The Industrial EmpireThe Industrial Empirethe beginning of industrialism in Americathe beginning of industrialism in America

Machine CultureMachine Culture

After the Civil War proved machinery to be the next After the Civil War proved machinery to be the next generation’s greatest tool, industrialism swept the generation’s greatest tool, industrialism swept the nationnation

iron & steel - transportation, labor, & manufacturingiron & steel - transportation, labor, & manufacturing

Centennial Exposition (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania)Centennial Exposition (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania)

The Corliss engine - captured imaginationThe Corliss engine - captured imagination

textile factory of women operatorstextile factory of women operators

‘‘snake of Eden garden’snake of Eden garden’

The Business of The Business of InventionInvention

imported most of its technologyimported most of its technology

gave rise to new industries, changed the quality of gave rise to new industries, changed the quality of lifelife

patents issued (2,000 -> 200,000; 1880s -> 1890s)patents issued (2,000 -> 200,000; 1880s -> 1890s)

transatlantic cable (Cyrus W. Field) - foreign affairstransatlantic cable (Cyrus W. Field) - foreign affairs

typewriter, cash register, etc - selling, typewriter, cash register, etc - selling, communicationcommunication

sewing machines - mass production of clothessewing machines - mass production of clothes

punched cards - info storage & processingpunched cards - info storage & processing

Kodak camera (George Eastman) - accessabilityKodak camera (George Eastman) - accessability

Changes in Industrial Changes in Industrial AmericaAmerica

tHE iNDUSTRiAL eMPiRE.tHE iNDUSTRiAL eMPiRE.the birth of the titansthe birth of the titans

The burgeoning population The burgeoning population lead to expanded markets.....lead to expanded markets.....

The Second Industrial The Second Industrial RevolutionRevolution

A revolution in transportation and A revolution in transportation and communicationscommunications

its consequences?its consequences?

The Rails that stretch across the continent:The Rails that stretch across the continent:The transcontinental railroadThe transcontinental railroad

Remember the TitansRemember the Titans

The Moment of TRUSTThe Moment of TRUST

an entity formed with intent to an entity formed with intent to monopolize business, to restrain trade, monopolize business, to restrain trade,

or to fix prices.or to fix prices.

Have you heard of Antitrust laws?Have you heard of Antitrust laws?

Political StalematePolitical Stalemate

The Voting PhenomenaThe Voting Phenomena

It was supposed It was supposed to look like to look like

this...this...

The Party DeadlockThe Party Deadlock

•Democrats VS Republicans: Democrats VS Republicans: evenly matched.evenly matched.•The 6 Doubtfuls.The 6 Doubtfuls.

•Reestablishing Presidential Reestablishing Presidential PowerPower

InnovationInnovation

Packaged cereal, canned food, beer = Changes in Packaged cereal, canned food, beer = Changes in diet diet

Refrigerated railroad cars, “disassembly” beef Refrigerated railroad cars, “disassembly” beef factoriesfactories

*Telephone (Alexander Graham Bell) 1871 [1878, *Telephone (Alexander Graham Bell) 1871 [1878, WH]WH]

““Wizard of Menlo Park”, Thomas Alva EdisonWizard of Menlo Park”, Thomas Alva Edison

power station, phonograph, ... electricity! power station, phonograph, ... electricity!

streetcars (Frank J. Sprague)streetcars (Frank J. Sprague)

The SellersThe Sellers

New “science” of marketingNew “science” of marketing

Advertising - N.W. Ayer & SonAdvertising - N.W. Ayer & Son

Birth of Macy’s, Wanamaker and Marshall FieldBirth of Macy’s, Wanamaker and Marshall Field

““chain store” chain store”

mail-order catalogs - Sears, Montgomery Ward; mail-order catalogs - Sears, Montgomery Ward; ruralrural

accessibility of goodsaccessibility of goods

The Wage EarnersThe Wage Earners10 hours a day, 6 days a week10 hours a day, 6 days a week

skilled: 20 cents; unskilled 10 centsskilled: 20 cents; unskilled 10 cents

Safety standards were low; unsanitary workspacesSafety standards were low; unsanitary workspaces

Breadwinner may be a woman or child (1/6, 1/10, Breadwinner may be a woman or child (1/6, 1/10, 1/5)1/5)

Arabella Mansfield - 1st woman lawyerArabella Mansfield - 1st woman lawyer

Discrimination Discrimination

Chinese Exclusion Act: prohibited immigration Chinese Exclusion Act: prohibited immigration of Chinese workers for 10 yrs.of Chinese workers for 10 yrs.

Culture of WorkCulture of WorkCulture of WorkCulture of Work

Although difficult and demeaning, workers Although difficult and demeaning, workers (including immigrants and rural folk) adjusted to (including immigrants and rural folk) adjusted to the new factory systemthe new factory system

Most workers accepted the system because Most workers accepted the system because because it allowed economic and social mobilitybecause it allowed economic and social mobility

Quarter of manual laborers rose to middle-classQuarter of manual laborers rose to middle-class

Children were even more likely to advance their Children were even more likely to advance their social classsocial class

The chance for advancement gave workers hopeThe chance for advancement gave workers hope

Labor Unions!Labor Unions!

In the beginning, unions seemed “foreign” to In the beginning, unions seemed “foreign” to many workersmany workers

As the national economy grew, national labor As the national economy grew, national labor unions gradually took shape.unions gradually took shape.

Uriah Stephens and others found the Uriah Stephens and others found the Knights Knights of Laborof Labor

Knights accepted every producers to join Knights accepted every producers to join regardless of skill, gender, or raceregardless of skill, gender, or race

Knights sought broad utopian reform: abolition Knights sought broad utopian reform: abolition of child labor, 8-hour dayof child labor, 8-hour day

In 1886, Samuel Gompers founds American In 1886, Samuel Gompers founds American Federation of Labor (AFL)Federation of Labor (AFL)

AFL organized craft unions of skilled workersAFL organized craft unions of skilled workers

Sought practical and tangible improvements: Sought practical and tangible improvements: higher wages, shorter hours, better working higher wages, shorter hours, better working conditionsconditions

Included 1/3 of the country’s skilled workers, Included 1/3 of the country’s skilled workers, more than 2 million membersmore than 2 million members

Ignored women and black workersIgnored women and black workers

Labor UnrestLabor Unrest

Crossed PurposesCrossed Purposes

Employees -> Welfare Employees -> Welfare

Employers -> basis on supply and demandEmployers -> basis on supply and demand

Workers formed unions; provided companionship, Workers formed unions; provided companionship, news of job openings, insurance plansnews of job openings, insurance plans

Often courts came down on side of owners with Often courts came down on side of owners with injunctions against strikesinjunctions against strikes

Greatest number of violent confrontations Greatest number of violent confrontations occurredoccurred

Chicago Haymarket riot in 1886Chicago Haymarket riot in 1886

While workers were campaigning for an 8-hour While workers were campaigning for an 8-hour workday, 2 were shot and killed. Also an unknown workday, 2 were shot and killed. Also an unknown person threw a bomb at police. And police fired into person threw a bomb at police. And police fired into the crowd and killed 4 people. the crowd and killed 4 people.

prompts fears of anarchist uprisingprompts fears of anarchist uprising

Homestead Strike in 1892Homestead Strike in 1892

Steel workers struck due to the cut wageSteel workers struck due to the cut wage

Battle occurred between strikers and private security Battle occurred between strikers and private security agents agents

Violent ConfrontationViolent Confrontation

Migration and Migration and ImmigrationImmigration

Sarah JangSarah Jang

Immigration from Immigration from EuropeEurope

Unemployment, food Unemployment, food shortages, and shortages, and increasing threats of increasing threats of war in Europe led war in Europe led people to flee to USpeople to flee to US

Impact of ImmigrationImpact of Immigration

Religion, traditional culture, immigration Religion, traditional culture, immigration association, new languageassociation, new language

Majority of the immigrants, usually male Majority of the immigrants, usually male between the ages of 15 and 40, were job between the ages of 15 and 40, were job seekers.seekers.

Many immigrants settled in cities such as New Many immigrants settled in cities such as New York and Chicago. York and Chicago.

The New ImmigrantsThe New Immigrants

Beginning in the 1880s, the sources of Beginning in the 1880s, the sources of immigration shifted away from northern and immigration shifted away from northern and western Europe and more came from Southern western Europe and more came from Southern and Eastern Europe such as Italy, Greece, Austria and Eastern Europe such as Italy, Greece, Austria Hungary, Poland, and Russia. Hungary, Poland, and Russia.

Question of AssimilationQuestion of Assimilation

The New Immigrants from Southern and Eastern The New Immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe tended to be Catholics or Jews rather than Europe tended to be Catholics or Jews rather than Protestants. Protestants.

They troubled the mainstream society by bringing They troubled the mainstream society by bringing doubts on whether they can assimilate to American doubts on whether they can assimilate to American culture.culture.

Anti-Catholicism and anti-Semitism flared up againAnti-Catholicism and anti-Semitism flared up again

The Immigration Restriction League demanded a The Immigration Restriction League demanded a literacy test for immigrants from Southern and literacy test for immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe, which was passed by Congress and Eastern Europe, which was passed by Congress and vetoed by the president.vetoed by the president.

Immigrants and the CityImmigrants and the City

Many immigrants came from peasant societies and Many immigrants came from peasant societies and faced difficulties adapting to the city’s industrial faced difficulties adapting to the city’s industrial capitalism. capitalism.

Marriage within the immigrant groupsMarriage within the immigrant groups

Immigrant associations helped newcomers find Immigrant associations helped newcomers find jobs and homes. jobs and homes.

Ex) Irish Benevolent Society, Deutsh-Ex) Irish Benevolent Society, Deutsh-Amerikanischer Nationalbund, Polish Women’s Amerikanischer Nationalbund, Polish Women’s Alliance, Society of Czech Women, National Council Alliance, Society of Czech Women, National Council of Jewish Women, Polich National Alliance…etc.of Jewish Women, Polich National Alliance…etc.

The Stirrings of ReformThe Stirrings of Reform

Sarah JangSarah Jang

Social DarwinismSocial Darwinism

Herbert Spencer and Charles DarwinHerbert Spencer and Charles Darwin

Applied natural selection to society - “social Applied natural selection to society - “social selection” selection”

““survival of the fittest”survival of the fittest”

George, Darrow, & George, Darrow, & Social GospelSocial Gospel

Henry George- Single TaxHenry George- Single Tax

Clarence Darrow- rejected social Darwinism and Clarence Darrow- rejected social Darwinism and believed that criminals were not born, but made believed that criminals were not born, but made by “the unjust condition of human life” by “the unjust condition of human life”

Social Gospel- religious philosophy that focused Social Gospel- religious philosophy that focused on society as well as individuals on improving on society as well as individuals on improving living conditions and saving souls.living conditions and saving souls.

Social Salvation- Religion & Improving SocietySocial Salvation- Religion & Improving Society