelo~. sa-

qarTvelos istoria dionisuri misteriaa: `sikvdili da si-

cocxle, gaqroba da aRdgena mgoni, Cvenze ufro mkveTrad

sxva xalxs ar ganucdia~, wers igi(93).

saqarTvelo-evropa-azia ase daiwyo robaqiZiseuli

kulturaTa uReltexili (36). aqvea ruseTic, romelic in-

stiqtebis anarqiiTaa moculi, sadac ar aris araviTari sim-

tkice: arc azris, arc rwmenis, arc idealis, arc zneobis. es

mware sinamdvile CrdiloeTidan samxreTisaken moiwevs:

34

`mTeli ruseTis cxovreba im magidas mogvagonebs, saca baqqa-

ras TamaSoben. ramdenad ufro Zlierdeba es TamaSi, imdenad

ufro simZrafiT imarTeba `SemTxveva~, mTeli energia kul-

turisa, pirovnebaSi Tavmoyrili ingreva da ibneva, moTamaSe

aTaswlobiT ukan ixevs da biologiurs saSinelebas uaxlov-

deba, iRviZebs masSi namdvili `mxeci~, xolo ramdenad ufro

mZvinvardeba es saSineli `mxeci~ moTamaSeSi, imdenad ufro

Zlierdeba ukanasknelSi TamaSis Jini: `SemTxvevis~ gamowveva,

`bedis~ SebrZoleba...~ (76).

mwerali `saqarTvelos~ mkiTxvels da mTel sazogadoe-

bas piradi talantis gamosavlenad mouwodebs, mxolod dawe-

rili programebi gzas ver gvapovninebs. `Tu mogebuli ver

gamovalT, Tavs mainc gadavirCenT~, ambobs igi.

`anarqiis stiqioni~ ki CrdiloeTSia, rac saqarTvelos

gaTavisuflebas xels uSlis. n. berdiaevis debulebaa, rom

`ruseTis istoriis gul-neba apokalipsia, misi suli mimar-

Tulia absoluturisa da ukanasknelisken. realitikursa da

saSvaloSi igi piriqiT, sustia da umweo...~ v. ivanovis azriT:

`ruseTis xalxs, naxevrad Tavxeduri da naxevrad bundistu-

ri Secnoba axasiaTebs. ruseTis suls swyuria mxolod uTuo

ram, saTuos ki gverds uxvevs yovelTvis~(91).

dostoevskis sityvebia, rom `rusis xalxs uyvars pirRia

ufskrulTan TamaSi~, rac saTavea ruseTis tragediis. abso-

lutizmisaken da `uTuosken~ swrafvaSi ruseTma Tavisi suli

daadgina. Zveli tragikosebisa da Seqspirisagan gansxvave-

biT, dostoevskim danaSaulis problema sxvagvarad wamoaye-

na. es tradiciebi andrei belim ganagrZo. Tu absoluturis

ZiebaSi da apokalipsuri sulis damyarebaSi ruseTma vaJka-

curi Zala gamoiCina, `saSualos SeqmnaSi~ susti aRmoCnda.

didi TviTmpyrobelobidan did anarqiaSi gadavarda. `misi

suli exla mxolod qaosis frTebze qanaobs~ (iqve).

ruseTis Tema sakmaod farTodaa gaSlili grigol roba-

35

qiZis werilebSi. bolSevikebis ajanyebidan dawyebuli esere-

bis partiiT damTavrebuli, avtori exeba da ganixilavs yve-

lafers, rac ki qarTul sinamdvilesTan kavSirSia. ruseTis

sulieri ganwyoba politikur gadawyvetilebamde `saqar-

Tvelos~ ganxilvis Temaa. amitom gr. robaqiZe sxva mwerleb-

Tan erTad gviCvenebs, erTi mxriv, dostoevskisa da andrei

belis ruseTs da, meore mxriv, anarqistebis xelSi myofs. es

ori ruseTi yovelTvis winaaRmdegobaSi modioda erTmaneT-

Tan, an erTmaneTs avsebda.

`rusi dabadebiT `bolSevikia~. ramdenadac es maqsima-

lizmi sulis manifestaciaSi cnaurdeba, imdenad rusis eri

niWieria da Zlieri. magram kultura marto sulis cnauro-

biT ar aris: igi nivTTa da socialur nakvTTa Semoqmedebaa...

rusi gvagonebs im adamians, romelmac avtomobili uarhyo,

mxolod misTvis, rom haeroplani ar SesTavazes, da axla ur-

miT mixoxavs. es magaliTi, mgoni, amoswuravs ruseTis umweo-

bas saxelmwifo SemoqmedebaSi. ruseTi dRes anarqiulia da

qaosis frTebiT ufskrulis piras dafrinavs. Zlier saeWvoa

gamarjvebuli gamovides am saSineli gansacdelidan~(91).

maSindeli ruseTis sam faqtors gamohyofs mwerali: ka-

deturs (burJuaziuli demokratia), bolSevikurs (socia-

listurs) da menSevikurs. yvelaze Zalismierad am elemen-

tebSi bolSevikuri miaCnia da Tan afrTxilebs qarTvel sa-

zogadoebas: `nu viqnebiT ubralo morCilni im fantaziebisa,

raic petrogradis nislSi moelandaT. Cven Cveni sakuTari

gza gvaqvs da vecadoT Zalebis Semokrebas, rom revoluciaSi

Sobili erovnuli ganTavisuflebis gza anarqiiT ar movis-

poT~(92).

revoluciis Semdeg peterburgi misTvis `fantasmebis qa-

laqad iqca~, yoveli dRe iq raRac axali zmaneba ibadeba da am

zmanebiT undaT ara marto ruseTis, aramed mTeli samyaros

gardaqmna. am wadilSi uTuod aris erTgvari fsixozi, ruse-

36

Tis sulis qaosiT naSobi, sinamdvilis grZnobis dakargva da

socialuri fantaziis cieb-cxeleba~(iqve). aseTia robaqiZis-

Tvis peterburgi, `Waobis nislebisgan Sobili qalaqi~. petre

didma peterburgiT `ruseTis stiqioni~ gamokvera. peter-

burgi ki dostoevskis gareSe warmoudgenelia.

gr. robaqiZisTvis socialistur ideals yalbi safuZve-

li aqvs. erovnul-demokratiuli partia yvelaze erovnul

Zalad miaCnia. dasavluri kulturac misTvis imitom aris

mimzidveli, rom adamianis `me~ metad ikveTeba. dasavlur

cnobierebaSi gabatonebulia individualisturi momenti.

`Tu gind aTasma bogdanovebma gvimtkicos, rom warmoebis

gansazogadoebasTan erTad viTom adamianis fsiqikac ganzo-

gaddes da aRar iqnes `Sen~, `me~, `is~ da iqmnes mxolod upiro-

bo `Cven~, klasikur pasuxad darCeba yoveli socialistis mi-

marT klemansos sityva Joresisadmi: Tqveni koncepcia erT

muxlSi scdunebs: adamiani, romelic dagWirdebaT Tqveni

ideis gansaxorcieleblad, jer ar arsebobs, Tu gind Tqveni

Teoria kidec ganxorcieldes~... (102).

`me~ ar unda gardaiqmnas `Cven~-ad! aseTi saswaulis gri-

gol robaqiZes ar sjera. erovnul-demokratiuli partiis

ideali ufro marTebulad miaCnia da, amdenad, ar sWirdeba

socialuri saswauli. misi mTavari sagani iseTi pirobebis

Seqmnaa, sadac yovel individs SeeZleba gamoamJRavnos da ga-

namtkicos individualuri potenciuri simdidre. individua-

luri Tavisufleba socialuri idealis mizania.

gr. robaqiZisTvis socializmis fsiqologiiT saxelmwi-

fos marTva SeuZlebelia. qarTuli social-demokratiis ak-

vans guriaSi moiazrebs. `ingoroyva-ninoSvili, noe Jordania,

maxaraZeebi oTxi ramiSvili, cincaZeebi, lomTaTiZe, sili-

bistro jiblaZe, benia CxikviSvili, doliZeebi~... es gr. roba-

qiZis arasruli CamonaTvalia werilidan `guria da socializ-

mi~ (97). werils guriis xatovani bunebis aRweriT iwyebs.

37

guriis mxatvruli dasuraTxatebis Semdeg avtori poli-

tikuri datvirTvis Strixebze gadadis. misTvis ucnauria,

rogor Tavsdeba aseT bunebaSi socializmisaTvis mzaoba.

Tumca, gurulebi socialisturi samoseliT gveCvenebian, ma-

Ti fsiqika mainc aznaurulia: `yvelaferi SeiZleba amoSa-

loT gurulSi, magram `warCinebulobis~, `rCeulobis~

grZnobas maTSi veravin amoSlis: gurulis siamaye `paTosia

manZilis~ (igulisxmeba: `Cemsa~ da `sxvebs~ Soris) (iqve).

gazeT `saqarTvelos~ furclebze grigol robaqiZem ara-

erTi saintereso werili uZRvna cnobil qarTvel moRvawe-

ebs, mwerlebsa da istoriul gmirebs. misi araCveulebrivi

esse `Tamar!~ `saqarTveloSi~ daibeWda damoukideblobis ga-

mocxadebamde ramdenime dRiT adre. Tamar mefe, besiki, aleq-

sandre WavWavaZe, giorgi SarvaSiZe, arCil jorjaZe, tician

tabiZe, niko firosmani da sxv. grigol robaqiZis `saqarTve-

los~ periodis Semoqmedebis mTavari gmirebi arian. maTi gax-

seneba ki erT mTavar mizans emsaxureba erovnul ideas, Ta-

visuflebas, rogorc individualizmis arssa da fundaments.

Tamaris saxeli idumalia qarTvelTa warmodgenaSi. es sa-

xeli aerTianebda eris sxeulis gawyvetil suls. Tamari qar-

Tuli sulis gamaerTianebeli maradiuli sawyisi, RvTaebrivi

aRmafrenaa, rac Seucnoblad, `uxilavad~ aerTianebs saqar-

Tvelos erovnul, istoriul rkals. Tamar mefis pirovneba

`jadosnuri Zalis nakadulia, romlis Zliereba Znelad gad-

mosacemi da gadauTargmnelia~.

Tamaris RvTaeba da Tamaris epoqa dResac asxivebs saqar-

Tvelos istorias. XII saukune kulturuli Tu politikuri

mniSvnelobiT miuwvdomeli rCeba aqamde. es is rainduli sa-

qarTveloa, romelic ase Zalian enatreba grigol robaqiZes

26 maisis damoukideblobamde cota xniT adre, Tamaris xsene-

bis dReebSi. amitomac simboluria misi wvdoma XII saukunis

RvTaebasTan, romlis jadosnuri Zalis gasaRebs mis `marad-

38

qalwul~ bunebaSi poulobs: `Tamar qalwuli iyo bunebiT da

mTeli misi arsi naTel WurWels warmoadgenda RvTiurobis

nakadisTvis, swored marad qalwulobis sxiviT iqca Tamari

TvalismomWrel legendad~(118). Tamari robaqiZisTvis `TeT-

rgula lotosia~. `lotosi~, igive wylis SroSani, qristianu-

li xedviT, siwmindis simboloa da mefe-qalis, viTarca qal-

RmerTis, sispetakeze miuTiTebs.

`rainduli saqarTvelos~ Temis gagrZelebaa grigol ro-

baqiZis narkvevi `aleqsandre WavWavaZe~. aleqsandre WavWava-

Ze is adamiania, romelSic samive saxis aristokratoba iyrida

Tavs `gvareuli, biologiuri da sulieri... igi namdvili

dendi iyo qarTul-aRmosavleTuri dardimandobiT~...

al. WavWavaZes gr. robaqiZe besikis memkvidres uwodebs.

man sparsulTan erTad qarTul poeziaSi evropulic Semoi-

tana da daamkvidra. Tumca, besiki aRmosavleTis Svilia. is

saleqso teqnika, rac besikma ganaviTara, robaqiZis dakvirve-

biT, erTi saukunis Semdeg frangma simbolistebma principad

aiRes. es ki mwerals srul uflebas aZlevs, rom besikSi aRmo-

savleTis macocxlebelica da Tanamedrove evropeli poe-

tic dainaxos.

qarTuli leqsis principebs miuZRvna grigol robaqiZem

araerTi literaturul-mxatvruli kvleva gazeT `saqarTve-

los~ furclebze. ra aris `samkauli~, ritmi da riTma? vin

ufro virtuozia griSaSvili Tu tabiZe? ra aris qarTuli

sonetis nakli da mSveneba? gr. robaqiZis mTavari sakamaTo

Temebia.

`rainduli saqarTvelos~ Temas ganagrZobs grigol ro-

baqiZe literaturul narkvevSi `giorgi SarvaSiZe~(104), ro-

melic man qarTveli raindis gardacvalebas miuZRvna.

`cxenosani namdvili mxedari: moxdenili jdoma, TiTqo

mbrZanebeli mgrZnobiare cxovelis, magram TiTqo mas Zalas

arc ki atans, marjve dakaveba sadavis, xolo, siarulia Ta-

39

visufali, ritmiT miSveba cxenis siarulis, garna arc Tu

ZarRvebdaWimuloba mxedris: yoveli, rac rom samxedro ji-

Sis memkvidreobiT gadaucia adamianisTvis. gamaxsenda arCil

jorjaZis sityva: qarTveli beletristisTvis isic aris sak-

mao, rom romelime abxazis cxenosnoba asweroso.

gadmoxta, gavicani: `giorgi SarvaSiZe, Svili abxazeTis

ukanaskneli mTavrisa~ (iqve).

mwerals moswons am moxdenili da ganaTlebuli vaJkacis

mTavari unari Tavisuflebis SegrZneba da aucilebloba.

`araviTari kompromisi, sruli Tavisufleba~ es sityvebi

SarvaSiZis msgavsi raindebisgan ufro mniSvnelovania da ami-

tomac gansakuTrebiT aJRerebulia igi qarTveli mwerlis

narkvevSi.

aseTive Tbili da saintereso aRwera miuZRvna man kita

abaSiZes (99). misTvis warmoudgenelia Zlieri saqarTvelo

Zlieri da SemoqmedebiTi qarTvelebis gareSe. kitasTan Sex-

vedrebi iseTive paTosis da emociis matarebelia, rogorc

arCil jorjaZesTan audiencia. mwerali maSin estumra sazo-

gado moRvawes, roca arCil jorjaZe mZime seniT iyo daava-

debuli. yvela drois, yvela Taobis adamianebis fiqri erTi

sakiTxis irgvliv trialebda, ra moxdeba xval? ra moelis sa-

qarTvelos? qarTveli Semoqmedi mudmivad idga SiSnarevi

alternativis winaSe: `an exla an arasodes!~ saqarTvelos Ta-

visufleba ar iyo Sors, magram mteri iyo Zlieri. es ki gar-

kveulwilad Trgunavda yvelas, miuxedavad maTi mxridan su-

lieri udrekelobisa da samSoblosadmi Tavganwirvis demon-

strirebisa. `Sevedi. wevs. sicxe aqvs neli. Camovarda lapara-

ki `wyeul sakiTxebze~, uecrad warmosTqva: Tu piradi ukvda-

veba ar arsebobs, im SemTxvevaSi sisulelea yvelaferi, si-

sulelea saqarTvelos Tavisuflebac. gavkvirdi Zlier. Se-

saZloa, es mxolod erTi amoZaxili iyo mis sulSi warmoebu-

li brZolisa, saintereso iyo aq ara es dabejiTebiTi mtkice-

40

ba: ara: aq iyo sulis wamebis amoTqma, romelic rCeulTa

xvedria (yvelaferi gadaWrili mxolod idiotebisTvis Tu

arsebobs). SesamCnevi iyo aq saqarTvelos moyvana: Tuki yve-

laferi sisulelea, maSin rasakvirvelia saqarTvelos sisu-

lelec igulisxmeba da misi dasaxeleba saWiro ar aris, mag-

ram aq albaT sillogizmis Camosxmas misi suli ar eZebda: sa-

Sinels gadawyvetaSi pirveladve yvelaze ufro sayvarelma

arsebam ielva mis fiqrSi, da es sayvareli arseba misTvis

xom saqarTvelo iyo~ (110).

`sayvareli arsebis~ damoukideblobis dRes verc arCil

jorjaZe moeswro, verc kita abaSiZe da verc giorgi SarvaSi-

Ze. Tumca, 26 maisi, rogorc Tavisuflebis dResaswauli, maT-

ma rwmenam da brZolam moitana.

`cremlebis Rvrisa da qviTinis paTetika damRupvelia

qarTuli erovnuli cnobierebisTvis~, werda arCil jor-

jaZe (73), romelmac grigol robaqiZes qarTul literatura-

Si dasamkvidreblad erTgvari dasturi misca. 10-iani wlebi-

dan qarTuli literaturis ganaxlebisa da evropeizaciis

procesi daiwyo, saidanac qarTuli modernizmis istoriac

aiTvala. axleburi azrovneba da axleburi xedva literatu-

raSi sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis paralelizmSi mimdinareob-

da. novatorebisTvis ki Tavisuflebis idea umTavresi muza

iyo axali Sedevrebis Sesaqmnelad. arCil jorjaZe grigol

robaqiZes `axleburi azrovnebis~ Semomtanad miiCnevs: `gri-

gol robaqiZe, adamiani niWiT dajildovebuli, xolo amasTan

imgvari tipisa, romelic dRemde gamoucnobi rCeba qarTveli

sazogadoebisaTvis, gamoucnobeli mistikuri filosofiis

wyalobiT, romelsac aRiarebs igi da romelic Cveni sazoga-

doebisTvis sruliad axali da dRemde TiTqmis ucnob movle-

nad CaiTvleba~ (iqve).

`saqarTvelos~ periodi robaqiZis axleburi azrovnebis

realizaciis periodia. individualuri Tavisufleba, stere-

41

otipebis mZime tvirTis daZleva, kriticizmis damkvidreba,

azrisa da ideebis pluralizmi, warsulis gaanalizeba ara

imisTvis, rom mas mivejaWvoT, aramed axleburad SevafasoT

da gadavafasoT, sruli reformacia da cvlilebebi aseTia

grigol robaqiZe gazeT `saqarTvelos~ furclebze.

tician tabiZe

1917-1918 wlebis gazeT `saqarTveloSi~ aqtiurad moRva-

weobs tician tabiZe. gazeTSi ibeWdeba misi leqsebi, litera-

turuli narkvevebi, publicisturi werilebi. sagazeTo ko-

respondenciebs ticiani specialurad `saqarTvelosTvis~

moskovidanac agzavnis. swored iq, moskovSi wers metad mniS-

vnelovan werils ruseTis Tebervlis revoluciaze, sadac

xazs usvams ruseTis erTferovnebasa da gasaocar unars is-

toriuli faqtebis gayalbebis Sesaxeb. Zieba da lodini axa-

li, ufro liberaluri ruseTisa aisaxa ticianis literatu-

rul-publicistur werilebSi. `ruseTi yovelTvis iyo ra-

Rac gamourkvevlobis mistiur SiSis nislSi. yvela ucxoeli,

visac gauvlia am qveyanaSi, scdilobs misces ruseTs zRapru-

li ieri. rasakvirvelia, ruseTi moklebulia zRapris im

brwyinvas, romlis sxiviT anaTebs Zveli arabuli stili. aq

ar aris siWrele saxeebis, saRebavebis kivili, magram mudam

mosawyeni Tovlis udabno velebi CrdiloeTis ganaTebiT da

mkvidris xalxiT aRadgens xsovnaSi da damatebiT xatavs is-

toriis fragmentebs skviTebis gadasul yofidan, romelsac

emateba monRoluri niaRvris nawveTebi. Tu sazogadod mesi-

anizmi xelovnuri SerCevaa saRebavebis da xandisxan gul-

wrfeli gayalbeba istoriuli faqtebisa, ruseTis mesianizms

am SemTxvevaSic upiratesoba aqvs~ (84).

ticiani ironiulad wers, rom ise arsad ar daaxloebia

istoria zRapars, rogorc ruseTSi. arc gasakvirad miaCnia,

42

rom `evropelebisTvis ruseTi erTi ulamazesi sfinqsia, mok-

lebuli saidumloebis im poezias, romelic egviptelebma da-

marxes TavisTavTan~(iqve).

ticiani fiqrobs, rom ruseTi TviTon rusebisTvisaa amo-

cana. `skviTuri daJinebiT cdilobs rusi mwerali Cawvdes

mis siRrmes da gaanaTos mRvrie suli... magram aq meordeba

Zveli da mtanjveli ambavi, roca ufskrulSi Caxedav, uf-

skrulic Segxedavs TvalebSi. am ufskrulis sabediswero Se-

xedviT arian gagiJebulni, visac bevri ufiqria ruseTze.

petre Caadaevs ver uSvela fxizelma Wkuam da frangulma

skepticizmma, sigiJiT gaaTaves gogolma, dostoevskim da

Cvens Tvalwin amTavrebs am cikls andrei beli, romelmac

omis win iwinaswarmetyvela dRevandeli ambebi. `Tujis mxe-

dari~ iqca axali ruseTis simbolod~ (iqve).

tician tabiZe grZnobs, rom ruseTSi katastrofas ise

moelian, `rogorc Ramis Semdeg dRes~. Tebervlis revolu-

ciis kraxi TandaTan bolSevikuri oqtombris revoluciis

aCrdils aaxloebda. ruseTs gamocdis periodi edga, rasac

qarTveli poetic suliT xorcamde ganicdida, radgan icoda,

rom moskovSi dawyebuli procesebi saqarTvelos bedTan iyo

dakavSirebuli. didi interesiT akvirdeboda axali ruseTis

dabadebas da safrangeTis komunis dReebs ixsenebda. safran-

geTis revoluciebs ticiani araerTxel igonebs Tavis weri-

lebSi, maSinac ki, roca igi qarTvel mwerlebs Ria baraTiT

mimarTavs (84) da mouwodebs, aiRon frangi poetebis, mwerle-

bisa da mxatvrebis magaliTi. samasze metma yvelaze niWierma

frangma Semoqmedma Tavisi sicocxle revoluciebSi galia

da safrangeTSic SeeCvivnen azrs, rom 50 weli iqneboda sam-

werlo krizisi.

ticiani eris saxeliT saubris uflebas mwerlis saRvTo

movaleobad Tvlis da qarTvel mwerlebs brZolisa da dau-

morCileblobisaken mouwodebs (64). ticianis SeZaxili sakma-

43

od omaxiania da revoluciuri. Tavisufleba ai, mizani,

romliskenac TiToeuli qarTveli mwerali unda miiwevdes.

`dRevandelma sastikma omma gamoaCina, rom ar ari sityva uf-

ro wminda da Zvirfasi, rogorc sityva `samSoblo~... monoba-

Si dabadebul da aRzrdil qarTvelebs gveZleva dRes saSua-

leba gavimeoroT winaTqma, romliTac mematiane iwyebs `qar-

Tlis cxovrebas~ da romelsac grZel istoriul cxovrebaSi

amarTlebda qarTveli eri.

aravis veymoT, arc vemonoT gareSe RvTisa dambadeblisa...

Tavisufali da bednieri saqarTvelo Cven SegvaerTebs~ (85).

ufskrulis Temas kidev ufro aviTarebs tician tabiZe

Tavis literaturul werilSi, romelic man andrei belisa da

`peterburgs~ miuZRvna. `ramdenime dRis win andrei belim Ta-

namedrove cxovreba Seadara im matarebels, romelsac gau-

giJda memanqane da ufskrulisken SeuCerebliv mihqris... zog

mgzavrs es ver SeumCnevia, magram zogi ixedeba fanjaraSi, da

giJdeba SiSiT, fanjaraSi mohqris aryofnis qari da sdgas ko-

rianteli saSineli. iman ukanaskneli Semoqmedebis Jestad mi-

iCnia gagiJebuli gogolis buxarSi dawva Tavis sulis

`mkvdar sulebTan~ erTad.

SeiZleba es daskvna iyos marTla ruseTis sulis?

andrei belim miiCnia is efemerobad. aq iman gaimeora

dostoevski, mxolod, rogorc darwmunebuls slavianofils,

dostoevskis ruseTis sjeroda. andrei belim ruseTic miiC-

nia efemerobad, es daskvnaa misi wignis... Zalian tragikulia,

es wigni danacrebuli Segnebis~ (89).

ticiani SeZrulia andrei belis tragizmiT savse ganwyo-

bilebis gamo. ruseTSi mcxovrebi mwerlebis uimedo mdgoma-

reoba ticiansac uimedod ganawyobs da qarTvelebs sifrTxi-

lisken mouwodebs.

`mtrisgan yoveli mxriv garemoculi ruseTi miagavs ajan-

yebul garnizons, romelic SiSisagan da SimSilisagan garete-

44

buli mirbis ukve gaRebuli WiSkrebidan da mterTan Sesaxved-

rad gamzadebuli razmebi erTi-meores esevian da mospobas

upiroben... petrograds ukve asdis `damwvari xaxvis~ suni, ro-

gorc erTxel garemocul parizze ambobda bismarki~ (94).

sagazeTo statiaSi `wina azia~ ticiani saqarTvelos arCe-

vanze msjelobs. misi dafiqreba pirveli erovnuli krebis Sem-

deg daiwyo da lazTa saero yrilobas gadaswvda, romlis

Sesaxeb cnobebi bizantiel mwerals agaTia sqolastikoss Se-

mounaxavs. mefe aieti momxre iyo sparselebis orientaciis,

magram krebaze sityva moiTxova moxucma fartazma, romelmac

upiratesoba misca Zvel mokavSire bizantielebs, radgan isini

kulturulad aRmatebulni iyvnen sparseTze da Tan erTi re-

ligiisani. `am istoriul ofortSi gasaocaria sityvis Zala da

oratoruli figurebi... am ofortSi iSleba mTeli istoria

qarTvelTa eris, mudmivi Zieba axali orientaciis, roca damo-

ukidebeli cxovrebis SesaZleblobis imedi ar iyo. ase udgaT

sakiTxi saqarTvelos ukanasknel mefes da mis kanclers so-

lomon leoniZes~ (96).

saqarTvelos pirvel saerTo yrilobazec ase daayena sa-

kiTxi noe Jordaniam. ticiani Tavs ikavebs sakiTxi politiku-

rad daayenos da saerTo kulturuli TvalTaxedvidan api-

rebs gamosavlis povnas, romelsac igi mainc politikur ga-

dawyvetilebamde mihyavs. tician tabiZisTvis mTavari kvanZi

dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis dapirispirebaSia. `es maniake-

bi revoluciisa sakmaod Tanamedrove (barbarosebi) arian

amisaTvis da udidesi galiucinati Cveni dReebis leninis-

Tvis revoluciur paroqsizmSi uaxlovdeba nacnob saxeebs

rusul xlistebisas... ruseTSi ukve gadawyda evropis da ru-

seTis damoukideblobis bedi. `is `patara fanjara~, romelic

ruseTma gamosWra evropisaken, ar iZleoda sakmao sxivebs,

maSinac, roca gaRebuli iyo. da Cven mudam vikvebebodiT im

surogatiT, romelic ruseTidan mogvqonda~ (iqve).

45

`saqarTvelo warsulSi wina aziis gaRebuli kari iyo.

bevri sxvadasxva kulturis gavlenam ver moSala damoukide-

beli Semoqmedeba. eri daRupulia, Tu imas ara aqvs sakuTari

orientacia da Tavisi Semoqmedebis imedi. Tqma ar unda, `na-

Teli aRmosavleTiT~ xSirad dabnelebula. `CrdiloeTis ga-

naTeba~ poliusis siciveSi hqreba, Cven veliT sakuTar mzes,

sakuTar naTels~(iqve).

ticiani ioane kesarielis xvlikis analogias iSveliebs,

romelsac kbilebi dascvivda da 100 welia mRvimeSi sZinavs,

xolo mzeze gamosuli axalgazrdavdeba. saqarTveloc asi

welia damwyvdeulia mRvimeSi da `kbilebic dascvivda, magram

axal mzeSi isic axalgazrdavdeba~, am gaaxalgazrdavebas ki

bevri resursi sWirdeba. maT Soris pirveli jaris reorgani-

zaciaa, Tvlis tician tabiZe (128). susti jari menSevikebis

udides naklad miaCnia. wiTeli konduqtorebisagan Sedge-

nilma wiTelma gvardiam baTumi damarcxebamde miiyvana.

poetis azriT, menSevikebi ar swyaloben arc xelovnebas.

revoluciis dawyebidan saqarTveloSi wigni ar gamosula. Tu

ruseTSi lunaCarski maiakovskisTan erTad muSebs leqciebs

ukiTxavs, menSevikebis propagandistebi modernist poets poe-

ziis saRamos mowyobas ukrZalaven... xalxi mocdebao(130).

`arasdros ar yofila aseT mdgomareobaSi qarTveli mwer-

lebi da artistebi, rogorc dRes, uamravi fuli ixarjeba sub-

sidiebis saxiT sxvadasxva saqmeebze da xelovnebaze araferi.

qarTuli parlamenti menSevikebis davalebiT aTi-aTass maneTs

aZlevs amierkavkasiis universitets da qarTuli universite-

tisTvis ki imarTeba latarea, uniWoebs eZaxian qarTvel profe-

sorebs... saswauliT ukan davibruneT javaxeTi, imedi aris ba-

Tumic davibrunoT, magram rogor dabrundes mwerloba, rome-

lic gaaZeves menSevikebma saqarTvelodan, radgan TavianT wre-

Si ara yavT xalxi, romelTac hqondeT Taosnoba da niWi ramis

garigebis, sxvebs ki keTrovaniviT ar ikareben~(iqve).

46

es `sxvebi~, visac menSevikebi ar ikareben, swored is Zalaa,

romelsac arsebobis udides Tvisebad eris Rirseba miaCnda,

qarTveli eris didi potencialis ideas TavgamodebiT icav-

da. simbolisti tician tabiZe Zalian mkveTri iyo procesebis

SefasebaSi. Rrma analiziT gamoirCeva misi werilebi. erov-

nuli yofis problemebi da literaturuli cxovrebis ganax-

lebis aucilebloba es ticianis TviTmizania. tician tabi-

Zis dokumenturi narkvevebi, literaturuli werilebi da

socialur-politikuri Sexedulebebi gaJRenTilia samSob-

los sevdiT, erovnuli Tavisuflebisa da TavisTavadobis

ideiT. `cisferyanwelebi~ ambiciurad Semovidnen qarTul

literaturaSi, sakuTari idealebi da individualuri paTo-

si Semoitanes.

ticians did pativs scemda grigol robaqiZe da leqsic

(`pani~) miuZRvna, romelic gazeT `saqarTveloSi~ gamoqveynda.

pani berZnul miTologiaSi mwyemsebis mfarveli RmerTia. leq-

si simboluria da literaturul asparezze arsebul Widils

ukavSirdeba. rogorc panis gamoCenam

~mTebze kecili aTasTvali ferTa xaliCa

aafriala sadroSed, ahkra, `gaxliCa~,

ise gaapo literaturuli siCume `cisferyanwelTa~ gamoCe-

nam da mkveTri individualizmi da Tavisufleba Semoitana:

`SrialiT, TareSiT,

Sig gadaveSviT...

aiwva wyali, asxlta taniT: gvaxrCobs acofda,

ha, CaviZireT,

TavmokveTili dasisxluli mze barbacobda~ (100).

1917-1918 wlebi saintereso periodia tician tabiZis Se-

moqmedebaSi. ilias da akakis Semdeg, me-20 saukuneSi, mxolod

ramdenime poetma Tu SeZlo sakuTari didi gancdiT, didi aR-

tacebiT, axleburad moetana qarTveli mkiTxvelisTvis es

grZnoba:

47

`davbadebulvar, rom viyo mona

da saqarTvelos medgas uReli~(50).

giorgi leoniZe

gazeT `saqarTvelos~ furclebze aqtiurad TanamSrom-

lobs giorgi leoniZe Tavisi maRalmxatvruli literatu-

ruli narkvevebiTa da leqsebiT. `26 maisi~, `saqarTvelos

mze~, `armazi~, `aboboqrebuli aragvi~, `qarTli~ da bevri

sxva misi nawarmoebi amSvenebs gazeTis furclebs. avtori

`mzis gamoCenas~ da `naTel sxivebs~ sulmouTqmelad elode-

boda, gansakuTrebiT im dReebSi, roca saqarTvelos damou-

kideblobas dReebi da wuTebi aklda. gansxvavebiT misi me-

gobrebisgan, giorgi leoniZes didi imedebi ar daumyarebia

ruseTis revoluciaze: `andre Senie ityoda: `revolucia aq-

robs xelovnebis CiraRdanso~. es ki ruseTis revoluciazed

aris gamokveTili... mravalsaukunovani Zalaa dagrovili da

elis ayvavileba-afeTqebas. saqarTelos bneliT naTlisad

gasvla sul axlosaa. bedisweriT ivno saqarTvelo da dRes

mzevdeba TavisuflebiT, usaTuod sulic daubrundeba saku-

Tar sxeuls, rogorc nazamTari mercxali gazafxulidan sam-

Soblos.

ainTeba armazi...

ainTeba qarTuli suli...~ (90).

giorgi leoniZe wuxs imis gamo, rom ruseTis mier damo-

nebulma saqarTvelom `esTetiuri svindisic~ dakarga, ramac

samudamo dacemis simptomebi Seqmna. SemoqmedebiTi indivi-

dualizmi, rasac igi grigol robaqiZis msgavsad udides

mniSvnelobas aniWebs, `nestaniviT miemwyvda bnel dilegSi~

da Tu xarks adre mefeebi gaiRebdnen, axla mwerlebic maT

ricxvSia. misTvis miuRebelia yvela is xelovani, vinc `ruse-

TiT daibnida~. igi qarTveli poetebisgan originalobas iTx-

48

ovs, gansakuTrebiT, Ziebis survils.

giorgi leoniZis `aragvielni~ `saqarTvelom~ patara fe-

letonis rubrikiT dabeWda. gazeTi xSirad mimarTavda am

xerxs da cnobili avtorebis mniSvnelovan narkvevebs patara

feletonis `quds~ ukeTebda. `aragvielni~ literaturuli

SeZaxili da `niSnismogebiTi~ mzaobaa saqarTvelos dasaca-

vad. bolSevikebis revolucia ukve momxdaria, saqarTvelos

damoukideblobac gamocxadebulia, magram mteri ar isve-

nebs. giorgi leoniZe grZnobs mtris av zraxvebs da boboq-

robs. `aragvi~ is amboxebuli sulia, romelsac verc erT

dros ver gatexen, romelic jiqur miemarTeba sawadelisken.

aragvis protestantuli suli ver egueba mtris survils

saqarTvelo xelaxla daaCoqos.

`saqarTveloSi mxolod aragvis simReraa sxvanairi;

sevdismCqefi, neli, mimwuxri bibliuri tirili dakar-

gul samSobloze... aragvze meored hkvdeboda saqarTvelo,

roca igi kubos moacurebda da `mTebSi garboda bagratio-

ni~... mere Sav jvarTan mesamed mohkles saqarTvelo da roca

meoTxed moindomes misi sikvdili `Zma aRsdga Zmazed~.

saqarTveloSi wleuls mravali samxedro asparezi aSiS-

vlda `aragvis asparezi~ ki, yvelas azrialebda... axla arag-

vze isev janyi ikrifeba, radganac wvimebis droa da es wvimebi

sisxlisa iqneba...

`terori dadis wiTeli CoxiT...~ (129).

wiTel terorTan sabrZolvelad giorgi leoniZe mzadaa,

`oRondac ki mdevarma ikivlos~.

imave emociiTaa datvirTuli misi literaturuli Cana-

xati `qarTli~, romelic TeTri leqsis stils ufro mogvago-

nebs. `qameleoniT dakbenili SuadReebi~, `mzeSi nazeli udab-

noebi~, `gveliviT awivlebuli tramalebi~, `SxamiT amwvari

sivrce~ es leoniZiseuli qarTlia. igi Sedarebebis virtu-

ozia. samSobloze Seyvarebuli poeti 26 maisis gamoZaxils

49

kidev ufro mZafrad gvawvdis:

`daviwyebuli aragvis wylebi gidgamen taxtebs keTrovan

CrdilTa siCumeSi; Sen gaxval warsul dReTa jiriTze da ar

ici, vin waiRebs Sen silamazes. mkerdi Seni vrcelia cxel ru-

SebSi da vin awivlebs Sen tuCebs... bedi Seni daakres qaris fa-

fars da saracini ukivis Sen sarecels...

iqneba Samqori da iqneba nuqardini...

xalifas droSiT ainTeba Seni qoxebi SiSiT mziralni sa-

fironiviT. Seni nazi qusli Casveldeba sisxlSi da Tvalwin

gagitareben droSiT jvarcmul mouravs.

mindvrebidan mova mTvrali suni da mruSi sunTqva Segiw-

vavs saxes~(132).

giorgi leoniZe sicocxlis, ganaxlebis motrfialea. mi-

si yoveli fraza qarTul sinamdvileSi Rrma wvdomis survi-

liTaa savse. bolomde inaCrunebs erovnuli siamayisa da

Rirsebis SegrZnebas. rutinuli atmosferos Sezanzareba da

mudmivi gamofxizleba aseTi Zala aqvs giorgi leoniZis Ti-

Toeul frazasa da sityvas (28). misi mizani erovnuli meobis

amaRleba, TavisuflebisTvis brZola da gaerTianebaa. sxva

leqsebTan erTad `saqarTveloSi~ daibeWda `soneti qarTvel

husarebs!~ igi umReris maT, vinc saqarTvelos damoukideb-

loba unda moitanos(106).

sainteresoa giorgi leoniZis literaturul-kritikuli

werili qarTul modernizmsa da simbolistebze. werilSi

`promeTe~ da `aisi~(112) misi mxridan mcdelobaa daasabuTos

`cisferyanwelTa~ da simbolistTa adgilis mniSvneloba da

nakli qarTul literaturaSi. statia wminda literaturuli

kvlevaa, sadac leoniZes SeiZleba moedavo kidec, Tumca mis

mier moyvanili argumentebi sainteresoa specialistebis-

Tvis. Cemi Temis mTavari mizani ki aris simbolizmic 1917-

1918 ww. Tavisuflebis ideasTan mimarTebaSi ganvixilo. axa-

li qarTuli stili, romelic `cisferyanwelebma~ daamkvid-

50

res erTgvari protesti iyo arsebuli sinamdvilis winaaR-

mdeg da manifesti ufro maRali literaturuli gemovnebis

dasafuZneblad.

mixeil javaxiSvili

sainteresoa mixeil javaxiSvilis moRvaweoba gazeT

`saqarTvelos~ furclebze, sadac igi ZiriTadad fsevdoni-

mebiT werda. `ali~, m.ad-li, m adamaSvili, m. a., m.j. mixeil

javaxiSvilis fsevdonimebia (69). gazeTSi qarTveli mwerali

aqveynebda korespondenciebs saomari moqmedebebis Sesaxeb,

msjelobda fineTsa da saberZneTSi mimdinare procesebze,

germaniis politikasa da osmaleTis ganzraxvaze. `omis me-

oTxe weli~, `Cveni damfuZnebeli krebisaTvis~, `axali feo-

dalizmi~, `naadrevi sixaruli~, sul ocdaTxuTmetamde we-

rili gamoaqveyna mixeil javaxiSvilma 1917-1918 wlebis `sa-

qarTveloSi~.

werilSi `Senic me da Cemic meo~ igi exmianeba `kavkazi

slovos~ 24 martis nomers somxeTis sakiTxebze. werilSi xaz-

gasmulia da naTlad Cans, Tu rogor araerTgvarovani damo-

kidebulebaa amierkavkasiis qveynebSi, gansxvavebiT baltiis-

pireTisa. `Tu somxeTi moiTxovs avtonomias xeli moumar-

Tos, ratom uSlis xels igive xalxi meore ers qarTvel ers

ganaxorcielos da daamkvidros Tavisi ufleba Tavis isto-

riul teritoriaze? SevadaroT Zala am ori uflebisa. som-

xebma ufleba dahkarges eqvsis saukunis win, xolo qarTve-

lebma erTi saukunis win; somxebi TavianT istoriul qveya-

naSi erT meoTxeds Seadgenen, qarTvelebi ki sam-meoTxeds;

osmaleTma daipyra somxeTi maxvilis uflebiT, saqarTvelo

pirobiT Seekra ruseTs da am pirobas exlac Zala aqvs~ (83).

mixeil javaxiSvils ver gaugia, somxeTis survili saqar-

Tvelos winaaRmdeg ratomaa mimarTuli. igi locavs somxebis

51

miswrafebas, oRond mouwodebs, rom saqarTvelos nu SeuS-

lian xels.

mwerlis yuradRebas iqcevs ruseTis politikuri gan-

zraxvebic. javaxiSvili fiqrobs, rom ruseTi rTul diplo-

matiur da strategiul qselSi gaeba. `pirvel xanebSi Tavi-

suflebiT damTvralma ruseTma TviTonve daijera Tvisi me-

sianoba. igi arwmunebda Tavis Tavsa da mTels qveyanas, rom

mze msoflio simarTlisa ruseTSi amovida da Tavisufali

ruseTi mianiWebs mTels kacobriobas im Tavisuflebas da im

mudmiv mSvidobas, romelsac daRlil-daqanculi msoflio

natrobs~ (69).

marTalia, socialisturma da demokratiulma evropam

gulwrfelad miuloca ruseTs ganTavisufleba, magram tax-

tebis dangrevaze uari uTxra. ruseTSi ukve sxva viTarebaa,

igi Tavis Tavis gadarCenas cdilobs. ruseTis daSlam ramde-

nime saxelmwifos aRmoceneba gamoiwvia. mixeil javaxiSvili

amitom wers: `saxelmwifosTvis da erisTvis ar arsebobs

umaRlesi da udidesi kanoni, Tvinier Tvisi fizikur arsebo-

bis dacvisa. advilad icavs da inaxavs Tavis Tavs is eri da is

saxelmwifo, romelic bunebriv CarCoSia moqceuli. udidesi

boroteba iqneba winaSe Cvenis erisa da misi momavlisa am bu-

nebriv CarCos darRveva mxolod imitom, rom mis ama Tu im

mcire kuTxeSi qarTveli umciresobas Seadgens. am mTlian

CarCo-sazRvrebis Sesaqmnelad Cvens winaprebs zRva sisxli

dauRvriaT da mravali Taoba misTvis SeuleviaT. da Tu exlan-

del Taobas ar dahkargvia idumali alRo Tavis dacvisa da

Segneba udidesi valdebulebisa winaSe momavalisa, igi neba-

yoflobiT ver gadauxvevs aTasi wlobiT gakaful gzas~ (69).

mixeil javaxiSvili gadamwyvet sityvas erovnul sabWos

uTmobs. igi darwmunebulia, rom Tu eri erobs, Tu mas SerCe-

nia sicocxlisa da ganviTarebis unari, igi Tavisas gaitans.

avtori Zlier samoqalaqo sazogadoebaze akeTebs aqcentebs

52

da darwmunebulia, rom demokratiuli reJimebi Zlieri samo-

qalaqo sazogadoebis gareSe ver miiRweva.

`saqarTveloSi~ moRvaweobiT mwerali gansxvavebuli am-

pluiT warmogvidgeba. igi saerTaSoriso politikis analizi-

Taa dakavebuli da saqarTvelos mdgomareobas saerTaSori-

so konteqstidan gamomdinare gvixsnis. mixeil javaxiSvils

ainteresebs yvelaferi, rac evropaSi, ruseTsa Tu aziaSi

xdeba. Tamamad SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom mixeil javaxiSvilma

politikuri diskusiisa da msjelobis formebi daxvewa da am

mxrivac saintereso gaxda es periodi CvenTvis.

* * *

`saqarTvelos~ erT-erTi TvalsaCino avtoria Salva ami-

rejibi. igi iyo didi patrioti, poeti da erovnuli moRvawe.

is 1924 wlis SeTqmulebaSi monawileboda, ris gamoc iZule-

buli gaxda daetovebina samSoblo da emigraciaSi daesrule-

bina sicocxle. Salva amirejibi ruseTSi dawyebul proce-

sebs Tavidanve eWvis TvaliT uyurebda da varaudobda, rom

rasac ruseTi kakasiaSi dagegmavs, `SeuZlia cud avantiuraSi

CaiTrios kavkasiis rusi mosaxleoba~ (109). Salva amirejibi

sixaruliT gamoexmaura saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefali-

is aRdgena, Tumca qarTul samRvdeloebaze Tavisi mosazreba

hqonda. werilSi `avtokefalistebi~ vkiTxulobT: `yovel

`Tavisuflebas~ is Tviseba aqvs, romlis gagonebaze Sileris

rollers TaxTaxi mosdioda. ase xdeboda `yaCaRebis~ viwro

wreSi da me veravin damarwmunebs, rom revoluciis dros da

revolucioner demokratias sindisis Tavisufleba ar aT-

rTolebdes~(86). amirejibi udides mniSvnelobas aniWebs ek-

lesiis gaTavisuflebas da ambobs, rom gaTavisuflda qar-

Tuli kultura, qarTuli arqiteqtura, qarTuli mxatvroba,

xatebi, rogorc `umaRlesi nimuSni xelovnebisa da yoveli

53

wvrilmani nivTi, romelzedac istoriam xalxis Semoqmedeba

aRbeWda~ (iqve).

mwerali kiTxulobs, ra daemarTeboda miqelanjelos uk-

vdav qmnilebebs, da vinCis, rafaels da mTel italiur rene-

sanss, `romelmac Tavi eklesias Seafara es eklesia rom

tyved waeyvana vinmes?!~ (iqve).

Salva amirejibs miaCnia, rom Tu eklesia Tavisufalia,

e.i. sulic gaTavisuflebulia. sulierad gaTavisuflebuli

xalxi ki ufro did qveyanas Seqmnis. sulis Tavisufleba ki is

citadelia, romelmac kargi perspeqtiva unda gansazRvros.

Tumca amirejibic, tician tabiZesaviT, mudam sifxizlisken

mouwodebs qarTvelebs, radgan icis, rom Tavisuflebas Za-

lian bevri mteri hyavs saqarTveloSi da ara marto aq.

`Cveni eklesia im lamazs hgavda, romelic yvela Tavisi

samkaulebiT tyved iyo wayvanili.

dRes es lamazi Tavisufalia!

dRes es samkaulebi daxsnilia!

da saWiroa sifxizle, rom Tavisuflebis mtrebma isev ar

daatyvevon isini!~ (86).

Salva amirejibs Tavisufali saqarTvelo Tavisufali

adamianebis asparezad miaCnia. damoukidebel qveyanas mxo-