the inova heart institute falls church, va “exploring new technologies to optimize design” david...

The INOVA Heart Institute

Falls Church, VA

“Exploring New Technologies to Optimize Design”

David Peterson

Senior Thesis Project Mechanical Option


Falls Church, VA

Air Distribution Analysis


Falls Church, VA

Outline

Constructability Analysis Daylighting Analysis

Background Information


Falls Church, VA

Rendering



Falls Church, VA

The new facility is:

an addition to the original, INOVA Fairfax Hospital

currently under construction


Falls Church, VABackground


Falls Church, VA


Falls Church, VABird’s Eye

Background


Falls Church, VA

Approx. 410,000ft2 (Total), 300,000ft2 (Conditioned) 6 Floors Costs approx. $ 80 Million Due to open Spring 2004


Falls Church, VA

Basic Stats

Background


Falls Church, VA

Structural System: All concrete combo of 1 and 2 way slabs

Electrical System:2 Primary source feeders (33 kV )Back up Generation. System (5 kV )




Falls Church, VA

Mechanical System: Has 13 AHUs (3-Standbye) approx. 400,000 cfm, (2000 tons cool)Contains Both CAV and VAV SystemsChilled Water & Steam provided

by existing centralized plant




Falls Church, VA

Owner: INOVA Health System

Architect: Wilmot/Sanz

(MEP) Engineer: RMF Engineering


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Project Team

Background


Falls Church, VA

Air Distribution Analysis


Falls Church, VA


Falls Church, VAAir Distribution Analysis

The purpose of this study: Investigate Stagnant regions within a room using CFD Stagnant regions will be determined by

Air Quality IndicatorsRegions of Most Concern criteria

The proposed solutions will be: Low impact (on existing system) Cost effective (hopefully)


Falls Church, VA


Falls Church, VA


Falls Church, VAThe spaces analyzed were:Family Waiting Room

Transplant Waiting Room

Post Anesthesia Care Unit

Centre County Comm. HospitalSurgical Waiting Room


Falls Church, VABasic Contaminate/Infection Facts


Falls Church, VA

The Most common respiratory infections are:Colds & Flu

The most common roots of infection are: Eyes, Nose, & Mouth

A Dose of 20 Flu particles (CFU) can infect 50% of the population85% of which can still infect after 4 hrs

Hospitals:10 % of all Hospital infections are transmitted by the airborne route

A Person can generate: 6200 viral particles per hour, that can be suspended in air for 10 days


Falls Church, VA


Falls Church, VASpace analyzedThe Transplant Waiting Room:

Will be the focus of this presentation It had the most neg. impacts when simulated.


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Falls Church, VA

Air System Type: Dilution Ventilation

with typical ceiling diffuser design High Air Change Rate

(16 ACH – rec’d 12 ACH) Pressurization

preventing infiltration of space

At Design:Tdb = 72 (F) ambient 50% Relative HumidityOccupancy: 52SA Flow: 3040

CFD Simulations must meet design conditions!

Space analyzed


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Falls Church, VAAssumptions

Results Based on: Steady state conditions

A Dense Iterating Mesh

Contaminates are introduced by occupants only

Constant Density of Particles (mesh cells >> particle size)

Constant inlet flow (Room are located in CAV system)

Constant contaminate gen. rates (6200drop.nucl/hr)

Smooth objects that do not re-emit particles

A breathing plane of (1.3m or 4.2 ft)


Falls Church, VA


Falls Church, VARegions of Most Concern

The criteria for the RoMC will be used to evaluate simulations.

The RoMC are based on: qty. of people Location of people Location of entrances and exits function of the space local age of air Contaminate Conc’s and associated engulfing effects location of the breathing plane


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Falls Church, VASimulations:

Air Quality Indicators will be used to evaluate simulations

Contaminate Removal Effectiveness: The effective removal of contaminates in a space.

Basically says, If local concentrations are higher than exhausted then stagnant regions may exist.

Normalized Age of Air is:Is the time a particle of air takes to travel from inlet to exhaust.

Basically says , If local age of air is higher than exhausted age of air then stagnant regions may exist.


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Falls Church, VAAge of Air Simulation (normalized)

2 Regions of concern evident Far left was verified to have SA inlets and will not be considered Far Right will be further investigated Space Void of Contours = better than ideal local age of air Dark Blue Contours = Represent ideal local age of air Bright Red Contours = Less than ideal local age of air

Visible Contour: Norm. Age of Air Range Lower limit: 1 = ideal Age of air or Age of air at exh.(Dark Blue) Upper limit: 2 = less than ideal or 2x the age of air at exh.(Bright Red)


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Falls Church, VAContamination 100% Simulation

Visible Contour: Concentration Range Lower limit: 66 part/m^3 = exh Conc. or Ideal removal of Contam.(Dark Blue) Upper limit: 500 part/m^3 = ext. Conc or less than ideal removal of Contam.(Bright Red) One Region of Concern evident

Simulations done at 100% Contamination to easily verify problematic regions Space Void of Contours = better than ideal contaminate removal Dark Blue Contours = Represent ideal removal of contaminates Bright Red Contours = Less than ideal removal of contaminates


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Falls Church, VAContamination 100%Closer look! “A Region of Most Concern”

A Closer look shows that the region: Contains high concentration as indicated by contours Engulfs 5 individuals Suggests low CRE


Falls Church, VA

Contamination (1 person)


Falls Church, VASituation more likely to occur

The high concentrations develop in front of neighbor: (probe indicates : 120 part/m3)

The potential infectious dose for the flu would take 20 minutes. based on seated breathing rate (7.66 L/min)


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1st Proposed Solution to reducecontaminates local age of air

Move diffuser closer to region of concern


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1st Proposed Solution

Simulation at 100% Contam.


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The high concentrations: more localized to source region contains no major engulfing effects


Falls Church, VA1st Proposed Solution

Simulation of Age of Air


Falls Church, VA

The local Age of Air is significantly reduced: which means local age of air slightly higher than exhaustconcernable region is now behind individual on far wall


Falls Church, VA

1st Proposed Solution

1 person Contaminated


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The CRE is significantly increased: because concentrations reduce from 120 to 20 part/m^3, or by 6x)

The infectious dose for the flu would take over 2 hrs.This solution will require a constructability analysis to determine feasibility.


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2nd Proposed Solution to reducecontaminates local age of air

Change to combo 2-3 way diffusers near Region of Most Concern


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2nd Proposed Solution

Simulation at 100% Contam.


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The high concentrations are: localized to source Region contains no major engulfing effects

2-Way

3-Way


Falls Church, VA2nd Proposed Solution

Simulation at Age of Air


Falls Church, VA

The local Age of Air is again reduced: which means local age of air slightly higher than exhaust concernable region is now behind individual on far wall


Falls Church, VA

2nd Proposed Solution

1 person Contaminated


Falls Church, VA

The CRE is significantly increased: because concentrations reduce from 120 to 8 part/m^3, or by 12x)

The infectious dose for the flu would take over 6 hrs.This solution will require very little effort to implement.


Falls Church, VACosts of Implementation


Falls Church, VA

Changing of diffuser types higher contaminate removal rate 12x : 6x ½ the cost

Solution 1: (Move Diffusers)Cost approx.: $1500

Solution 2: (Change Diffusers)

Cost approx.: $750


Falls Church, VA

Summary The INOVA Heart

InstituteFalls Church, VA

Results:

The results suggest that both solutions can significantly reduce contaminates

Changing diffusers types seems to be the most effective for reducing contaminates

Simulations:

Give only rough approximations at steady state and can only be validated through actual measurements (likely hood of S.S. is rare)

More complex transient analysis’ can provide higher degree of accuracy

Simulations do suggest that there is room for improvement in the Air Distribution Design of the space


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*Constructability Analysis*


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Falls Church, VAConstructability Analysis The purpose is:

Investigative Study of Plenum Space Determine feasibility of previous solution It will Involve coordination (MEP & Structural)


Falls Church, VA

Existing conditions (Coordination is very close)


Falls Church, VAConstructability Analysis


Falls Church, VA

The re-design of Air Distribution System:Caused the relocation of existing diffusersWhich req’d duct extensions to move diffuser 4 ft.

Transplant Waiting Room (Existing Layout)


Falls Church, VA


Falls Church, VAResult of Investigation

No major obstructions as indicated by design doc’s

(MEP or Structural)Suggestions for Implementation:

Duct extensions must maintain existing height to prevent conflict with fire pipe take offs.Verification of telecom and lighting conduit must be

surveyed as is not shown in design documents.Redesign can be implemented as original design or as a later renovation with no major issues


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Falls Church, VA

*Daylighting Analysis*


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Daylighting Analysis of Patient Rooms


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Procedure Determine Optimal glazing based on recommended values:

Evaluate Recommended daylight factor for Patient room using AGI

Evaluate Mechanical Impacts using HAP

Evaluate Cost of Implementation


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Falls Church, VA

Typical Patient Room: layout and location

Daylighting Analysis


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Falls Church, VA

National Renewable Energy Laboratories (NREL) suggests

for the DC area: that optimal window area be 10% of room floor area that window area be reduced from 35ft2 to 29ft2

Effective Aperture Relationship Suggests EA = 0.18 = window to wall ratio x visible transmittance Based on 55% (VT) and 0.18(EA) that window area be reduced from 35ft2 to 28ft2

Daylighting Analysis Determining Optimal Glazing for Pat. Room:


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Falls Church, VA

To Meet Recommended Daylight Factors for Pat. Rooms using AGI

and new window area of 28ft2 Room must meet Daylight factor of 0.5 %

D.factor= (E at pt. in room) / (unobstructed E outside) (Horz. Surfs)

Daylight factor must cover area of 60 ft2 and reach ¾ depth of room.Use typical Reflectance's (i.e. 80/60/30)c.w.f.



Falls Church, VA

Simulations were performed at:12 noon, all directionsOvercast conditions20 feet above ground (first floor height) Summer Solstice (June 21),Winter Solstice (December 21),Equinox (March 21)



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Falls Church, VA

Results from the Simulations:

96 Perimeter Spaces met the min. daylight factor criteria Reduction in total window area approx. = 594 ft2

(3% of total glazing)



Falls Church, VA


Falls Church, VA

Mechanical Benefits:

*Energy Savings per year in kBTU = 1,026,741

Before 81.6 million kBTUAfter 82.6 million kBTU

*Annual Operating Cost Savings per year = $2,344

Before $430.1K, (1.425 $/ft2)After $432.4K, (1.432 $/ft2)

* Mechanical Energy Simulation Performed in Carrier’s HAP



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Falls Church, VA

Demolition and Removal Costs if renovated after initial construction: are Approx. 25% of initial cost of design No salvage value for materials in NOVA (i.e. existing windows ) Total cost of new windows = $234,000


*New window Savings on Design (8%) = $15,000Original Cost of Windows = $ 202,000Cost of new Windows and Façade Modif.’s = $187,000

*Material Cost estimates based on RS MEAN 2004

**Suggested by Consulting firm from Washington DC

Material Benefits:


Falls Church, VASummary

Results: Mechanical & Material savings was minimal Savings only could be obtained if redesign was implemented in the actual design and not as renovation work. I would not recommend changing at any phase


Falls Church, VA

Conclusion

As seen through this presentation, simulations programs can be: Helpful/Insightful Validate results Indicate problems Offer valuable information which can optimize design.

Programs used: AutoCAD 2004, Phoenics (CFD), AGI (lighting), & Carrier’s HAP


Falls Church, VA

Acknowledgements I would like to thank for all their help:PSU-AE Thesis Advisors

PSU-AE Grad StudentsPSU-AE Thesis StudentsTurner ConstructionINOVA Health SystemCentre County Community Hospital


Falls Church, VA

Questions?


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Falls Church, VAExtra Slides: Steady StateDuration of time given Steady State conditions in area of 2 individuals was calculated to be approximately matter of seconds (heating and cooling loads not rapidly changing)Used an approximate control volume in region involving 2 individuals to determine 99% S.S conditionEquation Steady State

(Ce – Ct)/( Ce – C0) = exp ( – Q/V x T)

Ce = 120 part/m^3Ct= 120*0.99 = 118.8 part/m^3C0= 0 part/m^3

V = 2.0645E-4 m^3Surface Area of entry = 4.064E-3m^2Average Velocity of air= 0.08133 m/sDuration of time: 4-5 seconds


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Falls Church, VAExtra Slides:Room Air Cleaning Devices

Most Popular are UV and HEPA filters

Located within spaceStrategically placed can alleviate many problems

Problems:Initial CostsOperating costMaintenance cost

UV Primarily used in upper air – prolonged exposure can be irritating

Hepa Filters can be effective depending on how much air actually goes through them


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Falls Church, VAExtra Slides: ParticulatesDispersion is based on room flow patterns

Density of particles was neglected due to the size of mesh in which simulations were preformed at. Size of mesh range 1-6 inches over entire space size of particles concerned with are approximately 1E-6 meters in diameter Only rough approximates can be determined for particulate concentrations locations Particles were generated into space at constant rate to follow basic stream tendencies and indicate regions in which high concentrations could develop (based on Air Dist System and room architecture


Falls Church, VA


Falls Church, VAExtra Slides: Air Exchange Eff. Air Exchange Efficiency is an Air Quality

Indicator described in ASHRAE Std 62. and based on well mixed modelEquation:Ev = (1-S)/(1-R x S)

S = fraction of supply airR = Recirculation rate

Normalized age of air comparison used instead to show age of air in not well mixed space.


Falls Church, VA


Falls Church, VACurrent Air System

Typical Dilution with pressurization of zones Uses high air quantity to flush contaminates

Other air system looked at, but not simulated

Displacement: used in isolation environments higher impact on implementation but, has up to 2x the removal effectiveness contains stratification issues with temp

Extra Slides: Air Systems


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Falls Church, VA

Extra Slides: Air Quality IndicatorsNormalized Age of Air

Function of (Local age of air divided by Exhausted age of air)

the time a particle of air takes to travel from inlet to exhaust

increase in flow = decrease in age of air along a path

Exh. Age > than local Age, then ideal conditionsExh. Age < than local Age, then less than ideal

conditions

Simulation Visible Contour Age of Air Range set at 1 to 2

Lower limit: 1 = ideal Age of Air Upper limit: 2 = Age of Air in space is 2x that of exhausted air

(not ideal)


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Falls Church, VA

Evaluate CRE , if local concentration is higher than exhausted then problem in

stagnant region

Extra Slides:Air Quality Indicators

Contaminate Removal EffectivenessFunction of (Exh. Conc. and local Conc.)Exh. Conc > than local Conc, then ideal

conditionsExh. Conc < than local Conc, then less than

ideal conditions

Simulation Visible Contour Concentration Range set at 66 to 500 particles per m^3Lower limit: 66 part/m^3 = exhaust Conc.Upper limit: 500 = extreme Conc. Centralized around source


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Extra Slides:Respiratory Facts


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Respiratory RegionsNasopharyngeal (Nasal) (highest region of particle deposit)Tracheo Bronchial (Wind pipes)Pulmonary (Lungs)

Deposition of particles:occurs throughout system can be absorbed or respired (function of particle size)

Susceptibility of person depends on: (Climate, Viability of Contaminate, and individual Immunity)

Colds largest single respiratory infection

Influenza dominates in flu season


Falls Church, VAExtra Slides:Dose Facts


Falls Church, VA

The actual dose that someone receives in an indoor environment such as this depends on:

Concentration present in the airDuration of exposureBreathing rate (uptake eff)

For an influenza infection of 50% of the population it would take 20 microbe size microorganisms or Colony Forming Units CFU.

“Some Inhaled will be Exhaled”At resting/seated conditions person breaths 6-7L/m


Falls Church, VAExtra Slides:Contaminate Facts


Falls Church, VA

Communicable Respiratory Pathogensmicrobe size microorganism causing disease in humansCan be Viruses or BacteriaSize range from 0.03 to 1 microns in diameter

Hospitals contain people with all degrees of susceptibility (i.e. immunity):

air distribution design is crucialPerson with cold can generate:

6200 droplet nuclei per hour of microbe containing particles

Droplet nuclei are remnants of:evaporated bio-aerosol droplets expelled by a sick person.


Falls Church, VAExtra Slides:Contaminate Facts


Falls Church, VA

Bio-aerosols produced by infectious person Form of dropletsEvaporate to microbe size nuclei (in seconds)Disperse easily into atmSneeze can produce 100,000 bio-aerosol particles containing viable microorganismsCough produces 1% of this amount but occurs 10x more


Falls Church, VAExtra Slides: Contamination/Ventilation Facts


Falls Church, VA

Contamination Can be result of poor maintained mechanical system Can be result of inefficient filtration

The new addition contains combo of pre (30%), post(60%), final(85%), and post final(99.95%) filters in air supply.

Assume no contaminate introduction into space by ventilation system including re-circulated air and Outdoor air.


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Falls Church, VAExtra Slides: Validating Space

Surgical Waiting Room – Centre County Community Hospital

1 2

3 4

(1. Basic Room, 2. Horz.Temp Profile, 3. Vertical Mech, 4. Vertical

Temp Profile)


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Falls Church, VA

*Survey Temperature Surface Measurements At Centre County Community Hospital

(Used Infrared Temperature Sensor Gun)

Simulated CFD Results:

Ceiling @ diffuser (Tdb): 62.59 62.01

Back Wall (Tdb): 77 76.04

Front Wall (Tdb): 76 75.2

Left Wall (Tdb): 76.8 76.69

Right Wall (Tdb): 77 76.5

Floor @ Center (Tdb): 76.2 74.2

Deviation in Temperatures 1-2 Degrees F (simulation to actual measured)

*Surveyed Flow Measurements:Centre County Community Hospital

(Used Flow Funnel over 20 minute period)

Average Flow from solo diffuser CFM: 698.4

(Notes: Very large flow rate for size of room – very loud)

*Surveyed Ambient Temperature Measurements:Centre County Community Hospital

(Used Heat Stress Monitor)

Ambient Temperature (Tdb): 75.4

Ambient Temperature (Twb): 58.1

Ambient Temperature Simulated (Tdb): 75.1

(Ambient Temperature taken over 15 minute period)

Extra Slides: Validating Space


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Falls Church, VA

Extra Slides: Breathing Plane


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Falls Church, VAExtra Slides: Simulated Mesh

Accuracy of Results depends on: Density of Mesh (higher = better)

Mesh Represents: Individual cells that calculations are iterated over

Provide rough approximates, for thermal, fluid and contam. properties


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Falls Church, VAExtra Slides: StratificationOriginal System

Moved Diffusers


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Falls Church, VAExtra Slides: StratificationOriginal System 2,3-

way Diffusers


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Falls Church, VAExtra Slides: Stratification

Overall only slight variations in temperature can be seen in simulated stratification pictures. Effects of proposed solutions have no major impact on temperature

distributions. Moving diffusers slightly raises ambient temperature.

Air Systems5 meters 6 meters 8 meters 9 meters Celsius

Farenheit

Celsius

Farenheit

Celsius

Farenheit

Celsius

Farenheit

Original System

22.5 72.5

22.4 72.3

22.5 72.6

22.7 72.8

2,3-way Diffusers

22.6 72.7

22.5 72.4

22.5 72.6

22.7 72.9

Moved Diffusers

22.8 73.0

22.8 73.1

23.0 73.3

22.9 73.2


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Extra Slides: S.S. vs Transients


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Steady State Analysis (Done): can be likened to designing at peak conditions (worst case scenario) is similar approach to overall mech. sys. design May rarely occur, if ever, but is able to accommodate is Fairly simple analysis can provide low impact solutions at minimal cost to implement.

Transient Analysis (Not Done): is More complex, harder to perform accurate simulations achieve’s more accurate results Predicting contaminate releases can be harder to validate


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Falls Church, VAExtra Slides:3-D Coordination Section: Before

Note: Space is void of obstructions as indicated by design doc’s

Diffusers to move (purple circles)


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Falls Church, VAExtra Slides:3-D Coordination Section: After

Moved Diffusers (purple circles)


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Falls Church, VAExtra Slides: Schedule of Implication

1. Waterside piping (list types)2. Main electrical wiring 3. Mechanical Equipment (CAV)

a.Connections to reheat waterb.Connections to electrical and Building automation Ctrl Sys

4. Airside Ductwork a. Includes insulation and taping terminal units

5. Fire Sprinklers a. Take offs from main fire line to sprinkler

6. Telecommunicationsa. Sound and paging runs

7. Installation of drop ceiling and fixtures a. Recessed lighting installation and electrical connection b. Diffuser installation and connection to airside equipmentc. Sprinkler head installation and connection to fire line take-offs


Falls Church, VA

Performed simulations at:12 noon, all directionsOvercast conditions20 feet above reflecting outside

plan (first floor height) Summer Solstice (June 21)Winter Solstice (December 21)Equinox (March 21)

Evaluate Recommended Daylight Factor for Pat. Rooms Using AGI

Extra Slides: Daylighting Analysis

Chart Shows: Calc’d Ext. illuminancesAt different times of yearAnd the associated internal illuminances needed to meet the recommended daylight factor.


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Falls Church, VA

Extra Slides: Reflectance's Used


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North Exposure

South Exposure

West Exposure

East Exposure

(Theses are example rendered scenes looking out of a Pat. Room, using natural daylight only, to illuminate, on June 21, at noon)

Extra Slides: Daylighting Analysis


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Falls Church, VA(These are example calculated depths and areas, of needed illuminances, to meet the Daylight Factors for Dec. 21st at noon)

North Exposure

South Exposure

West Exposure

East Exposure

*Green Contours show were illuminances no longer meet recommened values. (Windows are boxed in red.)

Extra Slides:Daylighting Analysis


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Falls Church, VAExtra Slides: Mechanical Benefits

Energy Savings per year in KBTU = 1,026,741

Annual Site Energy Consumed

Component

after window reduct Before Window Reduction after window reduct Before Window Reduction

(kBTU) (kBTU) (kBTU/ft²) (kBTU/ft²)

Air System Fans 21,732,518 21,732,518 71.97 71.97

Cooling 12,166,450 12,116,354 40.291 40.125

Heating 40,509,900 41,592,020 134.153 137.737

Pumps 3,698,295 3,698,203 12.247 12.247

Cooling Tower Fans 3,487,921 3,482,731 11.551 11.534

HVAC Sub-Total 81,595,084 82,621,825 270.211 273.612

after window reduct Before Window Reduction after window reduct Before Window Reduction

Component (kBTU) (kBTU) (kBTU/ft²) (kBTU/ft²)

Cooling Coil Loads 81,472,616 81,077,472 269.806 268.497

Heating Coil Loads 33,936,824 34,836,708 112.386 115.366

Grand Total 115,409,440 115,914,180 382.191 383.863

Conditioned Floor Area (ft²) 301967.7

kBTU/yr Savings with new system implemented: 1,026,741


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Falls Church, VA

Mechanical Benefits Annual Operating Cost per year reduction

= $2,344Annual Cost Summary To Operate

Component

after window reduct

Before Window Reduction

after window reduct

Before Window

Reduction

($) ($) ($)/ft^2 ($)/ft^2

Air System Fans 189,978 190,311 0.629 0.63

Cooling 102,932 102,787 0.341 0.34

Heating 75,207 77,293 0.249 0.256

Pumps 32,329 32,384 0.107 0.107

Cooling Tower Fans 29,671 29,685 0.098 0.098

HVAC Sub-Total 430,116 432,460 1.425 1.432

Conditioned Floor Area (ft²) 301967.7

$/yr Cost Savings with new system implemented 2,344


Falls Church, VA


Falls Church, VA

Material Benefits Original Cost of Windows = $ 202,000Cost of new Windows and Modifications = $187,000Cost Savings from Original Design (8%) = $15,000

Window Renovation Cost

Feature $/ft^2 $/unit ft^2 replaced $/room # rooms Total cost

Interior wall: 4.66 - 6.2 28.892 96 2773.632

New window ( 4’-8” x 6’-2 ¼”): - 1735 - 1735 96 166560

Old window ( 5’-8” x 6’-2 ¼” ): - 2107 - 2107 96 202272

Mullion Framing (spandrel Glass): 8.6 - 6.2 53.32 96 5118.72

Painting Interior Walls: 0.84 - 6.2 5.208 96 499.968

Spandrel Glass replacement: 17 - 6.2 105.4 97 10223.8

Curtain wall/Ins. hardware (15% S. Glass): - - - - - 1533.57

Total Cost of Original window: 202272

Total Cost of new window and modifications: 186709.69

Cost Savings from Original Design: 15562.31


Falls Church, VA


Falls Church, VA

Extra Slides: Window Stats

Window investigated:

Direction Quantity

West: 39

East: 15

North: 18

South: 24

Total windows: 96

Total window area (ft^2): 3360

Total Building window area (ft^2): 22,726

Percentage of windows involved (%): 14.78

Reduction in window area (%): 2.7

the inova heart institute falls church, va “exploring new technologies to optimize design” david...

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