The The Industrial Industrial RevolutionRevolution

Mr. VincentMr. Vincent

The Industrial Revolution is when people stopped making stuff at

home and started making stuff in factories!

The Industrial Revolution was a period from the 18th to the 19th century where major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transportation, and technology had a profound effect on the socioeconomic and cultural conditions of the times

Industrialization: a shift from an agricultural (farming) economy to one based on industry (manufacturing)

Key TermsKey Terms Industrialization – a shift from an agricultural

economy (farming) to one based on industry (manufacturing)

Manufacturing – the use of machines, tools, and labor to make things for use or sale

Rural – farming or country life; villages (sparsely populated)

Urban – city life (densely populated) Urbanization – the movement of people to cities Tenement – a substandard, multi-family dwelling;

usually old and occupied by the poor Free market – a market in which there is no

economic intervention and regulation by the state (govt)

Capitalism – private ownership of means of production

Socialism – society (not the individual) owns and operates the means of production

Pre-Industrial RevolutionPre-Industrial Revolution

Village lifeVillage life dominated – dominated – families were families were nearly self-nearly self-sufficientsufficient

Most villagers were Most villagers were farmersfarmers

Making Cloth Before Making Cloth Before MachinesMachines

Cottage Industry

Slow process Business involving

people who worked at home

Causes of the Industrial Causes of the Industrial RevolutionRevolution

Agricultural Revolution – improved the quality and quantity of food – Farmers mixed different kinds of soil or tried new crop

rotation to get higher yields– This led to a surplus of food = fewer people died from

hunger = rapid growth in population

Rich landowners pushed ahead with enclosure: the process of taking over and consolidating land once shared by peasant farmers (farm output and profits rose)

New technologies and new sources of energy and materials (e.g., James Watt’s steam engine became a key source of power)

Industrial Revolution Spreads to Europe and the United

States

• Urbanization: the movement of people to cities

• Changes in farming, soaring population, and an increase in demand for workers led people to move from farms to the cities to work in factories

• Small towns near natural resources and cities near factories boomed instantly

Urbanization

Migration to CitiesMigration to Cities

First Major Industry to First Major Industry to FormForm

TEXTILE!The demand for cloth grew, so merchants had to compete with others for the supplies to

make it. This raised a problem for the consumer because the products were at a higher cost. The solution was to use machinery, which was cheaper then products made by

hand (which took a long time to create), therefore allowing the cloth to be cheaper to

the consumer.

Remember the ‘Spinning Jenny’? It reduced the amount of time and work needed to produce yarn (increased productivity)

Technological Advances that Technological Advances that Produced the Industrial Produced the Industrial

RevolutionRevolution

Spinning Jenny: James Hargreaves Steam Engine: James Watt Cotton Gin: Eli Whitney Process for making Steel: Henry

Bessemer

Spinning Jenny: 1764Spinning Jenny: 1764 Invented by James

Hargreaves

At the time, cotton production could not keep up with demand

This machine spun many threads at the same time, thus reducing the amount of work needed to produce yarn (increased productivity = produced yarn quickly)

Modern Steam Engine: 1763-Modern Steam Engine: 1763-17751775

Improved by James Watt

Offered a dramatic increase in fuel efficiency

Could be used to drive many different types of machinery (by the 1850s, most factories were powered by the steam engine)

Increased the demand for coal to heat the water to produce steam (and the need for coal miners)

Cotton Gin: 1793Cotton Gin: 1793

Invented by Eli Whitney to mechanize the cleaning of cotton

A machine that quickly and easily separates the cotton fibers from the seeds, a job previously done by hand

Led to the demand for more slaves

(Henry) Bessemer Process (Henry) Bessemer Process for the Manufacture of for the Manufacture of

Steel: 1856Steel: 1856 Bessemer process

involved using oxygen in air blown through molten pig iron to burn off the impurities and thus create steel

Lowered the cost of steel production, leading to steel being widely substituted for cast iron

Steel used for the production of guns and railway structures such as bridges and tracks

Technology The Industrial Revolution was built on

rapid advances in technology Which of these three inventions most

changed the way that raw materials, goods, and people moved?

Where employees worked Major change from cottage industry Had to leave home to work (travel to cities)

Life in factory towns Towns grew up around factories and coal mines Pollution, poor sanitation, no health codes = sickness Rapid population growth Poor lived in crowded tiny rooms in tenements (multistory buildings

divided into apartments)

Working in a factory No safety codes = dangerous work for all Poor factory conditions (e.g., no heat or a/c, dirty, smelly, cramped) Long workdays (12-14 hours) Little pay (men compete with women and children for wages) Child labor = kept costs of production low and profits high Mind-numbing monotony (doing the same thing all day every day) Owners of mines and factories exercised control over lives of

laborers

Factories and Factory Factories and Factory TownsTowns

Conditions in Conditions in FactoriesFactories

Dirty

Cramped spaces

Monotony

Dangerous

Machinery

Young women in the textile mills of Massachusetts died at an average

age of 26, constantly inhaling cotton dust, working long hours in

unventilated rooms lit by oil lamps

Child Labor•Young children

•Long hours

•Poor treatment

•Dangerous conditions

Life in Factory TownsLife in Factory Towns

Cramped Tenements

Pollution

Poor Sanitation

Rapid Population Growth

HousingHousingTenement = a substandard,

multi-family dwelling, usually old and occupied by the poor

Built cheaply Multiple stories No running water No toilet Sewer down the middle of street Trash thrown out into street Crowded (5+ people living in

one room) Breeding grounds for diseases Pollution from factory smoke

The factory system changed the world of work;

Mass Production = the production of large amounts of standardized products, especially on assembly lines

• Mass production began in U.S.

• Elements:

– Interchangeable parts

– Assembly line

• Production and repair faster and more efficient

Mass Production• Dramatic increase in

production

• Businesses charged less

• Affordable goods

• More repetitious jobs

• Soon became norm

Effects

Factories and Mass Factories and Mass ProductionProduction

Assembly LineAssembly Line

Workers on an assembly line add parts to a product that moves along the belt from one work station to the next

A different person performs each task along the assembly line

This division of labor made production faster and cheaper, lowering the price of goods

First Assembly Line:First Assembly Line:Henry Ford - AutomobilesHenry Ford - Automobiles

Rise of Labor UnionsRise of Labor Unions Encouraged worker-

organized strikes to demand increased wages and improved working conditions

Lobbied for laws to improve the lives of workers, including women and children

Wanted workers’ rights and collective bargaining between labor and management

The JungleThe JungleUpton Sinclair

– Written in 1906 to point out the troubles of the working class and the corruption of the American meatpacking industry in the early 20th Century

– Depicts poverty, absence of social programs, unpleasant living and working conditions, and hopelessness prevalent among the working class, which is contrasted with the deeply-rooted corruption of those in power

Legislation Resulting from Legislation Resulting from The The JungleJungle

Meat Inspection Act of 1906 (sanitary standards)

Pure Food and Drug Act (food and drug tests, labels on food products)

Large Gaps between Rich & Poor

The “HAVES”Bourgeois Life Thrived on

the Luxuries of the Industrial Revolution

The “HAVE-NOTS”The Poor, The Over-Worked,

and the Destitute

“Upstairs”/“Downstairs” Life

“Upstairs”/“Downstairs” Life

New Ways of Thinking:New Ways of Thinking:Economic PatternsEconomic Patterns

Capitalism vs. SocialismCapitalism vs. Socialism

CapitalismCapitalism

Economic system in which the means of production are privately owned and operated for a private profit

Free-market economy: decisions regarding supply, demand, price, distribution, and investments are made by private actors

Profit goes to owners who invest in the business

Wages are paid to workers employed by companies and businesses

Stereotype of the Factory Owner

Stereotype of the Factory Owner

The Socialists: Utopians & Marxists The Socialists: Utopians & Marxists

People as a society would operate and own People as a society would operate and own thethemeans of production, not individualsmeans of production, not individuals

Their goal was a society that benefited Their goal was a society that benefited everyone, not just a rich, well-connected feweveryone, not just a rich, well-connected few

Tried to build perfect communities [utopias]Tried to build perfect communities [utopias]

Karl Marx: CommunismKarl Marx: Communism

Wrote: The Communist Manifesto, 1848

A response to the injustices of capitalism; argued that capitalism would produce internal tensions which would lead to its destruction

Communism = a political philosophy that aims for a classless and stateless society structured upon common ownership of the means of production and an end to private property

“Class struggle between employers and employees is inevitable. Instead of capitalism with its emphasis

on greediness and selfishness, the new society ruled by the proletariat (working class) will ensure social,

economic, and political equality for everyone.”

Capitalism vs. CommunismCapitalism vs. Communism Capitalism:

– an economic and social system in which capital

is privately owned– labor, goods and capital are

traded in markets; and – profits distributed to owners

or invested in technologies and industries.

Communism: – a social structure in which

classes are abolished – property is commonly

controlled– A dictatorship of the workers

Capitalism “Re-Definitions”

Communism “Re-Definitions”

Effects of the Effects of the Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution

How did industrialization How did industrialization change the way of life?change the way of life?

Changes brought byindustrialization

Cities

Living Conditions Working Conditions

Class Tensions

Factories

Size ↑

No safety codes

SicknessLong hours,

Little payDangerousconditions

Large gaps between the

rich and the poor

The rise of themiddle class

Positive EffectsPositive Effects Increased world productivityIncreased world productivity

Growth of railroads (faster and more Growth of railroads (faster and more efficient transportation of goods and efficient transportation of goods and people)people)

New entrepreneurs emerged (more New entrepreneurs emerged (more money = more money = more technology/inventions)technology/inventions)

New inventions improved quality of New inventions improved quality of life for manylife for many

Labor eventually organized (unions) Labor eventually organized (unions) to improve working conditionsto improve working conditions

Laws were enacted to enforce health Laws were enacted to enforce health and safety codes in cities and and safety codes in cities and factoriesfactories

New opportunities for womenNew opportunities for women

Rise of the middle class – size, Rise of the middle class – size, power, and wealth expandedpower, and wealth expanded

Social structure becomes more Social structure becomes more flexibleflexible

Negative Effects: Factory Negative Effects: Factory LifeLife

Child labor used in factories Child labor used in factories & mines& mines

Miserable (dirty, cramped) Miserable (dirty, cramped) and dangerous (fingers, and dangerous (fingers, limbs, & lives lost) working limbs, & lives lost) working conditionsconditions

Monotonous work with Monotonous work with heavy, noisy, repetitive heavy, noisy, repetitive machinery machinery

Long working hours – six Long working hours – six days a week, with little paydays a week, with little pay

Rigid schedules ruled each Rigid schedules ruled each dayday

Gas, candle & oil lamps Gas, candle & oil lamps created soot and smoke in created soot and smoke in factoriesfactories

Diseases such as pneumonia Diseases such as pneumonia & tuberculosis spread & tuberculosis spread through factoriesthrough factories

Negative Effects: Labor Practices Negative Effects: Labor Practices & Housing Issues& Housing Issues

Labor unrest leads to Labor unrest leads to demonstrations (sometimes demonstrations (sometimes violent)violent)

Strikes take placeStrikes take place Women were paid less than Women were paid less than

men (were actually men (were actually preferred)preferred)

Indentured workersIndentured workers Employers had a more Employers had a more

impersonal relationship with impersonal relationship with employeesemployees

Tenement housing was Tenement housing was poorly constructed, poorly constructed, crowded, and coldcrowded, and cold

Human and industrial waste Human and industrial waste contaminated water contaminated water supplies – typhoid and supplies – typhoid and cholera spreadcholera spread

Negative Effects: WorldwideNegative Effects: Worldwide

Air pollution increased Air pollution increased over cities and industrial over cities and industrial areasareas

Technological changes Technological changes eroded the balance of eroded the balance of power in Europepower in Europe

Contributed to the Contributed to the growth of imperialism growth of imperialism and communism (Marx’s and communism (Marx’s & Engels’ theories)& Engels’ theories)

Produced weaponry that Produced weaponry that gave Western nations a gave Western nations a military advantage over military advantage over developing nationsdeveloping nations

Not Necessarily Good or BadNot Necessarily Good or Bad

The location of work places changed as The location of work places changed as more goods were produced away from more goods were produced away from the home environment (towns/factories)the home environment (towns/factories)

Educational systems emphasized more Educational systems emphasized more science, technology, and businessscience, technology, and business

A global economy began to emerge A global economy began to emerge (trade)(trade)

Summary: Social EffectsSummary: Social Effects Increase in population of citiesIncrease in population of cities Women and children enter the workplace as cheap Women and children enter the workplace as cheap

laborlabor Rise of labor unionsRise of labor unions Introduction of reformsIntroduction of reforms

– Laws to protect children in the workplaceLaws to protect children in the workplace– Minimum wage and maximum hour lawsMinimum wage and maximum hour laws– Federal safety and health standardsFederal safety and health standards

Growth of the middle classGrowth of the middle class Increased production and higher demand for raw Increased production and higher demand for raw

materials = growth of worldwide tradematerials = growth of worldwide trade Expansion of educationExpansion of education Women’s increased demands for suffrageWomen’s increased demands for suffrage

Advantages of the Industrial Advantages of the Industrial RevolutionRevolution

– Goods were able to be produced much more cheaply

– There were greater job opportunities – There was an increase in wealth and in general

quality of life – An independent urban manufacturing business

force arose – New inventions and innovations occurred;

information spread, making the world “smaller”– Spurred the rise of large cities