The Internet of Things

SATHVIK N PRASAD

R. V. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

BANGALORE

The origin of Web 1.0

Static webpages

No interaction / content contribution from the users

Proprietary protocols and applications

Publication oriented Newspapers, Portals, Britannica Online, etc.

Web 2.0

Dynamic content – user dependent outcome

Connecting with other people via social networking – Facebook, Linkedin, Twitter…. Community tagging Voting Circles

E-commerce boom – Amazon, e-bay, etc.

Services like Google docs, Calendar, Cloud, etc.

Application based user interaction Web-based apps Android, iOS, etc.

Web 3.0 Intelligent and Omnipresent

Increase in Open Standards

MOOCs (Massive Open Online Course)

Advanced protocols and algorithms Context based Content generation using Machine Learning, AI etc. Customized to the user

Information exchange between Machines (IoT and M2M) Wireless Sensor Networks Smart Homes Wearable Technology

The Internet of Things (IoT)

o Conceptualized in the early 2000’s, at MIT’s Auto-ID lab by Kevin Aston“If we had computers that knew everything there was to know about things—using data they gathered without any help from us -- we would be able to track and count everything, and greatly reduce waste, loss and cost” - Kevin Aston in 1999

o “The Internet of Things is a system where items in the physical world, and sensors within or attached to these items, are connected to the Internet via wireless or wired Internet connections”.

IoT – Network of Networks• Loose collection of disparate, purpose-built networks

• Building• Heating system• Venting system• Lighting • Telephony

• Car• Engine control• Dashboard • Air-Bags• Communication System

The Moore’s Law

“The number of transistors in a dense integrated circuit doubles approximately every two years”

Also applicable to the size of the internet.

Researchers have predicted that the size of the Internet will double, every 5.32 years. Size of the Internet is measured by the number of Autonomous Systems (Nodes) Proposed by a research group in China Results based on the data obtained in six-month intervals, (2001 to 2006)

IoT according to Cisco-IBSGIoT is simply the point in time when more “things or objects” were connected to the Internet than people.

IoT according to Cisco-IBSG

Considering the fraction of the world’s population that is actually connected to the Internet.

IoT is simply the point in time when more “things or objects” were connected to the Internet than people.

The IoT Stack - Architectural Reference Model

The “Things” or devices are classified as:o Non-electrical objects

Food and Cargo, Animals, Trees, etc.

o Electrical devices that inherently lack sophisticated electronics Lighting, Heating, Water distribution system etc.

o Devices with electronics built into them, to fulfil their primary function Cars, Bikes, PDAs, Mobiles, etc.

o Environment sensors

Moisture, Pollution, Temperature, etc.

Almost all of these devices are coupled with actuators and/or sensors.

Connecting the Devices

Standard Frequency Range

Data Rate ( Approx.)

Range(Approx.)

Power

IEEE 802.15.4 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz

250 Kbps 10 to 300m Very Low

Bluetooth 2.4 GHz 700 Kbps 10m Low

Wi-Fi 2.4, 5 GHz 100 Mbps 10 to 100m High

GSM 900 MHz 270 Kbps 35 Km High

Virtualizing the Objects

o Recreating the functionality of real-world objects at the Machine level

o Ease of reusability, if it possesses well defined representation

o Better abstraction achieved, decreases the development time

o Improved modularity

Middleware

o A software infrastructure that glues together the networking hardware, operating system, network stacks and applications. It sits between the underlying protocols and the application layer.

o Effective control and management of objects

o Convert the data from lower layers to provide the appropriate information to the application layer.

Application Layer

o Connect a device to the server

o Record and read the generated data

o Link the data to an application

o Cloud based design

IoT in Action-DubaiThe IoT concept is used to safeguard a network of 37 cranes and 5,000 workers near the world’s tallest buildings in Dubai. Cranes that swing too close to one another are halted by an Internet-connected system.

IoT and the Mining IndustryDundee Precious Metals a Canadian-based, international mining company utilizes WiFi-enabled vehicles, haulers and crushers and above-ground command centers to capture real-time data, resulting in a cost-savings of $2.5 million and production increase of 400%.

IoT in Healthcare and Wearable Electronics

Wearable devices to help track health data.

Communicate with doctors and other healthcare professionals directly.

A Band-Aid that indicates if a wound is healed, skin patch wireless blood glucose monitors and systems that sound an alert when it’s time to refill a prescription. All possible because of IoT

IoT and Law Enforcement The Los Angeles police department project uses data analytics to more rapidly spot crime in progress, via license plate readers on police cars. These readers, which are in use as officers conduct normal business, digitally scan tens of thousands of vehicles over the course of a single day. This means automatic notification of stolen vehicles to officers as they drive past on their routine patrol.

Other Applications of IoT Home

Monitor the Air-conditioning system Manage Lighting Keep track of the Power usage

Industry Monitoring Information and Analysis Safety and Maintenance

City Pollution monitoring and control Traffic management Information sharing – Tourism

Body Medicine reminders Tracking activity level Monitor an aging family Keep track of the children

Protocol Stack Comparison

TCP/IP 100s to 1000s of bytesIoT

10s of bytes

Challenges and Solutions - Bandwidth

Costly and scarcely available

Increase in the number of devices

Improved physical layer communication

Better planning and allocation

Challenges and Solutions - Power Consumption Energy crisis Power-hungry servers Limited accessibility in remote location Novel methods of energy harnessing Low-power Microcontrollers / Microprocessors Better CPU utilization, less power consumption Improved and light-weight algorithms

Challenges and Solutions - Presence detection

Monitoring

Detection of activity of devices

Better resource allocation

Service based on the network size

Easy troubleshooting

Challenges and Solutions - Security Authorization – Proper authorization for sending and receiving

Open ports Increases vulnerability Improvement in the quality of the process that uses the port Denial of Service

Encryption Improved and less power intensive encryption algorithms Eavesdropping

Privacy and trust

Challenges and Solutions - Signaling Improved reliability

Better bidirectional communication

Improved routing data transfer methods

Better addressing IPv4 ( 32 bits - Number of addresses = ~ 4 billion) – “Things” by 2020 = ~50 Billion IPv6 (128 bits - Number of addresses = ~ 3.4 x 10^38 )

Challenges and Solutions – Lot of DATA Excessive information

Eliminate redundancy

Big Data analysis applied widely

Data –> Storage --> Cost

“Small is the new big”

In-network processing

Challenges and Solutions - Failure of devices

Decentralized approach

Alternatives during breakdown

Improved, learning algorithms

Open Standards and Collaborative Working Groups

IEEE - Internet of Things Standards

OpenIoT,“An Ecosystem of Horizontal services for the Internet of Things where all players are able to select devices and deploy real-time services on demand”Open-source middleware solution – 2013 Open-source Rookie of the year award

The Allseen Alliance, “To enable widespread adoption and help accelerate the development and evolution of an interoperable peer connectivity and communications framework based on AllJoyn for devices and applications in the Internet of Everything.”Companies like Cisco, Google, Qualcomm, IBM, Intel etc. have relied on The Linux Foundation to host this collaborative project and improve the IoT standards worldwide.

And many more……

Is IoT full of good stuff ? Breach of privacy and monopoly

Security concerns

Over-dependency on technology

Employment issues

What Next – IoE ?

The Internet of Things - “Things”

The Internet of Everything (IoE) – “People”, “Process”, “Data” and “Things”◦ Social networking and Wearable technology – People◦ Correct information, at right time in a relevant manner – Process◦ Better usage of information available – Data◦ Physical objects connected to the Internet/each other – Things