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The Industrial Revolution 1700-1900

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The Beginnings of Industrialization

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In 1700, small farms covered England and textiles were woven by hand The Industrial Revolution began in England during this time, increasing the output of machine- made goods

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Wealthy landowners in England began buying huge portions of land They called these large fields enclosures, and experimented with new farming techniques This caused small farmers to become tenant farmers or move to cities

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The process of crop rotation (planting different crops each year to increase soil nutrients) proved to be one of the best developments of the time Livestock breeders also used new techniques, causing food supply to increase and population to grow

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England had many natural resources needed for industrialization Expanding economy, political stability, and developed banking system also supported industrialization Britain had all factors of production needed (land, labor, and capital)

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Textiles involve cotton, wool, and cloth Because of new large inventions, textile manufacturing needed to be done in a large space Textile factories were built near rivers and streams for waterpower

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In 1765, James Watt invented a faster and more efficient steam engine Water transportation improved with the use of steamboats Road building and maintenance were also greatly improved, making travel easier

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In 1804, Richard Trevithick invented a steam-driven locomotive In 1821, George Stephenson worked on the first railroad line, which was 27 miles long and opened in 1825. It ran from Yorkshire to Stockton.

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In 1830, a railway line from Liverpool to Manchester opened, revolutionizing life in Britain Manufacturers now had cheap transportation, hundreds of thousands of new jobs were created, and travel and relocation was possible for people of all classes

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Industrialization

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The pace of industrialization accelerated quickly By the 1800s, people were earning more in factories than on farms Cities grew with many job seekers

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After 1800, the British population began shifting towards cities This period is known as urbanization- city building and the movement of people to cities London became the countrys most important and largest city

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Because Englands cities grew so rapidly, they had no services or infrastructure in order Most families crowded into tiny spaces, and disease was widespread Well-to-do merchants and factory workers built homes in the suburbs

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The average worker spent 14 hours a day at work, 6 days a week Many workers were injured by machines and poor lighting Many women and children were also employed, because their wages were cheaper.

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The middle class was a social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, business people, and wealthy farmers Even with new wealth, many members of the aristocracy looked down on the middle class

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From 1800-1850, laborers, or the working class, saw little improvement in their conditions Many workers were put out of work because of machines Mobs of workers rioted outside of factories because of poor living and working conditions

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Created jobs for workers Contributed to the wealth of the nation Fostered technological progress and invention Increased production of goods Raised standard of living Healthier diets, better housing, cheaper clothing, and educational opportunities

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Industrialization Spreads

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Industrialization in the U.S. began in textiles First factory in the U.S. was in Pawtucket, Rhode Island and manufactured thread Thousands of young single women moved to factory towns for work, often working 12 hours a day, 6 days a week

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The U.S. remained primarily agricultural until the 1860s, when the country experienced a technological boom Railroads played a major role in Americas industrialization, and cities expanded rapidly

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Large businesses like railroads required large sums of money Entrepreneurs sold shares of stock, or certain rights of ownership, forming corporations, or businesses owned by stockholders In the late 1800s many large corporations sprang up

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Belgium began to adopt Britains technology It also had many natural resources and waterways for transportation Many British workers moved to Belgium to work and several of them founded their own factories

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Because of economic isolation and scattered resources, there was no countrywide industrialization Pockets of industrialization appeared Germany imported British machines and workers and built railroads to link its major cities

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Industrialization spread across Europe in pockets France began industrialization in the 1830s, but it got a slow start mainly because the country had an agricultural economy Some European countries did not industrialize at all due to various reasons

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Rise of Global Inequality: Widened the wealth gap between countries Caused race for colonization to obtain raw materials Transformation of Society: Revolutionized everyday life, and population, health, and wealth increased Created a new middle class

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Reforming the Industrial World

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Laissez-faire is a term that refers to allowing owners of industry to set working conditions without interference Stemmed from French economic thinkers of the Enlightenment Adam Smith wrote The Wealth of Nations in 1776, arguing for economic liberty

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Capitalism is an economic system in which the factors of production are privately owned and money is invested to make a profit Laissez-faire thinkers opposed government efforts to help the poor They thought the market should set wages and working conditions

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Utilitarianism was introduced by Jeremy Bentham in the late 1700s People should judge ideas, institutions, and actions on the basis of their utility, or usefulness The government should try to promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people

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In socialism, the factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all Socialists argued the government should plan the economy, and that public ownership of goods would help workers

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Karl Marx introduced a radical type of socialism called Marxism Wrote The Communist Manifesto, in which Marx argued that human societies have always been divided into warring classes Predicted the workers (proletariats) would overthrow the owners (bourgeoisie)

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Marx believed the capitalist system would eventually destroy itself through revolts Marx called his final stage in which society was controlled by the proletariat communism- a complete form of socialism in which everything is owned by the people

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A union speaks for all the workers in a particular trade and engages in relations between workers and their employers If factory owners refused demands, workers could strike, or refuse to work Skilled workers led the way in forming unions

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In 1833, Britain passed the Factory Act, making it illegal to hire children under 9 In 1842, the Mines Act prevented women and children from working underground In 1847, the Ten Hours Act limited the workday to 10 hours for women and children

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British Parliament ended the slave trade in the West Indies in 1807, and in all of Britain in 1833 Slavery was ended in the United States in 1865 when the Union won the Civil War The last country to abolish slavery was Brazil in 1888

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During the Industrial Revolution, women only typically made one-third of what men did in the factories In order to address this and other issues, women formed unions, ran settlement houses, and formed groups to campaign for womens rights

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Reformers in the United States and Western Europe worked to correct problems created by industrialization Public schooling started to become available by the 1850s, and many prisons were reformed to emphasize rehabilitation