the industrial revolution. introduction would start in britain, but would become world wide. when it...
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THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Introduction
• Would start in Britain, but would become world wide. When it got to America it would have been confined to the north eastern area for a while, but would eventually spread across the nation. Specific dates were to when the Industrial revolution began are up for discrepancy. (1780’s to the 1840)
• -Massive change from manual labor to manufacturing.
• -Hand made to mass production. More people could afford more items.
• -New lifestyle for Americans, no longer craftsmen, but employees.
Major Inventions during the Industrial Revolution
During the Industrial Revolution some inventions were created that revolutionized and helped in forming modern America.
Cotton Gin
• Invented in April 1793 by Eli Whitney.
• Eli Whitney was born in Westboro, Massachusetts on 12/8/1765 and died 01/08/1825.
• His machine could generate up to fifty pounds of cleaned cotton daily, making cotton production profitable for the southern states.
Light Bulb
• Invented in 1880 by Thomas Edison
• Thomas Edison was born on February 11, 1847 in Milan, Ohio.
• It took him many years to perfect it so it could last a long time.
• He died on October 18, 1931
Telegraph
• Invented in 1849 By Samuel F.B. Morse.
• Samuel was born on April 27, 1791 in Charlestown, Massachusetts.
• They built lines from Washington reaching to Boston.
• He died on April 2, 1872.
Sugar Evaporation System
• Invented in 1843 by Norbert Rillieux
• Norbert was born on March 17, 1806 in New Orleans, Louisiana.
• Converted Cane Juice into Sugar due to evaporation.
• This invention was an important development in the growth of the sugar industry.
Steam Engine
• Invented in 1698 by Thomas Savery.
• Later improved in 1712 by Thomas Newcomen.
• Later improved in 1769 by James Watt.
• Steam engines were used in boats, trains, as agricultural tools such as water pumps when mining or for watering large amount of crops.
Sewing Machine
• Invented in 1843 by Isaac M. Singer
• Isaac was born in1811 in Pittstown, New York to German Jewish Immigrants.
• He earned millions with this invention.
• He died in 1875
Conclusion
These inventions have influenced our community by giving us a form of faster production and transportation; making America a Global exporter. In the present: we drive cars, ride in airplanes, use turbines to produce electricity, and even transport materials in a ship. If it were not for the steam engine and steam boat being created maybe we would not have these necessities and forms of transportation in the present day.
Transportation
Transportation during the Industrial Revolution and how it progressed.
Robert Fulton
• In 1807 regular steamboat service on the Hudson River.
• The steamboat was called the Cleremont.
• James Watt’s.
• John Fitch and William Symington.
• Steamboat “New Orleans.”
Robert Fulton Steamboat “New Orleans”
Erie Canal
• Governor Dewitt Clinton of New York.
• 1817 Construction of Erie Canal.
• 1825 Canal was opened.
• Erie Canal – From the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes.
Erie Canal Map
Railroads• Replaced highways and canals.• Civil War• 1869- Transcontinental Railroad • Connection of two railway lines the Union Pacific
and Central Pacific.• Collins P. Huntington, Charles Cocker, Leland
Stanford and Mark Hopkins.• 16,000 and 48,000 per mile of track in land
grants and subsides.• Chinese Americans.
Urban Development during the Industrial Revolution
Situation of cities and countryside prior and during the Industrial Revolution.
• More workers are needed in the cities to operate the new machines.
• The small farmer communities were overpopulated.
• People in the countryside were competing for few jobs.
• Insuficient trade routes made long distance commerce difficult and unsafe
• Laws are passed that prevent small farmers from operating.
• Events such as the gold rush had created large cities that were the first to adopt the new technology.
• Agriculture is not as profitable as before.
Situation of cities and countryside prior and during the Industrial Revolution
• The abolition of slavery forced plantation owners to pay for labor.
• Rich plantation owners saw more profit in the developing industry than in agriculture.
• Europeans countries had enriched by adopting new system
• The U.S. economy chose to adopt new system to aid its ailing economy.
• People started to view cities as a place to start over and improve their situation.
• New ideas about city designing. Utopia.
Effects of the industrial revolution on the urban development
• Great numbers of people started to move from the U.S. countryside toward the cities.
• The cities not adequated for such great numbers of people were unable to provide basic human needs such as running water, proper sewage and effective trash disposal system.
• New ideas on city design started to appear• Architects starting applying some of this new ideas in the
currently exicting cities.• Some bold architects toyed with the idea of creating
cities from scratch using this new ideas
House of a factory woker during the Industrial Revolution.Poor living conditions. Oftentimes many member as shown in picturelive in a single communal room. This setting made diseases such as cholera common.
Construction of new cities
• City planners decided to create new cities.• They thought that the most efficient way to do this would be to
build a factory in the countryside and develop from there a city of workers.
• The financing of this ventures was the responsibility of the owner of the factory.
• The more pragamatic owners only focused on making profits. Provided insufficient funding and soon the same problems as in the preestablished cities started to arise.
• Urban development happened in a massive manner, but few if any of it resulted in good living conditions for the people and often only the wealthy sections of the city benefited from the improved city development systems
Problems with new developments
• Lack of funds.• Overpopulation• No or insufficient sewage
system• Trash piled up in the
streets.• Massive epidemics
though to bad hygiene in the city.
• Roads and streets in poor condition.
• Only the rich could afford to live in the nice parts of the city.
• The new developments were not “Utopian Cities” as the city planners had named them
• Often times the poor sections of the city lacked such basic human neccesities as running water
Conclusion
• During the Industrial Revolution there was ample urban development, but it was done in a careless manner. This development came mostly because the cities had to grow to allocate the immigrating populations of the countryside that came to the city looking for a better way of life. The “Utopian Cities” that are discussed are never to exist. It is years before a more calculated and plan development starts.
Child Labor in the Industrial Revolution
During the Industrial Revolution, families needed each member to contribute financially. This even included children due to the high demand for labor. However, children were mistreated, overworked, and accrued minimal wages for their work.
Facts:
• Children as young as six years old worked for little or no pay
• Children were subject to working long hours in factories with terrible working conditions
• American children worked in large numbers in mines, glass factories, textiles, agriculture, canneries, home industries, and as newsboys, messengers, bootblacks, and peddlers.
• Children who lived in rural areas not only worked on their family farm, but were also hired by other farmers
• In 1890, 1.5 million children under the age of 15 were working in industrial jobs and in 1910, it reached to 2 million children
• Children developed serious health problems such as being underweight, curvature of the spine, and tuberculosis
• In 1836, the first state child labor law was created by Massachusetts, which required children under the age of 15 that worked in factories to attend school at least 3 months out of the year
• 1938 Federal regulation of child labor was achieved in Fair Labor Standards Act
• For the first time, minimum ages of employment and hours of work for children are regulated by federal law
• In 1904, the National Child Labor Committee was formed by socially concerned citizens and politicians
• The National Child Labor Committee was chartered by Congress by 1907
Historical Significance:
• The child labor of the Industrial Revolution is historically significant to us because if people of America did not recognize and reform against child labor, we would not be able to go to school. We would probably have to work to contribute financially and economically for our family. In addition, children would have to work in conditions that would be unsuitable and be paid little for their hard work.
Monopolies
With only one provider of a good or service consumers would have to pay top dollar for the item they needed and most of the time it was a poor quality item.
The Definition
• a persistent market situation where there is only one provider of a product or service.
• Monopolies are characterized by a lack of economic competition for the good or service that they provide and a lack of viable substitute goods.
De Beers
• Founded in South Africa in 1888 and today comprises rough diamond exploration, mining and trading companies. De Beers “family of companies” are responsible for around 40% of world diamond production by value.
• De Beers is active in every category of diamond mining: open-pit, underground, large-scale alluvial, coastal and deep sea.
Carnegie Steel Company
• Andrew Carnegie constructed a profitable steel mill at Braddock, Pennsylvania in the mid-1870s.
• The profits made by the Edgar Thomson Steel Works were great enough to let Mr. Carnegie and his associates to purchase other nearby steel mills.
• In 1892, he formed the Carnegie Steel Company to manage their business
Standard oil
• In the early years, John Rockefeller dominated the combine, for he was the single most important figure in shaping the new oil industry.
• In response to state laws attempting to limit the scale of companies, Rockefeller and his partners developed innovative ways of organizing so that they could effectively manage their rapidly expanding enterprise.
• In 1882, they combined their companies, spread across dozens of states, under a single group of trustees.
• State and federal laws sought to counter this development with "antitrust" laws.
Modern Monopoly: AT&T
• The largest provider of both local and long distance telephone services, wireless service under the brand Cingular Wireless, and DSL Internet access in the United States.
• Although the corporation is considered SBC renamed, most of its major subsidiaries were part of AT&T.
• AT&T lacks the control it once had, which had been the reason for the anti-trust suits that led to the 1984 breakup.
Labor Unions
• The rise of Labor Unions was a reaction to the employers exploiting workers, which allowed employees to demand fair treatment.
• Growth of factories resulted in more separation between workers and owners.
• -Result of workers began to fight for benefits. • -Example of this was the 10 hour work day. • 1835 Boston construction craftsmen struck for
seven months for a 10 hour work day and New Jersey textile workers went on strike for shorter hours.
• - 1840 Federal government introduction of this policy of a 10 hour work day helped encourage others accept this goal
• More immigrants that were willing to work for less were coming to America.
• -Employers were willing to exploit them
Immigration
• People came to the United States for:– Fertile land– Job and Economic opportunities– Religious and Political freedom– Freedom from rising taxes
• Immigrants came from Europe as well as Asia.
Irish Immigrants
• Potato Famine – Ireland 1845–1849
• American Republican Party 1843 – Know Nothing Movement
• Restrictions against Catholics
Today
• More diversity within the United States.
• Inventions and ideas that came from immigrants.
• Carnegie – libraries and schools
Environmental Issues of the Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution influenced many factors to the increase of our economy but also devastated the growth of our environment creating a world-wide crisis to the future of our society
Pollution
• For traditional families it became harder because it eventually led outside of the usual home.
• Pollution, deforestation, and the destruction of animal and plant habitats continued to increase
The Use of Mechanics
The burning of fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gases has added to the excessive amount of carbon dioxide and other gases in the atmosphere.
Climate
• Many gases, especially Carbon Dioxide, have slowly been increasing since the 18th century thus contributing to what scientists like to call the “greenhouse effect”; which is slowly raising the average temperature of the Earth.
Deforestation
One Result of the Industrial Revolution
• Thanks to the chemical fall-outs caused by the industrial activities, the Maine Department of Environmental Protection says that it is no longer safe for pregnant women and children to eat any freshwater fish from any of Maine’s many lakes.
Conclusion
The industrial revolution had a profound effect on American society. When it began it caused great concern because it shifted over from craftsman to employers. This is where we have to rise of monopolies and labor unions we also see the introduction of immigrants, women and at the time children in the work force. We also see the profound effects in the technology and transportation.
Works Cited• http://www.answers.com/topic/child-labor• http://www.historyplace.com/unitedstates/childlabor/• http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blsteamship.htm• http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blsteamengine.htm• http://memory.loc.gov/learn/features/timeline/riseind/immgnts/immgrnts.html• Nelson, Daniel. Shifting Fortunes. Chicago. The American Ways Series.
1997. • http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TEXjenny.htm• http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TEXloom.htm• http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TEXflying.htm• Ware, Norman J. The Industrial Worker 1840-1860. Boston. Quadranle
Books. 1924 • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Potato_Famine#Emigration• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Carnegie• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Know-Nothings• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison