the industrialization of the united...
TRANSCRIPT
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The Industrialization of the United States
1860’s – 1910’s
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O SSUSH11 The student will describe the growth of big business and technological innovations after Reconstruction.
O a. Explain the impact of the railroads on other industries, such as steel, and on the organization of big business.
O b. Describe the impact of the railroads in the development of the West; include the transcontinental railroad, and the use of Chinese labor.
O c. Identify John D. Rockefeller and the Standard Oil Company and the rise of trusts and monopolies
O d. Describe the inventions of Thomas Edison; include the electric light bulb, motion pictures, and the phonograph, and their impact on American life
O
O SSUSH12 The student will analyze important consequences of American industrial growth.
O a. Describe Ellis Island, the change in immigrants’ origins to southern and eastern Europe and the impact of this change on urban America.
O b. Identify the American Federation of Labor and Samuel Gompers.
O c. Describe the growth of the western population and its impact on Native Americans with reference to Sitting Bull and Wounded Knee.
O d. Describe the 1894 Pullman strike as an example of industrial unrest.
O
O SSUSH14 The student will explain America’s evolving relationship with the world at the turn of the twentieth century.
O a. Explain the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 and anti-Asian immigration sentiment on the west coast.
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The Transcontinental Railroad
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The South Builds RailwaysO After the Civil War, the
South began building
more railroads to rival
those of the North.
O South now relied on its
own manufacturing
centers.
O New railway “hub”
cities developed;
including Dallas, TX
and Atlanta, GA.
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Mining TownsO During and after the
Civil War, westward migration continued.
O Thousands flocked West in hopes of finding gold or silver.
O Around these deposits of minerals, “mining towns” developed.
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Home on the RangeO Cattle ranching fueled
westward migration as well.
O Open prairies of the West were perfect for grazing.
O Newly-invented barbed wire made ranching more efficient.
O As a result, the beef industry exploded.
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Farmers Move WestO Farmers migrated West
in pursuit of new, fertile, cheap lands.
O The Homestead Act of 1862 promised plots of land to anyone willing to move and settle in these Western lands.
O Prairie states became a new agricultural center of the US
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Question: How was Western Growth Possible?
O How did the West grow so rapidly?
O How did the mining industry expand?
O How did the beef industry develop?
O How did the prairie states become the new
agricultural center?
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Answer: The Transcontinental Railroad
O To link eastern markets to western
territories, the government proposed a
transcontinental railroad.
O The government provided loans and land
grants to private companies to build the
railroad.
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Two Companies CompeteO In 1863, two different
companies began construction of the Transcontinental RR.
O The Central Pacific Company began laying track eastward from California.
O The Union Pacific Company laid track westward from Nebraska.
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Immigrants Build Railroads
O Irish immigrants in
the east and Chinese
immigrants in the
west were used to
build the railroad.
O Thousands of these
immigrants died due
to dangerous
working conditions.
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Two Tracks MeetO In 1869, the two
tracks finally
connected at
Promontory Summit
in Utah.
O A symbolic golden
spike was the final
one driven in to mark
the completion of the
transcontinental
railroad.
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Native Americans and Westward Expansion
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Westward Expansion and Native Americans
O In the 1860s, the US government began forcing Native Americans onto reservations.
O Settlers pushed the buffalo (a sacred animal in Native traditions) to the brink of extinction.
O Faced with no other options, Native Americans had no choice but to fight back.
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Westward Expansion and Native Americans
O In 1875, gold was discovered in the hills of South Dakota.
O Miners began settling on Sioux tribal lands in search of gold.
O Sioux leader, Sitting Bull, assembled his own army of Natives to drive the settlers out.
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Battle of Little Big HornO In June 1876, the US sent
General George Custer to
battle the Sioux.
O Custer’s 700 men were
slaughtered by 7,000
Sioux Indians at the
Battle of Little Big Horn.
O The US Army retaliated,
crushing the Sioux, and
forcing Sitting Bull to flee
to Canada.
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Ghost Dance Brings HopeO In response to the loss of
their land and the buffalo, many Natives welcomed a religious revival based on the Ghost Dance.
O Fearing the Ghost Dance would cause problems, the US government ordered the capture and arrest of Sitting Bull.
O In a confrontation over his arrest, Sitting Bull was killed.
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Wounded Knee MassacreO As Natives fled after
Sitting Bull’s murder, troops were sent out to capture them.
O At Wounded Knee Creek, troops slaughtered over 100 Native men, women and children.
O The Wounded Knee Massacre effectively ended the Native attempts to push back the white settlers.
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Natives Forced to Assimilate
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Transcontinental Railroad TOD
O It’s 1869. Your job is to promote the
upcoming “joining of the railroads” at
Promontory, Utah.
O Create a promotional flyer that you might
want to hand out or write a letter to a friend
inviting them to join you at the ceremony.
O Be sure to include the who, what, when,
where and why of the event!!!
O Turn these in before class ends.
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The Rise of the American City
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Steel Industry TransformsO 1850s – Bessemer
process shortens time it takes to transform iron into steel.
O Andrew Carnegie (right) brings Bessemer process to the US; makes millions off steel production.
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Urbanization Changes America
O Cheap, efficient steel leads to the construction of skyscrapers, elevators and bridges throughout the country.
O Railroads and canals allow quick, easy transport of steel.
O America experiences rapid urbanization – the process of people moving from rural areas to cities
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Cities Offer Opportunity
O With help from new railroad lines, cities become
magnets for rural Americans.
O Factories offer work for skilled laborers, job
opportunities for women and education for
children.
O Seizing on these new opportunities, a new waves
of immigrants began arriving on America’s
shores.
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Immigrants Flock to AmericaO Beginning in the mid-1800’s, the
origins of immigrants change from Western Europe to Southern and Eastern Europe.
O Hundreds of Italian, Polish and Russian immigrants arrived daily.
O Many immigrants were forced to live in tenements – low-cost, urban family housing developments that squeezed in as many families as possible.
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The Immigrant Experience
O Ellis Island – Port in New York Harbor that
processed immigrants coming from Europe.
O Angel Island – Port in San Francisco Bay that
processed immigrants coming from Asia.
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Ellis Island
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Angel Island
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Resistance Towards Immigration
O Nativism – a belief that
native-born white
Americans were
superior to newcomers.
O Similar to the fate of
Native Americans, many
immigrants were forced
to assimilate to
American culture.
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Chinese Exclusion ActO With rising pressure from
nativists, Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882.
O Act prohibited Chinese immigration to the US and limited the rights of the Chinese immigrants already living in the country.
O Marked the first time that a specific racial groups was forbidden to enter the United States.
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Technology Spurs Cities
O In addition to
skyscrapers, elevators
and bridges, new
inventions give rise to
the American city.
O 1876 – Alexander
Graham Bell invents
the telephone
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Technology Spurs CitiesO Thomas Edison – famous
American inventor; patented
the light bulb, the phonograph
and the motion picture camera.
O Edison’s light bulb allowed
factories to operate 24 hours a
day; no longer were they only
operational during daylight.
O The phonograph and motion
picture camera created new
pastimes for many Americans.
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Edison Invention Ad
O A local magazine has asked you to create an
advertisement for one of Thomas Edison’s
latest inventions.
O Choose either the light bulb, the phonograph
or the motion picture camera and create
your own advertisement.
O These will be collected for a grade.
O The more colorful and informative, the
better your grade will be.
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The Rise of Big Business
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Industries Expand
O Expanding markets now linked by railroads led to the creation of corporations.
O Corporation – a big business in which ownership is shared by a number of people
O Technology connected the nation, allowing big business to expand across the country.
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Gaining a Competitive Edge
O Corporations worked to maximize profits in several ways.
O Some tried to gain a monopoly –complete control over a product or service
O To form monopolies, companies either bought out the competition or drove them out of business.
O With no competition, companies could charge whatever prices they wanted for essential products or services.
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Gaining a Competitive Edge
O Some laws prevented one company from
buying out another company.
O To get around this, some businessmen
formed trusts.
O In a trust companies assign their stocks to a
board of trustees who combine them into a
new, more powerful organization.
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The Bosses of the Senate
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Horizontal v. Vertical Integration
O Horizontal integration – when a company
consolidates many firms into one business
O Ex. All oil companies formed in to ONE.
O Vertical integration – when a company gains
control of all the phases involved in the
production of a product
O Ex. One company owns the oil well, the oil
pipeline, the tankers that transport and the
gas stations.
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John D. Rockefeller
O John D. Rockefeller
O Oil tycoon
O Founded the Standard
Oil Company
O Adjusted for inflation,
Rockefeller is the
richest man to have
ever lived.
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“Robber Barons”O Many began to see business
practices like monopolies and trusts as giving unfair advantages to corporations.
O Monopolies, cartels and trusts kept prices for products high; rich were making money at the expense of the poor.
O Men like Rockefeller and Carnegie were given the nickname “Robber Barons”.
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“Robber Barons” and Philanthropy
O Despite the negatives, some saw the
“Robber Barons” as “captains of industry”.
O They brought jobs to the masses and were
allowing America to compete in the global
markets.
O Rockefeller and Carnegie also practiced
philanthropy; they gave away millions of
dollars to fund education programs, build
libraries and museums.
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“Social Darwinism”
O 1859 – Charles Darwin coined the phrase
“natural selection” – the belief that only the
strongest of a species would survive.
O Social Darwinism – refers to the idea that
the value of a person is determined by how
much money one had.
O The rich are the “most fit” to continue on;
the poor are “unfit” and will die out.
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Government Restricts Trusts
O Opposition formed to the unfair business practices of the trusts.
O In 1890, the Senate passed the Sherman Anti-Trust Act.
O The Sherman Anti-Trust Act began a trend towards the federal government limiting the power of corporations.
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The Organized Labor Movement
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Factory Life Proves Dangerous
O In the late 19th century, factory owners employed various ways to maximize profits and keep costs low.
O They hired children and immigrant labor that would work for low wages.
O They forced workers to work 12 hour days and 6 day work weeks.
O Little attention was given to safety. Many workers died from factory accidents.
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Labor Unions FormO Despite increased production
and lowered costs, many who worked the factories still could not afford basic necessities.
O Many workers began to practice collective bargainingwith their employers; negotiating for higher wages and better working conditions.
O One form of protest used was the strike – when workers refuse to work until their demands are met.
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Samuel Gompers
O Samuel Gompers
O 1886 – Gompers founded the AFL (American Federation of Labor)
O The AFL union worked to improve wages, working conditions and working hours for its members.
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Pullman Strike of 1894O George Pullman –
owner of a company that produced luxury railroad cars
O In May 1894, workers began a strike protesting wage cuts and layoffs.
O The strike grew violent with many protestors destroying rail lines and equipment.
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Federal Government Responds to the Pullman Strike
O Because the Pullman Strike
was interrupting the delivery
of federal mail, President
Grover Cleveland (right) took
action.
O 12,000 federal troops were
sent to stop the protestors.
O When troops arrived, riots
broke out which led to the
deaths of 30 people.
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Effects of the Pullman Strike
O After the Pullman Strike and other instances of
industrial unrest, many employers began to use
the court system to reduce the power of labor
unions.
O For the next 30 years, the federal government
would argue with labor unions and employers
over a number of work-related issues.
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Labor Unions T.O.D.
O Imagine you are a worker during the Pullman
Strike in 1894.
O It is your job to create a protest sign that you
would carry at one of the demonstrations.
O Your sign must include some reference to
the Pullman Railway Cars AND one or two
demands of your labor union.
O These will be taken up and graded.