the industrial revolution begins 1750-1850 period of greatly increased output of machine-made goods...
TRANSCRIPT
The Industrial Revolution Begins
1750-1850Period of greatly increased output
of machine-made goods that began in England during the 18th
century.
Key Questions1)How did the Industrial Revolution transform
traditional ways of life?2)What roles did capital and technology play in
the Industrial Revolution?3)How did individual contributions shape the
industrial age?4)Why did new social and political philosophies
develop during the industrial age?
Dawn of the Industrial Age
I. The Industrial Revolution had an impact on every aspect of life in Western Europe and the United States.
• Period of greatly increased output of machine-made goods that began in England during the 18th century.
A. New Inventions and Scientific “Firsts”
1. Anesthetic used during surgery to prevent pain
2. Sewing machine3. Speed of light measured4. Antiseptic methods used to reduce
infections/deaths in childbirth
B. A New Agricultural Revolution
• Last agricultural revolution was 11,000 years ago
1. Improved Methods of Farming
Dutch built dikes to reclaim land from the sea, combined smaller fields together, and used fertilizer from livestock
British mixed different types of soils, used crop rotation (nitrate fixers like turnips, clover), and exchanged ideas in farm journals
Jethro Tull invented seed drill – deposited seeds in rows
2. Enclosure Movement = process of taking over and fencing off land
formerly shared by peasant farmers
Farm output and profits rose Villages shrank as small farmers
left in search of work
3. The Population Explosion
Britain: 5 million (1700); 9 million (1800) Europe: 120 million (1700); 190 million
(1800) more food (reduced risk of famine) = more
people eating better = healthier women = stronger babies
better hygiene, sanitation, and medical care = declining death rates
4. New Technology Iron – used to build machines and railroads; had to
be smelted (separated from its ore) at high temps; coal was obvious choice but its impurities damaged the iron; method to remove them led to high-quality and less-expensive iron.
Thomas Newcomen invented steam engine powered by coal to pump water from mines (1712)
James Watt improved on the steam engine for use in factories, train engines and steamboats (1769)
II. Britain Leads the Way
• The Industrial Revolution originated in Great Britain
• The changes that began in Britain paved the way for modern industrial societies.
A.Why Britain? 1. Resources – large supplies of coal, iron, labor2. New Technology – demands for new, practical inventions
were provided by skilled mechanics3. Economic Conditions – trade had allowed Britain to prosper;
business gained capital (money) and invested in shipping, mines, railroads, and factories (high risk = high rewards); goods become affordable to all classes
4. Political and Social Conditions – stable government, strong navy, religious beliefs in hard work; inventors and bankers (risk-takers) focused on material achievements
A.Changes in the Textile Industry
• Old Way - raw cotton spun and woven by peasants; cloth dyed by artisans in towns
1.Major Inventions
John Kay invented flying shuttle – sped up weaving process
James Hargreaves invented spinning jenny – spun many threads at same time (1764)
Richard Arkwright invented waterframe – used water power to increase spinning time
Invention of cotton gin allowed American planters to use profits to
buy more land and slaves• Slavery becomes an institution in
American economy.
1.The First Factories (place in which workers and machines are brought together to produce
large quantities of goods) New machines were too large to be
operated at home, so manufactures built long sheds to house the machines; operated by spinners and weavers
Located near streams (power source)
A.Revolution in Transportation • Increased production led to
demand for faster and cheaper methods to transport goods from place to place
• James Watt’s steam engine would be modified and become a key power source for Industrial Revolution
1. On Land – railroads eventually crisscross Britain, Europe , and North
America by 1870
George Stephenson invented steam-powered locomotive
First major rail line opened in 1830 from Liverpool to Manchester
2. On Sea – steamboats
Robert Fulton invented river steamboat, Clermont, (1807)
Fueled a canal-building boom – provided direct routes from factories to markets
Steam-powered freighters with iron hulls could cross oceans
Robert Fulton’s Clermont
Industrial Revolution sets off a chain reaction: STILL OBSERVABLE TODAY
1.Increased demand for practical inventions2.Inventors developed machines that could
produce large quantities of goods3.Supply of goods increased4.Prices of goods decreased5.More consumers able to purchase goods6.Consumers demanded more goods
Important Facts
• The Industrial Revolution was the increased output of machine-made goods that began in England during the 18th century.
Important Facts• Results of the agriculture
revolution:–Many small farmers became tenant
farmers or moved to cities–Enclosures became landmarks of
wealthy landowners–Landowners experimented with new
agricultural methods.
Important Facts
• Land, labor, and capital were the 3 factors of production required to drive the industrial revolution.
3 Factors of Production
•Land•Labor •Capital (wealth)
Section 2
• The factory system changed the way that people lived and worked, introducing a variety of problems• The difficult process of
industrialization is being repeated in many less-developed countries today.
Industrialization causes Urbanization
• Job seekers came to cities and towns looking for jobs• Country farmers came to
cities
Why did industrialization create class tensions?
• Some became very wealthy• Aristocrats and landowners
looked down upon the those who made their living from the “vulgar” business world•Middle class, lower middle
class, poor
Which Social Classes benefited the most and which benefited the least?
• Growing middle class of factory owners, shippers, merchants benefited the most
• Factory workers suffered the most because they were overworked and underpaid
Advantages of Industrialization
• Made a new middle class prosperous• Created jobs and wealth• Better housing• Better diets
Disadvantages of Industrialization
• Workers hard harsh working conditions• Workers had hard living conditions• Workers were greatly exploited
A young "drawer" pulling a coal tub along a mine gallery
Sweatshop-1890
A sweatshop in Chicago, Illinois in 1903
Harry McShane, age 16, 1908
Pulled into machinery in a factory in Cincinnati. His arm was ripped off at the shoulder and his leg broken. No compensation paid.
PPT – Industrial Revolution children (1-11)
PDF – child labor (use 1-29)
Important Facts
• The Industrial Revolution started in England and soon spread elsewhere.• The changes that began in
Britain paved the way for modern industrial societies.
Important Facts
• The factory system changed the way that people lived and worked, introducing a variety of problems• The difficult process of
industrialization is being repeated in many less-developed countries today.
Important Facts
• The main cause of urbanization in 19th-century Britain was industrialization.• Landowners and aristocrats
looked down upon the wealthy members of the middle class.