The Industrial The Industrial RevolutionRevolution1750-19151750-1915

Turning Point in History- Shift from villages, cottages, farming,

natural time scheduling, self-sufficient living to cities, apartments, manufacturing, 24

hour a day scheduling, specialization.- Everything changes!!! – This is the 2nd and last biggest change in the history of man!

New Agricultural RevolutionNew Agricultural Revolution- Combined smaller fields

into larger and tried different soils for higher crop yield.

- Enclosures – taking over and fencing off land formerly owned by peasants.

- Crop production grew – less workers needed for bigger farms and small farms were forced out of business – workers now available!

- The population exploded as well in the 1700’s – bigger farms helped fight famine.

Enclosures Today in Enclosures Today in EnglandEngland

A. Coal for energy – helped develop the steam engine (created by Thomas Newcomen and improved by James Watt)

B. Iron was used differently as well – separated iron from ore (smelting invented by Abraham Darby). Created a better quality and less expensive iron.

New Technlogy and Use of New Technlogy and Use of Natural ResourcesNatural Resources

Britain Leads the WayBritain Leads the Way Why Britain? Why Britain?

A. Resources – coal and iron supplies.

B. Economics – growing trading economy – lots of capital (wealth available for investment) in industry and new ventures.

C. Political and Social Conditions – strong navy and stable government as well as religious ideals that encourages hard work.

Changes in the Textile Industry

- Changed from the “putting out” system (give raw cotton to peasants to spin, weave into cloth, and sell back to a factory system.

- Inventions – Flying Shuttle, Spinning Jenny, and Water frame all made textile production faster.

- Factory System – brought workers and machines together to produce large quantities of goods.

>1 million workers224, 000 looms1850

200, 000 workers 85, 000 looms1833

150, 000 workers 2400 looms1813

Revolution in Transportation Revolution in Transportation Turnpikes – privately built roads that charged a fee

for use.Steam Locomotives – Railroads now could be laid

all over to transport goods.Steamboats (created by Robert Fulton) for

transporting goods up-stream in rivers.

HardshipsHardships in New Industrial in New Industrial CitiesCities

I. Urbanization: rapid growth of cities causes overpopulation and infrastructure issues.

- Poor/lower class forced to live in slums – tenement housing (multistory apt buildings with tiny rooms) – no running water, sewage, or sanitation.

- 12-16 hr shifts with no breaks in dangerous conditions (fingers and limbs were often lost) and bad air quality

- Women – cheaper and easier to manage (exploited).

- Children – cheaper and could get into small places

Working Class Working Class - Luddites were

skilled workers who were put out of work and destroyed machines and factories.

- Workers were forbidden to organize and strike.

- Methodist Church started by John Wesley – stressed personal sense of faith and rekindled hope in the slums with messages of hope through a moral life.

Middle ClassMiddle Class- Rags to riches

stories, artisans, and merchants.

- Lived in well-furnished homes, gained influence in Parliament.

- Believed in hard work, and took little pity on the poor – should work their way up.

Benefits and Problems Benefits and Problems - Reformers pushed for labor laws.- Worker organized into labor unions (bargained for better

wages, hours, and conditions).- Benefits – wages rose, transportation costs fell, workers had

some money to spend leisurely – opportunities grew!

Reforms and New ThinkingReforms and New ThinkingI. Laissez-Faire Economics- Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations –

free markets would lower costs and encourage reinvestment for further growth.

- Thomas Malthus – poor had too many children and unless that trend stopped, the population would outpace food supply.

- If wages were high, poor had children – higher number of poor and unemployed – called economics a “dismal science”

II. Unitarians- Goal of society should be the “greatest

happiness for the greatest number.”- Accepted mostly by the poor at first

but grew popular in the late 1800’s.

New Thinking ContinuedNew Thinking ContinuedIII. Socialism- Rejected capitalism and the injustices created

by social class.- The people (government) should own and

operate the means of production – farms, factories, railways, etc to produce and distribute goods.

- Once all property was shared and class disappeared, peace would be dominant.

IV. The “Scientific Socialism” of Karl Marx- Wrote the Communist Manifesto –

Communism (a form of socialism) saw an unavoidable conflict between the “haves” and “have-nots” (rich and proletariat – working class).

- Proletariat would take over the means of production and set up a classless society.

- Used for the Russian Revolution, but as time passes, this system shows its flaws.

Industrial Revolution Industrial Revolution SpreadsSpreads

- Germany, France, and United States follow Britain’s lead

- Other places in SE Europe lacked resources and capital.

- Impact – cities grew through the demand for workers and western powers grew to dominate the world.

Technology and IndustryTechnology and Industry1. Steel – Henry Bessemer Process

removed oxygen from Iron to create steel – lighter and stronger (used for Railroads, tools, buildings).

2. Chemicals – dynamite (safer for demolition), and fertilizers (farming).

3. Electricity – Michael Faraday created a dynamo (machine that generates electricity) and Thomas Edison created the incandescent light bulb.

4. Interchangeable Parts – identical pieces of a machine (make it easier to repair than replace the whole machine).

5. Assembly line – workers add parts to a product as it moves down a conveyer belt.

- All made production cheaper and faster.

Transportation and Transportation and CommunicationCommunication1. Steam

Engines/Railroads connected countries (Transcontinental RR in US and Trans-Siberian RR in Russia)

2. Karl Benz created the first automobile – Henry Ford created the Model T with the Assembly Line and made cars popular.

3. Orville and Wilbur Wright - First in flight in Kitty Hawk, NC in 1903.

4. Samuel Morse invented the telegraph and Marconi invented the Radio – could talk to people all over the world in minutes!

New Directions for BusinessNew Directions for Business- Stock (shares in their

companies) were sold to investors to gain ownership.

- Big Business grew – Corporations (businesses that owned by many investors)

- Monopolies – one company controls an entire industry (John Rockefeller with Standard Oil Co. – known as Robber barons).

The World of CitiesThe World of CitiesI. Medicine Improvements/ Life of the Cities- Louis Pasteur proved the Germ Theory through

the use of vaccines and pasteurization – hygiene became very important to health.

- Cities went through Urban Renewal (rebuilding poor areas).

- Improvements such as sidewalks, skyscrapers, sewage systems, etc.

- Culture flourished and drew people (music, theaters, entertainment).

II. Working Class Struggles- Formed mutual-aid societies – self-help groups.- Labor unions gained power and increased the

rights of the worker (8hr workday, better conditions, etc).

- Minorities were treated badly, but the standard of living rose (quality of living).

Changing Attitudes and ValuesChanging Attitudes and ValuesI. New Social Order and

Values- Super-rich to lower middle

classes grow!- The cult of domesticity

(women should be in the home) were encouraged.

II. Rights of Women and Growth in Education

- Supported the Temperance Movement – ban alcohol consumption/production.

- Women’s Suffrage Movement – right to vote (19th amendment)

- Increase in education at primary and secondary level (college attendance increases for women).

Changing Attitudes and Values, Changing Attitudes and Values, Cont.Cont.

III. New Science/Darwinism- Development of the Atomic Theory

and the Periodic Table.- Fossils and geological discoveries

showed proof that the earth was millions of years old and was occupied by prehistoric humans.

- This led to the idea of evolution (humans had evolved) and natural selection – Charles Darwin wrote On the Origins of Species.

- This theory undermined the ideals of Christianity and creationism.

- Darwinism was applied to Society – Social Darwinism (“business” survival of the fittest).

IV. Religion in the Urban Age- Churches found a new way to serve

their religion through service to their community and the poor – called the Social Gospel Movement (set up community center, housing, health care services, and spread Christianity through their service).

New CultureNew Culture- Romanticism – rebelled against

the Enlightenment ideals and embraced nature and the use of strong emotion.

- Writing – The Three Musketeers (Dumas) and Jane Eyre and Wuthering Heights (Bronte Sisters).

Music – Beethoven and Chopin.- Realism – an attempt to represent

the world as it really was. - Writing – Charles Dickens’s

Oliver Twist and Great Expectations

- Impressionism – an art form that started in Paris – its goal was to capture the first impression of a scene (Monet, Degas, etc.)

Romanticism - Abbey in an Oak ForestCaspar David Friedrich

Romanticism - An Avalanche in the AlpsPhilip James de Loutherbourg, 1803

Impressionism: Monet, The Lily Water Impressionism: Monet, The Lily Water PondPond

Impressionism: Mary Cassatt, Impressionism: Mary Cassatt, Boating PartyBoating Party