The Individual in Context

Pressures?

External:Associations

Internal:BooksSelf-Concept

Determinants of Moral Behavior

Characteristics(Moral Intensity) of the

IssueSocial Characteristi

cs

Relationships with “others”

Type of Relationships

Structure of Relationships

IndividualCharacteristic

s

SituationalCharacteristic

sLevel of Cognitive Moral

Development

Cognitive

Dissonance

Recognize

the moralIssue

Make aMoral

Judgment(establis

hIntent)

Engage in

MoralBehavior

Steps towards moral behavior

Ethics ExerciseAdopted with permission from http://www.Businessballs.com, copyright Alan Chapman, 2003

If you knew a woman who was pregnant, who had eight children already; three of whom were deaf, two who were blind, one mentally retarded, and she herself had syphilis, would you recommend that she have an abortion?

Using the P.L.U.S. Metric

P = Policies• Is it consistent with my organization's policies,

procedures and guidelines?

L= Legal• Is it acceptable under the applicable laws and

regulations?

U = Universal• Does it conform to the universal principles/values

my organization has adopted?

S= Self • Does it satisfy my personal definition of right, good

and fair?

It is time to elect the world leader, and yours is the deciding vote. Here are the facts on

the three candidates: He associates with crooked politicians and consults with

astrologers. He’s had two mistresses. He also chain smokes and drinks up to ten Martinis a day

He was ejected from office twice, sleeps until noon, used opium in college and drinks a large amounts of whiskey every evening.

He is a decorated war hero. He's a vegetarian, doesn't smoke, drinks an occasional beer and hasn't had any extra-marital affairs.

Which of these candidates would be your choice?

Franklin D. Roosevelt

Winston Churchill

Adolph Hitler

A student asked me if she could use my name for an employment reference. She has been in two of my classes and she’s been a student aid worker with us for a rather long time and I know her well – we’re friends. She's a good person and a dependable person. But, I am very uncomfortable about giving a job reference. I do not feel she has the skills or ability to tackle the job she is seeking. I would personally never hire her for that job. That's not to say she wouldn't be great in a lot of other things. But this position is not where her strengths lie. So what do I do?

Adapted From Mary V. Merrill, “Leadership and Ethics in Volunteer Management, April, 2002

What kind of friend and mentor would I be if I refused to give a reference? Besides, what harm is there. All I have to do is answer a few questions and keep my personal opinions to myself. But if she gets the job and fails, have I really been a friend? Do I give a reference based on the value of loyalty?

A student asked me if she could use my name for an employment reference. She has been in two of my classes and she’s been a student aid worker with us for a rather long time and I know her well – we’re friends. She's a good person and a dependable person. But, I am very uncomfortable about giving a job reference. I do not feel she has the skills or ability to tackle the job she is seeking. I would personally never hire her for that job. That's not to say she wouldn't be great in a lot of other things. But this position is not where her strengths lie. So what do I do?

Adapted From Mary V. Merrill, “Leadership and Ethics in Volunteer Management, April, 2002

What kind of friend and mentor would I be if I refused to give a reference? Besides, what harm is there. All I have to do is answer a few questions and keep my personal opinions to myself. But if she gets the job and fails, have I really been a friend? Do I give a reference based on the value of loyalty?

She is not a good match for this job, no matter how much she wants it. She has great strengths, but not in the areas required in this position. If I give her a recommendation and she doesn't make it on the job that reflects on me as well. If she doesn't get the job because of me she will be disappointed and discouraged. Do I not give a reference based on the value of honesty?

A student asked me if she could use my name for an employment reference. She has been in two of my classes and she’s been a student aid worker with us for a rather long time and I know her well. She's a good person and a dependable person. But, I am very uncomfortable about giving a job reference. I do not feel she has the skills or ability to tackle the job she is seeking. I would personally never hire her for that job. That's not to say she wouldn't be great in a lot of other things. But this position is not where her strengths lie. So what do I do?

Adapted From Mary V. Merrill, “Leadership and Ethics in Volunteer Management, April, 2002

Adapted From Mary V. Merrill, “Leadership and Ethics in Volunteer Management, April, 2002

What kind of friend and mentor would I be if I refused to give a reference? Besides, what harm is there. All I have to do is answer a few questions and keep my personal opinions to myself. But if she gets the job and fails, have I really been a friend? Do I give a reference based on the value of loyalty?

She is not a good match for this job, no matter how much she wants it. She has great strengths, but not in the areas required in this position. If I give her a recommendation and she doesn't make it on the job that reflects on me as well. If she doesn't get the job because of me she will be disappointed and discouraged. Do I not give a reference based on the value of honesty? There is no "correct" answer to this dilemma. If I place a high value on honesty, the ethical response is not to give the reference and to explain my reasons fully. If I value loyalty, I may write a letter of reference carefully choosing my words to highlight her actual skills.

A student asked me if she could use my name for an employment reference. She has been in two of my classes and she’s been a student aid worker with us for a rather long time and I know her well. She's a good person and a dependable person. But, I am very uncomfortable about giving a job reference. I do not feel she has the skills or ability to tackle the job she is seeking. I would personally never hire her for that job. That's not to say she wouldn't be great in a lot of other things. But this position is not where her strengths lie. So what do I do?

Evidence Of Ethical Leadership

Sure signs that my boss (organization’s leader) exhibits ethical leadership are:1. __________________________2. __________________________3. __________________________

What do you use to measure ethicity?

The Surest Sign …

That Intelligent life exists elsewhere in the universe is..

That it has never tried to contact us! (Cartoonist Bill Watterson – “Calvin & Hobbes”)

What is / are: Management Ethics Critical Thinking (Decision-Making)

Is there such a thing as the “right” view?

YOU’RE BETTER OUGH

A ploughman with a face like dough and hands rough as

sandpaper, thoughtfully listened to the song "Scarborough Fair."

Soon, though, he slipped into a slough of reverie, in which he

coughed, hiccoughed, and then fell gently asleep.

Susan Atkins worked on the assembly line at an automotive parts factory. Although she occasionally found the job tedious, she liked it nonetheless, especially the benefits and good wages guaranteed by her union contract. One day her boss of 12 years, Anthony Trotto, called her in and said he was planning to reclassify her job to one that was not covered by the contract. In the next few weeks, Susan met several times with Mr. Trotto and each time asked about job security. She was repeatedly assured that her job was secure and as long as she continued to work well, she wouldn't have a problem. Unfortunately, Susan's performance evaluations began moving toward the 'unacceptable" range and she was ultimately fired.

If you had been Susan, would you have sued? If so, on what grounds?

If you were the automotive company, what would your defense have been? Can an oral assurance be considered

a contract? If so, what assurances have you

made lately? How would they hold up in court?

How do you think the court would rule in such cases?

Actual Judgement in Similar Situation

Mullins v. Pfizer Inc. Supreme Court held for the plaintiff

(employee) Having announced an early retirement

package, and denying the benefits to retiring employees, the company treated employees unfairly.

The company was found to have misrepresented its intentions

The Surest Signa Of My Ethical Leadership

The surest signs of that my own leadership is ethical include:1. __________________________

and2. __________________________

and3. __________________________

Demonstrating Ethical Leadership

Make no advance announcements. Wait until your policy has been clearly defined.

If possible, have an attorney review the policy to ensure there is no ethical or legal breach.

Avoid using phrases such as 'seriously considering' that may hold false promise for employees.

Meet face-to-face with employees to lay out the final policy and to answer questions they have.

Form a rumor-quashing committee to dispel possible misunderstandings.

Issue policy reminders and policy restatements several different times in several different ways.

If your organization does not have specific policies in effect for various HR issues, assume a leadership position and begin to codify the consequences of changes so that fair and ethical treatment will ensue.

Cell X

Cell 1

Cell2Cell 3

Awareness

Analysis

Evaluation

Critical Thinking

Critical Thinking Awareness (Discernment)

Information Gathering Using all senses

Verbal and written reflection, observation, experience and Reasoning

Critical Thinking Evaluation

intellectual criteria (beyond subject-matter divisions)

clarity, credibility, accuracy, precision, relevance, depth, breadth, logic, Significance, and fairness.

Critical Thinking Based on skepticism

Seeks justification While based on intellectual

processes, goes beyond informal logic and includes the assessment (likelihood of);

maintained beliefs prejudice, bias, propaganda, self-deception, distortion, misinformation, etc.

Critical Thinking Evaluation (judgement)

Systematic Determination

Significance Merit Value Worth

Goal is to provide feedback (guidance)

Individual

Utility

Rights

Justice

Care

Personal Characteristics

Culture

Social Networks

Economic Environment

Foreseeable Consequences

Perceptions&

Behavioral Intentions

Situational Framing

Recognition Analysis &

Evaluation

Action

What do we expect of: Leaders (Management) Subordinates Colleagues Acquaintances Friends

Close friends Very close friends

Business persons Customers Suppliers

What does it mean? In what context? Why it is so important?

Standards of Conduct WIU’s Student Code of Conduct

http://www.wiu.edu/policies/stucode.php DoD’s Standards of Conduct

http://www.dod.mil/dodgc/defense_ethics/ AITP’s Standards of Conduct

http://www.aitp.org/organization/about/conduct/conduct.jsp

ASCE’s Standards of Conduct https://www.asce.org/pdf/ethics_manual.pdf

Engineers Ireland http://www.iei.ie/ethics/conduct.pasp

Engineers teaching ethics (interesting article)

http://www.onlineethics.org/CMS/edu/instructessays/davis.aspx

Washington’s code of civility http://www.foundationsmag.com/civility.html

Social Responsibility Maintains that businesses should not

function amorally, but should contribute to the welfare of their communities.

Recognizes multiple objectives: economic, social, and environmental

dimensions from each and all activities Related to:

sustainability, Citizenship

If not “amoral,” then has ethical dimensions