Slide 1

The Islamic Religion and Islamic Empire

HASEEB RANA AND OMAR JANJUA1st Period/TotaroOrigins of IslamMUHAMMAD THE PROPHETMuhammad (570-632 AD), the Prophet, was the founder of IslamWhen he was 40, he was given messages from AllahHe spread these messages to his followers, which sprung IslamHe was known as the Messenger of Allah and the last prophetPictures of Muhammad are forbidden in Islam and is considered a sin

Mecca and Medina on the Arabian Peninsula: Early Muslim cities

Spread of Islam

Beliefs, Traditions, and Customs of IslamMonotheism Abrahamic Religion (believes in one God)Judgment Day = Judged in front of AllahBelieves in Jesus/Moses/Abraham as ProphetsAfterlife:Good Deeds = HeavenBad Deeds = Hell

BELIEFS

Beliefs, Traditions, and Customs of IslamReading the Quran (Holy Book) which is written in ArabicFasting for 30 daysCelebrating Eid/Ramadan

TRADITIONS

Beliefs, Traditions, and Customs of IslamNot allowed to eat pork, nor drink alcoholFive Pillars of IslamPilgrimage to MeccaFastingPrayer (5x a day)Alms GivingBelief in Allah

CUSTOMS

Geographic influence on origin and spread

Trade routes were along Mecca and Medina

8EXPANSION DESPITE GEOGRPAHIC DIFFICULTIESMuslims were natural explorersUsed camels to reach distances that were impossible by footHad religious motivationThe Hindu-Kush andHimalayas made difficultyalong with the desert for the Islamic travelers

Fertile Crescent

Abu-Bakr and the next 3 caliphs; Umar, Uthman, and Ali controlled all of ArabiaUnder Uthman, the army took control of Syria and lower Egypt, which were part of the Byzantine EmpireThey also took parts of the Persian EmpireUthman and Ali continued to expand the empire eastward and westwardBy 750 the Muslim empire stretched 6000 miles

Political Unity of the first Islamic Empire was short-lived Murder of Uthman in 656 triggered a civil war with groups in need of power Ali, Muhammads son-in-law, Uthmans successor gets murdered in 661Systems of Caliphs ends Begins the Umayyads reign

Jerusalem and Damascus

12Spread of Arabic/Trade

Slavery

NOT based on RACEPrisoners of war/children of prisonersSlaves had religious rights

Death of AliThe Umayyad's took over and started a hereditary system of successionSurrounded themselves with wealth and ceremony like non-MuslimsBrought a division in the communitySunni- Did not resist rule of Umayyads and were followers of Muhammads exampleShia- Resisted Umayyads and believed that the person responsible of spreading Muhammads example MUST be a relative

15Capital Moved to Baghdad

Battle of Tours

In 732 ADChristians stopped Muslim spread into Western EuropeChristians were victorious

Fall of Baghdad to Mongols

Occurred in 1258Left Baghdad destroyed100,000-1 million deadSacked and burnedEverything was destroyed, including libraries

Cultural contributions and achievements

DOME OF THE ROCK

ISLAMIC MOSAICS

Arabic Alphabet

UNIVERSITIES

TRANSLATIONS

Greek works were translated into ArabicOther works were also translated, as wellThis helped to preserve knowledge

SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTIONS AND ACHIEVEMENTS

ARABIC NUMBERS

ALGEBRA

Al-Khwarizmi invented the idea of AlgebraWrote a text book in the 800s explaining the art of bring together unknown to match quantitiesHe called it Al-Jabr, which is known as Algebra

Medicine

Al-Razi wrote the Comprehensive BookBelieved recovery from clean airUsed hospitalsContributed greatly to the growth of medicine and healthier lifestyles

CALLIGRAPHYArt of Beautiful Handwriting

27Geographic KnowledgeHad many updated mapsWas familiar with the geographic areaSpread knowledge with trade

THE END!