The Industrial Revolution

Where did the Industrial Revolution originate?

England

The Industrial Revolution began with this Revolution.

Since the Neolithic Revolution people had to learn how to plant seeds to grow food. They simply

did this by scattering seed. In 1701, Jethro Tull invented a

machine that pushed seeds deep into the soil in well spaced rows.

What was the machine?

Seed Drill

In England, wealthy farmers began buying land from small farmers, then benefited from the increase in efficiency by farming huge tracts of land. What was this known as?

The British Enclosure Movement

One of the major industries that was born during the Industrial Revolution was the clothing industry. In 1764, James

Hargreaves invented this machine, it could spin 8 or more spools of yarn at a time.

Spinning Jenny

The Spinning Jenny allowed workers to spin yarn at a much faster pace

than using the spinning wheel. Another process that was speeded

up was removing seeds from cotton. The machine that made this process

faster was this

The Cotton Gin

Who invented the Cotton Gin?

Eli Whitney

Eli Whitney’s cotton gin increased the demand in the

American South for

slaves

Before the Industrial Revolution, people made most of their goods by hand, and many of them worked from their homes.

Once the industrial Revolution began, many people began working in these

Factories

With the factories, many people began to move from the country to the cities. What is the population increase in cities known

as?

urbanization

The growth of the city populations led to the opportunity of many types of small businesses to accommodate

everybody. This led to an increase in the amount of people that entered

this social class

The Middle Class

Adam Smith’s writings about the benefits of private business, the role of market competition, and

entrepreneurial abilities

The Wealth of Nations

The Wealth of Nations supported an free market economic that includes private ownership of the means of production, creation of goods or services for profit or income, the

accumulation of capital, competitive markets, voluntary exchange, and

wage labor. What was this economic system called?

Capitalism

an individual with the drive and ambition to combine land, labor, and capital

resources to produce goods or offer services.

Entrepreneur or

(Enterpriser)

One reason that the Industrial Revolution originated was that it was rich in natural resources. What are a couple of the resources in England?

Iron and coal

Who was the person who was developed an inexpensive process for the mass

production of steel?

Henry Bessemer

Another reason that the Industrial revolution began in England was

because of this invention

The Steam Engine

Who invented the Steam Engine?

James Watt

The Steam engine would have a major impact on the industrialized

world in the ability of people to travel from one place to another.

What is this known as?

transportation

Where did the Industrial Revolution spread to?

Europe and the United States

Those that entered the middle class saw an increase in their standards of living. However, not all people shared in this. What class of people continued

to struggle?

The Working class

Working conditions in factories were often unsafe. Diseases spread

quickly, fires that were broke out were often deadly, pollution was

awful. Wages were low also because men had to compete with both

women and

children

Children of working class families often had to get a job to help out their families. They did not have

time to play or go here

school

Back in Europe, the working class decided to start standing up for

themselves. They began to demand that changes be made. They wanted better pay, or wages. They wanted fewer hours each day. They wanted better working conditions. They also wanted to be paid if they were hurt on the job. To push for these rights

they began to form these

Labor Unions

If businesses would not meet Labor Union demands for worker rights and increased wages, they would threaten

to do this to shut down production

strike

Labor unions lobbied for the rights of women and children in the workplace. They also wanted the right to be able to negotiate with employers. What are

these negotiations known as?

Collective bargaining

Legislators listened to the working class and made laws limiting child

labor and limiting working hours for women. Many women wanted to be

treated as citizens as well, they wanted the right to vote. What is the right to

vote known as?

suffrage

A man named Karl Marx became a huge critic of capitalism. He believed the motivating force of capitalism was to exploit the working class. He wrote

about this critique in

Das Kapital

According to Marx, the class struggle in the modern era

would become so intense the masses would revolt and

bring down this group (aka capitalists).

Bourgeoisie

What did Marx call the working class?

The Proletariat

Karl Marx and Frederich Engels wrote about this historic class struggle in which the masses (proletariat) would overthrow the Bourgeoisie in this work

The Communist Manifesto (1848)

The communist goal was a classless society in which all

people were

equal

Marx described religion as a sort of drug that persuades

workers to tolerate their harsh lot in this life in the hope that

someday they will gain a “fictional afterlife.” He believed

religion was

“the opiate of the masses”

In the 1860’s he discovered that bacteria was what

caused many diseases. He found out that heat could

kill bacteria. His ideas helped make milk safer to

drink.

Louis Pasteur

He developed the smallpox vaccination

Edward Jenner