the influence of auditory feedback on speed choice, violations and comfort in a driving simulation...
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The influence of auditory feedback on speed choice, The influence of auditory feedback on speed choice, violations and comfort in a driving simulation gameviolations and comfort in a driving simulation game
E. Hellier, A. Naweed, G. Walker, P. Husband, J. Edworthy
Transportation Research Part F 14 (2011) 591–599
Centre for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, School of Psychology, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UKDepartment of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UKDevon Drivers Centre, Devon County Council, Exeter, UK
報告者:楊子群
Introduction
1. 政府的目標是有效降低死忙及傷害,其中下列為每年度致命死亡人數:
2. 駕駛者速度的變換與意外發生有關係 (e.g. Baum, Lund, & Wells, 1989;Evans,2004)3.Horswill & McKenna(1999) 利用駕駛模擬測試速度變換,結果為當低分等級的 feedback chose 車速會比較快。
年份 人數2002 3431
2003 3508
2005 3221
Purpose
運用駕駛模擬遊戲,探討下列四項之間關係:1) 提供不同的分貝等級的聽覺反應 (auditory feedback)2) 舒適 (comfort)3) 駕駛速度 (Driving speed)4) 違反行為 (violations)
Experiment1-Design
Four different levels of engine noise feedback (no engine, 65dB(A), 75dB(A), 85dB(A))Measured by recorded: Top speed Average speed Total time Subjective measures(7 point Likerttype scales)
Experiment1-Stimuli and materials
3x2 m sound attenuated laboratory.simulation software (Test Drive 5 2000, Infogames Entertainment).Computer with a 1.8 Ghz Pentium 4 processor.120 x 170 cm image onto a white wall.Logitech Wingman Formula Force USB steering wheel and pedals.Altec Lansing Speakers (model 221).
*noise levels maximum :simulator at 40 mph. no feedback : only ambient noise
Experiment1-Participants
48 participants 27 males (aged 18–27 years, M = 23.5 years) 21 females (aged 18–35 years, M = 25.1 years)
normal or corrected to normal vision and hearing
All had a full driving licence (Average driving experience : 5.25 years)
Experiment1-Procedure
[Step1] 每位受測者跑一次熟習操作及環境 (5 分鐘 ) 。[Step2] 教導每位受測者假使如一般駕駛。[Step3] 正式實驗與練習的一樣路線。[Step4] 填寫問卷[ 蒐集 : 舒適度 (comfort) 、響度 (loundness) 、模擬真實性 (simulator realism)]
=> 李克特 7 點尺度評估( 1 分代表非常不滿意, 7 分代表非常滿意)
總實驗時間: 20 分鐘
Experiment1-Results and discussion
-Average driving speed-Average driving speed
Significant effect of noise level on average speed (F(3, 44) = 9.02, p < .01). Sidak pair-wise comparisons revealed significant differences (p < .01)
Average speed Sidak pair-wise comparisons
No engine noise 68.5 A
65 dB(A) 59.83 A B
75 dB(A) 41.5 B
85 dB(A) 41.08 B
Experiment1-Results and discussion
-Age and gender as covariates-Age and gender as covariatesAge vs. Average speedSignificant (F(1, 43) = 7.09, p < .05)
Age vs. engine feedback levelSignificant (F(3, 43) = 9.62, p < .01).
Age & Average vs. engine feedback levelsignificant negative correlation (r(49) = .334, p < .05).
Gender vs. Average speed Significant(F(1, 39) = 5.67, p < .05).
-Male (M = 57.76 mph) driving faster than female (M = 46.68 mph).
Gender vs. engine feedback levelSignificant(F(3, 43) = 7.64, p < .01)
Experiment1-Results and discussion
-Subjective measures-Subjective measuresComfort vs. loudnesspositive correlation (r(48) = .49, p < .01)Realism ratingsno relationships with any subjective or objective measures (M = 3.2, ‘somewhat realistic’).
engine feedback level vs. comfort ratingssignificant effect (F(3, 44) = 10.71, p < .01).- Sidak post hoc tests revealed significant differences.
Sidak pair-wise comparisons
85 dB(A) A
75 dB(A) A
65 dB(A) A
No feedback B
Experiment1-Results and discussion
-Subjective measures-Subjective measuresComfort vs. loudnessSignificant positive correlation (r(48) = .49, p < .01)
Realism ratings showed no relationships with any subjective or objective measures (M = 3.2, ‘somewhat realistic’).
Engine feedback level vs. comfort ratingsSignificant (F(3, 44) = 10.71, p < .01).- Sidak post hoc tests revealed significant differences between the no feedback condition.
Sidak pair-wise comparisons
No feedback A
65 dB(A) B
75 dB(A) B
85 dB(A) B
Experiment1-Results and discussion
-Subjective measures-Subjective measuresEngine feedback noise level vs. loudness Significant (F(3, 44) = 64.35, p < .01).-Sidak post hoc analysis significant differences
Sidak pair-wise comparisons
No feedback A
65 dB(A) B
75 dB(A) B
85 dB(A) B
Experiment2-Design
Four different levels of engine noise feedback (no engine, 70dB(A), 75dB(A), 80dB(A))Measured by recorded:Average speedViolationsSubjective measures(7 point Likert-type scales)
Experiment2-Participants
24 participantsMale:12, aged:29-42 year, M=29.5 yearsFemales :12, aged:19-31 years, M=26.1 years
normal or corrected to normal vision and hearing
All had a full driving licence (Average driving experience : 9.88 years)
Experiment2-Proceduce
The realism of the simulation was assessed in pilot work.7 participants(mean age: 29 years).Drive the course and were stopped at 5 points and asked to estimate the speed limit and rate the realism and level of external disturbance on a 10-pint scale.
There was a 5 min break between successive trials.
Experiment2-Results and discussion
-Realism of the simulation-Realism of the simulationMean realism score was 7 (st.dev. = 1.71) =>high degree of realism.
Mean score for disturbance was 4.94 (st.dev. = 1.82)=>medium level
Average estimated speed limit was 50 mph (st.dev. = 7.9).
Actual speed limit of the road used for the trials.
Experiment2-Results and discussion
-Average driving speed-Average driving speed
Significant effect of noise level on average speed (F(3, 69) = 3.15, MSe = 43.73, p < .05).-Sidak pair-wise comparisons revealed significant differences.
Average speed Sidak pair-wise comparisons
No engine noise 70.88 mph A
75 - A B 70 - B C 80 65.23 mph C
Experiment2-Results and discussion
-The effect of age and gender on speed-The effect of age and gender on speedSex vs. average speed Significant (F(1, 22) = 856, MSe = 515.20, p < .01).Average speed : Male(25 mph) > femaleSex vs. noise level(F(3, 66) = .02, p > .05).Age vs. driving experienceHighly correlated (r = 0.76, p < .01)
Experiment2-Results and discussion
-Violations-Violations
Noise level vs. violationsSignificant (F(1.5, 34.4) = 4.11, MSe = 158.5, p < .05).--Sidak pair wise comparisons revealed significant differences.
violations Sidak pair-wise comparisons
No engine noise 18.55 A
70 dB(A) 13.92 A
75 dB(A) - A B
80 dB(A) 10.42 A B