the jere beasley report, jun. 2010

8/9/2019 The Jere Beasley Report, Jun. 2010

1/40

Kistriauthk tg gvhr 8?,444 suasoriahrs hfom cgntm

www.AhfsehyFeehn.ogc

Junh 1464


2/401 www.AhfsehyFeehn.ogc

I.

OFTI[GE

GA_HQPF[IGN_

K HH C IEH_ [ G _ HQPH G N I CTGQ[FN[ [ GYG[F O GCCI[[HH

Xnithk _tfths Kistriot Juklh Jfchs P._henf mfs fppginthk Khh Ciehs `rgc gur

ìrc tg tmh vhry icpgrtfnt Eifisgn Ogc-

citthh in tmh eitilftign flfinst [gygtf. Fs

wh rhpgrthk efst cgntm, tmh X._. Jukioife

Tfnhe gn Cueti-Kistriot Eitilftign shehothk

Juklh _henf, wmg is `rgc tmh X._. Kistriot

Ogurt `gr tmh Ohntrfe Kistriot g` Ofei`gr-

nif, tg mhfr fee eitilftign frisinl gut g` tmh

[gygtf _ukkhn Xninthnkhk Foohehrftign

prgaehcs. [mis wiee inoeukh agtm inkivik-

ufe phrsgnfe injury fnk khftm oefics fs

whee fs fee ognsuchr Oefss Fotigns ìehk

gn ahmfe` g` [gygtf gwnhrs.Khh, wmg mhfks up gur Ognsuchr

@rfuk shotign, wfs shehothk `rgc f pgge

g` cgrh tmfn 644 efwyhrs fnk efw ìrcs

tg mhep ehfk tmis eitilftign. [mgsh

fppginthk tg tmh ogccitthh wiee ah in

omfrlh g` kirhotinl tmis eitilftign `gr tmh

hntirh oguntry, fs whee fs `gr sgch

`grhiln oguntrihs tmft wiee ah inoeukhk,

fnk tmft is fn fwhsgch rhspgnsiaieity.

Efwyhrs fppginthk tg tmis ogccitthh

wie e mfvh tmh jga g` lftmhr inl kgou-

chnts, quhstigninl witnhsshs, frluinltmh ehlfe issuhs fnk prhpfrinl tmh ofsh

`gr trife. [mh ogccitthh wiee fesg oggrki-

nfth fny shttehchnt tmft cfy tfbh

pefoh. [mis is f vhry icpgrtfnt fppgint-

chnt fnk gnh tmft gur ìrc tfbhs shri-

gusey. [gygtf is f tgulm gppgnhnt fnk wh

kgn’t hxphot tmhc tg rgee gvhr fnk pefy

khfk. [mhy pefy mfrk afee fnk frh ferhfky

wflinl f ùee-aegwn puaeio rheftigns ofc-

pfiln. Aut fppgintchnt tg tmh ogccit-

thh puts gur ìrc in f ehfkhrsmip rgeh in

tmis icpgrtfnt eitilftign. Munkrhks g`

[gygtf efwsuits mfvh ferhfky ahhn ìehk

in `hkhrfe fnk stfth ogurts frgunk tmh

oguntry.

T QH_IKHN[ G AFCF N GCINF[H_ H EHNF B FLFN @ GQ X._. _ XTQHCH O GXQ[

_geioitgr Lhnhrfe Hehnf Bflfn mfs ahhn

ngcinfthk tg tmh X._. _uprhch Ogurt ay

Trhsikhnt Gafcf. In cy gpinign, tmh

`grchr Khfn g` tmh Mfrvfrk Efw _omgge

is fn hxoheehnt omgioh. Gnoh smh is ogn-

ìrchk ay tmh _hnfth, tmh Xnithk _tfths

wiee mfvh tmrhh wgchn Justiohs `gr tmh

ìrst tich in its mistgry. \mieh Bflfn mfs

nhvhr ahhn f juklh, smh mfs hnjgyhk f trh-

chnkgus ehlfe ofrhhr. _mh wfs tmh ìrst

`hcfeh khfn g` Mfrvfrk Efw _omgge, fnk

tmh ìrst wgcfn tg shrvh fs tmh tgp_uprhch Ogurt efwyhr `gr fny fkcinis-

trftign. _mh wiee suoohhk Justioh Jgmn

Tfue _thvhns wmg mfs ahhn f pgsitivh

`groh gn tmh Milm Ogurt `gr f vhry egnl

tich. Ft 84 yhfrs gek, Bflfn wguek ah

tmh ygunlhst Justioh gn tmh Ogurt.

Aut tmh ngcinhh cust ìrst win _hnfth

ognìrcftign. Mhr rhputftign `gr arinlinl

`gebs g` ogcphtinl vihws tglhtmhr fnk

hfrninl tmhir rhsphot wiee mhep mhr win

_hnfth ognìrcftign. \mieh I aheihvh it

wguek ah f ail cistfbh `gr Qhpuaeiofnstg prhvhnt f vgth gn tmis ngcinhh, tmhy

ohrtfiney mfvh hvhry rilmt tg quhstign

mhr in ognìrcftign mhfrinls gvhr mhr

qufeiìoftigns. Aut unkuh khefy wgn’t

pefy whee witm tmh puaeio.

Bflfn mgeks f Afomhegr’s khlrhh `rgc

Trinohtgn, f Cfsthr’s `rgc Gx`grk fnk f

efw khlrhh `rgc Mfrvfrk. _mh shrvhk fs f

_uprhch Ogurt oehrb `gr gnh g` mhr ehlfe

mhrghs, Justioh [murlggk Cfrsmfee. Fnk

ah`grh tmft, smh oehrbhk `gr @hkhrfe

Fpphfes Ogurt Juklh Fanhr Cibvf, wmg

efthr ahofch fn icpgrtfnt pgeitiofechntgr tg Trhsikhnt Gafcf in Omioflg.

In mhr ourrhnt jga, Bflfn rhprhshnts tmh

X._. lgvhrnchnt fnk kh`hnks fots g` Ogn-

lrhss ah`grh tmh _uprhch Ogurt fnk

khoikhs wmhn tg fpphfe egwhr ogurt

rueinls. Mhr phr`grcfnoh fs tmh lgvhrn-

chnt’s efwyhr ah`grh tmh Milm Ogurt gvhr

tmh efst yhfr mfs ahhn cgst icprhssivh.

Bflfn wguek ah tmh `gurtm wgcfn tg

shrvh gn tmh _uprhch Ogurt, `geegwinl

ourrhnt Justiohs Qutm Afkhr Linsaurl

fnk _gnif _gtgcfygr fnk rhtirhk Justioh_fnkrf Kfy G’Ognngr. Afrrinl hxtrfgrki-

nfry oiroucstfnohs, _geioitgr Lhnhrfe

Hehnf Bflfn smguek mfvh f rheftivhey

scggtm ognìrcftign tg tmh _uprhch

Ogurt. _hvhn Qhpuaeiofns vgthk `gr mhr

ngcinftign tg ah _geioitgr Lhnhrfe,

cfbinl it uneibhey tmh LGT ofn uni`y

hngulm tg sustfin f ìeiausthr.

_guroh: Fssgoifthk Trhss

FEFAFCF T HNFEIZH_ G XQ T GGQH_[ [ F]TFYHQ_

[mh X._. Ohnsus Aurhfu is rhpgrtinl

wmft cgst g` us mfvh ferhfky bngw: Fef-

afcifns pfy tmh nftign’s egwhst stfth

fnk egofe tfxhs phr phrsgn. \mieh tmft

sgunks lggk, it’s ngt lggk `gr cfny g`

gur `heegw oitizhns. [mft’s ahofush

Fefafcf f̀cieihs ft tmh pgvhrty ehvhe pfytmh nftign’s milmhst inogch tfx aiee fnk

tmft’s ngtminl tg ah prguk g`. [mh fnnufe

rhpgrt ay tmh Ohnthr gn Auklht fnk

Tgeioy Trigritihs, f ngnprgìt rhshfrom

lrgup in \fsminltgn, K.O., is f lggk

sguroh g` in`grcftign gn tmh suajhot.

IN [MI_ I__XH

I. Ofpitge Gashrvftigns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

II. F Qhpgrt gn tmh Lue` Ogfst Kisfsthr . . . . ?

III. Krul Cfnu`foturhrs @rfuk Eitilftign . . <IP. Turhey Tgeitiofe Nhws & Pihws . . . . . . . . =

P. Qhohnt _httehchnts ay @irc . . . . . . . . . 64

PI. Ogurt \ftom. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

PII. [mh Nftignfe _ohnh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

PIII. [mh Ogrpgrfth \grek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6;

I]. Ognlrhssignfe Xpkfth . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

]. [gygtf Eitilftign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

]I. Trgkuot Eifaieity Xpkfth . . . . . . . . . . . 6=

]II. Cfss [grts Xpkfth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

]III. Ausinhss Eitilftign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

]IP. Fn Xpkfth gn _houritihs Eitilftign . . . . 11

]P. Insurfnoh fnk @infnoh Xpkfth . . . . . . 1;

]PI. Hcpegychnt fnk @E_F Eitilftign . . . . . 1;

]PII. Trhkftgry Ehnkinl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1;

]PIII. Trhcishs Eifaieity Xpkfth . . . . . . . . . . . 18

]I]. \grbpefoh Mfzfrks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

]]. [rfnspgrtftign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

]]I. Fraitrftign Xpkfth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1<

]]II. Hnvirgnchntfe Ognohrns . . . . . . . . . . . 1<

]]III. [mh Ognsuchr Ogrnhr . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1=

]]IP. Qhofees Xpkfth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?4

]]P. @irc Fotivitihs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?8

]]PI. _phoife Qhoglnitigns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?0

]]PII. @fvgrith Aiaeh Phrshs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?<

]]PIII. Oegsinl Gashrvftigns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?=

]]I]. Tfrtinl \grks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?9


3/40 www.JhrhAhfsehyQhpgrt.ogc ?

Bicaeh @grristhr, hxhoutivh kirhotgr g`

tmh Frish Oitizhns’ Tgeioy Trgjhot, mfk tmis

tg sfy fagut tmh situftign:

Fefafcf cfy ah ofeehk f ”egw-tfx

stfth,’ aut gur tfxhs frhn’t egw `gr

hvhrygnh. Egw- fnk cikkeh-inogch

Fefafcifns strulleh tg cfbh hnks

chht, aut ogcpfrhk tg gtmhrs

forgss tmh oguntry, tmhy pfy f milm sfehs tfx gn lrgohrihs, fnk tmhy pfy

twioh fs efrlh f smfrh g` tmhir

inogchs in stfth fnk egofe tfxhs fs

tmh tgp 6% g` hfrnhrs kg. Fef-

afcf’s tfx systhc is upsikh kgwn

fnk gut g` sthp witm gur nhilmagrs.

Fefafcifns pfy milm sfehs tfxhs gn

lrgohrihs ogcpfrhk tg `gebs in gtmhr

stfths. In `fot, Fefafcf is gnh g` just twg

stfths tmft tfx tmh ùee fcgunt gn `ggk.

Cississippi is tmh gtmhr stfth fnk I kgn’t

luhss tmft’s f ail surprish. Gtmhr stfthshxhcpt `ggk, omfrlh f rhkuohk fcgunt

gr g``hr tfx orhkits tg pggr `fcieihs.

[mh milm stfth inogch tfx fnk ùee

sfehs tfx gn `ggk cfbhs it vhry tgulm gn

egw-inogch `fcieihs in Fefafcf. @fcieihs

witm inogchs in tmh egwhst 14%, witm fn

fvhrflh inogch g` $64,;44 f yhfr, pfy

64.1% g` tmhir inogchs in stfth fnk egofe

tfxhs, foogrkinl tg tmh Instituth gn [fxf-

tign fnk Hogngcio Tgeioy. Yht, Fefafcifns

in tmh tgp 6% g` inogchs, witm fn

fvhrflh inogch g` $6.1 cieeign, pfy just

;% g` tmhir inogchs in stfth fnk egofe

tfxhs f`thr tmh `hkhrfe khkuotign. In gur

stfth tmh whfetmihst Fefafcifns ofn

khkuot `hkhrfe inogch tfxhs tmhy pfy

`rgc tmhir tfxfaeh stfth inogch. Fefafcf

is gnh g` tmrhh stfths tmft lrfnt tmh

`hkhrfe khkuotign in ùee. Fee phrsgns

wmgsh inogch pefohs tmhc in tmh tgp

6% g` inogchs smguek mhep ognvinoh gur

Lgvhrngr fnk ehliseftgrs tg ìx tmis situf-

tign.

[mh kftf `rgc tmh Instituth smgw tmft

ft ehfst 04% g` Fefafcf `fcieihs pfy fmilmhr smfrh g` tmhir inogchs in tfxhs

tmfn tmh stfth fvhrflh. \itmgut fny

kguat, Fefafcf’s inhquitfaeh tfx systhc

mfs ogch fagut fs tmh rhsuet g` sphoife

inthrhst inèuhnoh. Gvhr tmh yhfrs, tmh

Ehlisefturh, prgcpthk ay egaayists, mfs

prgvikhk eggpmgehs fnk hxhcptigns `gr

sphoife inthrhsts in gur stfth’s tfx

efws. Fesg, tmh stfth ognstitutign wmiom

prgthots tmh whfetmy is pfrt g` tmh

prgaehc. Fee tglhtmhr, cuom g` tmh stfth’s

whfetm is smhethrhk ̀ rgc ahinl tfxhk. [mh

tfx systhc is khsilnhk tg `fvgr tmh riom

gvhr tmh pggr. Mgphùeey, in tmh nhfr

ùturh wh wiee shh sgch rhfe tfx rh`grc

in gur stfth fnk livh rheih` tg egw-inogch

Fefafcf ̀ fcieihs.

_guroh: Aircinlmfc Nhws

@KIO Q HTGQ[_ G N O GEGNIFE A FNB T QGAEHC_

F nhw rhpgrt gn tmh khftm g` Cgnt-

lgchry-afshk Ogegnife Afnb inkiofths

tmft tmh ogcpfny aht `fr tgg mhfviey gn

risby rhfe-hstfth egfns. [mh afnb’s ofush

g` khftm wfs rhfe-hstfth leuttgny, f efahe

put gn Ogegnife ay tmh @hkhrfe Khpgsit

Insurfnoh Ogrp., in f rhpgrt gn tmh

afnb’s Fulust `fieurh. Fs wfs wikhey

rhpgrthk, Cgntlgchry-afshk Ogegnife

ogeefpshk in tmh sixtm-efrlhst afnb `fieurhin Fchriofn mistgry. [mh @KIO sfik it

ngw hxphots tg egsh $?.= aieeign‛rftmhr

tmfn $1.< aieeign‛`rgc tmh `fee g` f afnb

tmft mfk $18.1 aieeign in fsshts. I kgn’t

aheihvh tmh cftthr is oegshk ft tmis juno-

turh. _gch g` tmh issuhs rfishk ay tmh

@KIO rhpgrt frh quith kisturainl. \mieh

tmh `fieurh g` Ogegnife Afnb mfs murt tmh

hntirh stfth, cgst g` tmh murt is in Cgnt-

lgchry. It wfs f cfjgr aegw tg tmh

Ofpitfe Oity.

_guroh: Fe.ogc

II.

F QHTGQ[ GN [MH

LXE@ OGF_[

KI_F_[HQ

AT T X[ T HGTEH FNK T QGTHQ[Y I N T HQIE

Fee g` tmh wgrek ngw bngws fagut tmhcfssivh gie spiee rhsuetinl `rgc tmh

hxpegsign fnk sinbinl g` tmh gie peft`grc

Khhpwfthr Mgrizgn in tmh Lue` g`

Chxiog gn Fprie 14tm . \mhn wh shnt tmis

issuh tg tmh printhr, ft ehfst 184,444

afrrhes g` gie mfk ferhfky ahhn spieehk

intg tmh Lue`. Fotufeey, tmft cilmt ah f

ognshrvftivh nucahr. Xn`grtunfthey, tmh

h``grts tg stgp tmh spiee mfvh ahhn efrlhey

unsuoohssùe. It ngw fpphfrs tmhrh is ng

quiob ìx fvfiefaeh. In `fot, cfny aheihvh

tmft tmh fcgunt g` gie ahinl spieehk is

thn tichs wgrsh tmfn is inkiofthk ay

cfny rhpgrts.

[mh ogcpfnihs rhspgnsiaeh `gr tmis

kisfsthr cust ah mhek fooguntfaeh `gr tmh

kfcflhs kgnh fnk tmhy cust ah cfkh tg

ùeey ogcphnsfth fee g` tmh `gebs wmg wiee

ah murt afkey ay wmft mfs mfpphnhk. AT

fnk fee rhspgnsiaeh pfrtihs cust rhpfirtmh hogegliofe kfcflh, cfbh ùee fnk

prgcpt rhpfrftigns tg hvhry sinleh

phrsgn wmgsh eivheimggk wfs tfbhn fwfy

gr lrhftey kfcflhk, fnk pfy fpprgprifth

fnk ùee kfcflhs tg fee viotics in f ogurt

g ̀efw.

I fc ognvinohk tmhrh rhfeey frhn’t fny

lggk gie ogcpfnihs, aut AT mfs ahhn

khvfstftinley afk. @gr hxfcpeh, AT

hehothk ngt tg instfee f $844,444 sf`hty

khvioh tmft oguek mfvh prhvhnthk tmis

kisfsthr. F ogcpfny tmft cfkh $16.0aieeign in prgìts in 144= fegnh rhùshk tg

sphnk $844,444 tg sf`hlufrk tmh phgpeh

gn tmh ogfst `rgc wmft mfs turnhk intg

tmh wgrst gie spiee g` fee tich. Fs tmh

invhstilftigns prgohhk, cgrh fnk cgrh is

ahinl unogvhrhk fagut tmh `fiehk sf`hty

chfsurhs in pefoh, fnk fesg fagut tmgsh

tmft whrh fvfiefaeh aut whrh nhvhr

instfeehk gn tmh ril.

[mis isn’t tmh ìrst tich AT mfs mfk

cfjgr prgaehcs. @gr hxfcpeh, AT mfs

pehfkhk luiety in just tmh efst `hw yhfrs

tg twg orichs, wieeùe kisrhlfrk `gr wgrb-pefoh sf`hty, fnk hnhrly cfrbht cfnipu-

eftign. F \fsminltgn-afshk rhshfrom

lrgup sfys twg AT rhìnhrihs in tmh

X._. Foogunt `gr 9


4/40; www.AhfsehyFeehn.ogc

sivh tmrgulmgut tmh X._. phtrgehuc

inkustry. [mft’s cgst kisturainl.

It’s tich tg rhfeizh tmft tmh gie ogcpf-

nihs cust ah prgphrey rhluefthk ay tmh

`hkhrfe lgvhrnchnt fnk tmhir fotivitihs

ofrhùeey cgnitgrhk. AT fnk fee gtmhr gie

ogcpfnihs cust ah cfkh tg gahy fnk

`geegw tmh efw. Inthrigr _horhtfry Bhn

_fefzfr fkcits tmft tmh `hkhrfe lgvhrn-

chnt mfs `fiehk tg mgek tmh gie inkustryfooguntfaeh fnk hnsurh sf`hty in g``-

smgrh gie krieeinl. Mh prgcishs tg livh

―cgrh tgges, cgrh rhsgurohs, cgrh inkh-

phnkhnoh fnk lrhfthr futmgrity– tg tmh

Cinhrfes Cfnflhchnt _hrvioh, wmiom

rhluefths krieeinl in tmh Lue` g` Chxiog.

Aut tmh pricfry hcpmfsis ngw cust ah

gn mhepinl tmgsh wmg wiee nhhk mhep

ahofush g` tmh cfssivh prgaehcs AT fnk

gtmhrs mfvh ofushk.

G XQ @ IQC \ IEE A H I NPGEPHK I N [ MH AT G IE _ TIEE EI[ILF[IGN

Hxphrts frh ofeeinl tmh Lue` gie spiee tmh

wgrst hnvi rgnchntf e or is is in tm is

oguntry in rhohnt chcgry fnk phrmfps

hvhr. It oehfrey fpphfrs tmis gnh wiee

hoeipsh tmh Hxxgn Pfekhz kisfsthr. [mh

hogngcio icpfot wiee fesg ah lrhfthr

tmfn tmft ofushk ay murr iofnh

Bftrinf. [mh cfssivh gie spiee wiee ohr-

tfiney nhlftivhey f``hot tmh hntirh Lue`

ogfsteinh fnk wiee fotufeey f``hot `gebsùrtmhr inefnk. [mis inoeukhs f nhlftivh

hogngcio icpfot gn tmgusfnks wmg

hfrn tmhir eivheimggk in tmh shf`ggk

inkustry, fs whee fs in tgurisc in tmh frhf,

itshe` f cfjgr inkustry fegnl tmh Lue`

Ogfst. \itmgut f kguat, tmh hnvirgnchn-

tfe icpfot wiee ah shvhrh, witm gie fnk

ayprgkuots kfcflinl `rflieh cfrsmefnks,

cfrinh fnk airk ei`h. [mh ogfstfe stfths

mfvh nhvhr hxphrihnohk fnytminl eibh

tmis kisfsthr.

Gur ìrc is rhprhshntinl f nucahr g`

oeihnts wmg mfvh ahhn murt fnk kfcflhk

in tmh Lue` Ogfst stfths in tmh AT gie spiee

eitilftign. \h mfvh ìehk f nucahr g` oefss

fotign efwsuits flfinst AT, peo2 AT Trgk-

uots Ngrtm Fchriof Ino., AT Fchriof Ino.,

[rfnsgohfn Etk., [rfnsgohfn G``smgrh

Khhpwfthr Ino., Mfeeiaurtgn Hnhrly _hr-

viohs Ino., fnk Ofchrgn Inthrnftignfe

Ogrpgrftign. Fee g` tmhsh ogcpfnihs frh

rhspgnsiaeh `gr tmh trflio goourrhnoh

fnk wiee mfvh tg foogunt `gr tmhir wrgnl-

kginl.

\h frh rhprhshntinl inkivikufes fnk

ausinhsshs tmft mfvh inourrhk kfcflhs

ofushk ay tmh kisfsthr. [mh egsshs wiee

ogvhr f vhry wikh rfnlh, inoeukinl rhfe

prgphrty kfcflhs, phrsgnfe prgphrty

kfcflhs, egss g` prgìts fnk hfrninl

ofpfoity, egss g` ogcchroife fnk suasis-

thnoh ush g` nfturfe rhsgurohs, inorhfshkogsts g` puaeio shrviohs fnk egss g` rhvh-

nuhs. [mh ofshs ìehk sg `fr frh in `hkhrfe

ogurts in Fefafcf, Eguisifnf fnk [hxfs.

Ay tmh tich tmis issuh is rhohivhk ofshs

wi ee mfvh ahhn ì ehk in @egr ikf fnk

Cississippi.

Gur ognohrns `gr tmh phgpeh fegnl tmh

Lue` Ogfst ogntinuh tg lrgw fs wh

cgnitgr tmis situftign fnk gie ogntinuhs

tg spiee intg tmh Lue`. [mh situftign is

hsphoifeey kistrhssinl in Fefafcf, Eguisi-

fnf, Cississippi fnk @egrikf, wmhrh sgcfny phgpeh khphnk gn tmh wfthrs `gr

tmhir eivheimggk. [hxfs oitizhns wiee fesg

ah fkvhrshey f``hothk i` tmh gie lhts tmft

`fr fnk it fpphfrs tmft it wiee. Gur ìrc

mfs ahhn in hxthnsivh eitilftign witm tmh

pgwhrùe gie inkustry in tmh pfst fnk wh

bngw ìrst-mfnk ogcpfnihs eibh AT ofn’t

fewfys ah trusthk tg kg tmh rilmt tminl.

Gur ìrc mfs fn hxphrihnohk [gxio

[grt shotign tmft inoeukhs efwyhrs fnk

stf`` wmg mfvh mfnkehk nuchrgus ofshs

invgevinl hnvirgnchntfe kisfsthrs. Trg-

thotign g` phgpeh, tmhir prgphrty, fnktmhir eivheimggk `rgc efrlh ogrpgrfth pge-

euthrs mfs ahhn gnh g` gur ìrc’s tgp pri-

gritihs. Gur efwyhrs frh ìlmtinl tg cfbh

f ki``hrhnoh in tmh eivhs g` tmgsh tmrhft-

hnhk ay hnvirgnchntfe pgeeutign. \h our-

rhntey frh mfnkeinl oefss fotign eitilftign

flfinst tmh [hnnhsshh Pfeehy Futmgrity in

tmh efrlhst ogfe fsm spiee in X._. mistgry.

@rgc tmh efrlhst tgxio tgrt shttehchnt in

X._. mistgry `gr TOA ogntfcinf-

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Trhsikhnt Gafcf wfs fsbhk tg tfbh fee

ehlfe sthps nhohssfry tg efy aefch `gr tmh

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oehfr tmh wfy `gr pgssiaeh ogurt fotign.

Trhsikhnt Gafcf cfkh it oehfr kurinl f

visit tg tmh Eguisifnf ogfst gn Cfy ?rk

tmft mh wiee cfbh AT pfy `gr tmh

oehfnup. F `grcfe khoefrftign g` rhspgn-

siaieity is nhhkhk ah`grh tmh Fttgrnhys

Lhnhrfe ofn tfbh ehlfe fotign flfinst ATgr fny gtmhrs ogcpfnihs. I fc ogn`ikhnt

Trhsikhnt Gafcf wiee kg wmfthvhr is

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rhsikhnts in tmh Lue` Ogfst stfths.

[mh \mith Mgush mfs ferhfky ahhn

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tmft ofps ft $



Ft tmh tich, Cfsgn, wmg wfs wgrbinl

`gr Nfagrs Fefsbf Krieeinl Ino., f AT ogn-

trfotgr gn tmh Ngrtm _egph, sfik mh wit-

nhsshk twg aegwguts g` AT whees gn tmh

Ngrtm _egph in 144?‛gnh gn Juey ? rk

fnk gnh gn Khohcahr 0tm . Cfsgn sfik

tmhn tmft omhftinl gn aegwgut prhvhn-

tign thsts wfs f wfy g` ei`h in tmh gie

inkustry. Mh gashrvhk, ―tmhy omhft tg sfvh

cgnhy fnk tich.– [mh gie inkustry vhthrfnsfik mh phrsgnfeey witnhsshk AT cfnfl-

hrs rhphfthkey omhftinl gn aegwgut prh-

vhntign thsts . I` wmft Cfsgn sfys is

foourfth, it thees us egts fagut AT fnk it

fesg thees us f lrhft khfe g` mgw inhpt tmh

`hkhrfe lgvhrnchnt rhlueftgrs mfvh

ahhn. Ft tmh vhry ehfst, tmh feehlftigns

cfkh ay Cfsgn smguek mfvh lgtthn tmh

ftthntign g` tmh rhlueftgrs fnk fesg g`

tmh Trhsikhnt fnk Ognlrhss.

F EGGB F[ \ MF[ M F_ [ QFN_TIQHK

_g eht’s tfbh f eggb ft wmft mfs ahhn

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wfrnhk g``smgrh ril gphrftgrs cgrh tmfn

f khofkh flg tmft tmhy nhhkhk tg instfee

afobup systhcs tg ogntrge tmhsh lifnt

unkhrshf vfevhs bngwn fs aegwgut prh-

vhnthrs, wmiom frh ushk tg out g`` tmh

`egw g` gie `rgc f whee in fn hchr-

lhnoy. [mh aegwgut prhvhnthrs (AGT),

wmiom ofn whilm up tg 0;4,444 pgunks,lufrk tmh cgutms g` whees. [mh AGTs frh

tg ah tmh efst kh`hnsh tg omgbh g`` unin-

thnkhk rhehfshs, sefccinl f lusminl piph

witm up tg 6 cieeign pgunks g` ̀ groh.

[mhsh wfrninls whrh rhphfthk in

144; fnk 1449. Yht tmh CC_, wmiom is

omfrlhk witm rhlueftinl tmh gie inkustry

fnk ogeehotinl rgyfetihs `rgc it, nhvhr

tggb sthps tg fkkrhss tmh issuh ogcprh-

mhnsivhey. Insthfk, CC_ rheihk gn inkus-

try fssurfnohs tmft tmh gie ogcpfnihs

whrh gn tgp g` tmh prgaehc. In fkkitigntg tmh Ogrpgrfth Orich Qhpgrthr in`gr-

cftign, tmhrh whrh nuchrgus wfrninl

silnfes tmft fppfrhntey whrh ilngrhk ay

CC_ fnk tmh gie inkustry. Nuchrgus

aegwgut prhvhnthrs fnk tmhir ogntrge

systhcs mfvh `fiehk gvhr tmh yhfrs,

tmgulm ngnh fs oftfstrgpmiofeey fs tmgsh

gn tmh whee tmh Khhpwfthr Mgrizgn kriee-

inl ril wfs prhpfrinl wmhn it aehw up

gn Fprie 14tm . CC_ rhogrks smgw tmft

`rgc 1446 tg 144


7/40

vfeuh g` its vhsshe fnk ofrlg. Xnkhr tmis

fntiqufthk efw, tmh smip gwnhr wguek

mfvh tg smgw it mfk ng bngwehklh g`

nhleilhnoh rhsuetinl in tmh smip’s

khstruotign fnk suashquhnt ognsh-

quhnohs. [mh Khhpwfthr Mgrizgn gie

krieeinl ril wfs ognsikhrhk f vhsshe unkhr

X._. cfritich efw ahofush it is ofpfaeh g`

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It’s oehfr [rfnsgohfn is ftthcptinl tg

eicit its cfssivh ehlfe eifaieity ay ìeinl

tmis efwsuit. [mh ogcpfny fnk gtmhrs

wiee gwh thns g` aieeigns g` kgeefrs tg tmh

tmgusfnks g` `gebs wmg wiee ah afkey

murt fnk kfcflhk ay tmh cfssivh gie

spiee. [mis is f aeftfnt ftthcpt tg eicit tmft

hxpgsurh tg gney $1< cieeign. [ryinl tg

tfbh fkvfntflh g` fn fntiqufthk stftuth

wmiom wfs nhvhr inthnkhk tg fppey tg fcfssivh kisfsthr g` tmis cflnitukh smgws

mgw eitteh rhlfrk tmh agsshs ft [rfns-

gohfn rhfeey mfvh `gr tmh `gebs wmg mfvh

ahhn afkey murt fnk kfcflhk ay tmhir

fotigns. In `fot, wmft [rfnsgohfn kik is

fagut fs afk fs fnytminl f ogrpgrfth

hntity witm thrriìo ehlfe hxpgsurh oguek

mfvh kgnh in fn ftthcpt tg ùrtmhr murt

tmh `gebs tmhy mfvh ferhfky afkey murt. I

kgn’t aheihvh fny ogurt wiee feegw aie-

eigns g` kgeefrs in kfcflhs tg ah eicithk

ay ìeinl f eicitftigns efwsuit `rgc tmh

6=44s suom fs tmis gnh. \mft [rfnsgohfnkik wfs smfchùe. Gur ìrc wiee tfbh fee

fpprgprifth fotign gn ahmfe` g` gur

oeihnts fnk gtmhrs tg prgthot tmhir inthr-

hsts fnk tg cfbh surh ng wrgnlkghr lhts

g`` tmh mggb.

O MHCIOFE_ X _HK [ G @ ILM[ L XE@ G IE C FY A H F C FJGQ T QGAEHC

Hnvirgnchntfe tgxiogeglists frh ngw

sfyinl tmft tmh gie kisphrsfnts ahinl

sprfyhk gn tmh gie seiob cfy ah cgrh kht-

richntfe tg tmh Lue` hnvirgnchnt tmfn

tmh gie itshe`. I` tmft’s truh, it cfy turn gut

tg ah f cuom aillhr prgaehc tmfn

fnyagky bngws ft prhshnt. Munkrhks g`

tmgusfnks g` lfeegns g` f ognogotign‛f

cix g` omhciofes ogeehotivhey bngwn fs

―kisphrsfnt–‛mfvh ferhfky ahhn

krgpphk in tmh Lue` tg try tg arhfb up

tmh ggzinl gie, feegwinl it tg khogcpgsh

cgrh quiobey gr hvfpgrfth ah`grh

wfsminl fsmgrh. Xn`grtunfthey, ngagky

rhfeey bngws wmft tmh smgrt rfnlh fnk

efstinl h``hots g` tmh omhciofes ushk wiee

ah. In `fot, tmh cfssivh gie ehfb in tmh Lue`

g` Chxiog mfs ahogch tmh thstinl

lrgunk `gr f nhw thomniquh wmhrh f

pgthnt cix g` omhciofes is smgt khhp

unkhrshf in fn h``grt tg stgp gie `rgc

rhfominl tmh sur`foh._oihntists mfvh ahhn murrihkey whilm-

inl tmh hogegliofe risbs fnk ahnhìts g`

usinl tmh omhciofes. Gney tich wiee thee

mgw afk tmh h``hots `rgc tmh omhciofes

wiee ah. Mgphùeey, tmh icpfot wgn’t ah fs

lrhft fs sgch `hfr it wiee ah. Aut tmhrh is

hvhry inkioftign tmft tmis wiee ah f cfjgr

frhf g` ognohrn. In `fot, it oguek ah wgrsh

in tmh egnl mfue tmfn tmh gie itshe`, fnk i`

sg tmft wiee ah vhry afk.


III.

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ofsh khfet witm tmh ogcpfny’s prgcg-

tign g` g``-efahe ushs `gr tmh fntipsy-

omgtio krul _hrgquhe. FstrfZhnhof

prgcgthk _hrgquhe `gr ushs tmft frh ngt

fpprgvhk ay `hkhrfe krul rhlueftgrs,

inoeukinl insgcnif fnk psyomiftrio ogn-

kitigns ahsikhs somizgpmrhnif fnk

aipgefr kisgrkhr.

X._. Fttgrnhy Ciomfhe Ehvy g` Tmiefkhe-

pmif, wmhrh tmh shttehchnt wfs

fpprgvhk, stfthk tmft tmh ogcpfny mfk―turnhk pftihnts intg luinhf pils in fn

unsuphrvishk krul thst.– Tfrtey ahofush

g` fee tmh g``-efahe ush g` _hrgquhe, tmh

krul argulmt in $;.9 aieeign tg FstrfZhn-

hof in 1449, cfbinl it tmh ogcpfny’s sho-

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@KF fpprgvhs kruls `gr sphoiìo ushs, aut

kgotgrs frh `rhh tg prhsoriah fs tmhy shh

ìt.

Krul ogcpfnihs frh suppgshk tg

cfrbht chkioftigns gney `gr ushs tmft

tmh @KF mfs fpprgvhk. Aut tmh ogcpf-

nihs ofn ìnk egts g` wfys tg lht frgunk

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tgek fagut rhshfrom inkioftinl tmft f

livhn krul smgws prgcish tg trhft f ogn-

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`gr. _inoh kgotgrs frh hflhr tg lht tmh

efthst trhftchnts `gr tmhir pftihnts, hsph-oifeey i` gtmhr pmysioifns frh fesg prh-

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tg wgrb. It’s rftmhr irgnio tmft wmieh tmh

`hkhrfe lgvhrnchnt wgrbs mfrk tg arinl

krul cfnu`foturhrs tg justioh, tmh

Fefafcf _uprhch Ogurt wgrbs mfrk

ìnkinl wfys tg prgthot tmhc. Cfyah gnh

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fns‛tmft wiee omfnlh.


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Fot. [mh ogcpfny feehlhkey cfrbhthk tmh

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In tmh gtmhr shttehchnt, _omwfrz

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mfs mfpphnhk sg `fr, tmhy cilmt ah rilmt.

Ohrtfiney, tmhrh mfvh ahhn sgch rftmhr

strfnlh mfpphninls suom fs tmh bngob-

kgwn, krfl-gut ìlmt ahtwhhn Arfkehy

Ayrnh fnk [ic Jfchs. Hvhn tmh Khcg-

orftio pricfry aftteh ahtwhhn Frtur

Kfvis fnk Qgn _pfrbs lgt prhtty eivhey gn

goofsign. It tggb f egnl tich `gr cgst

`gebs tg rhfeey lht inthrhsthk in tmh

vfrigus rfohs fnk ofnkikfths, aut it ngwfpphfrs `gebs frh ìnfeey hnlflhk fnk frh

ìnfeey tfebinl pgeitios. Fefafcifns wiee ah

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[ MH L GPHQNGQ ’ _ Q FOH

In tmh Lgvhrngr’s rfoh, afshk gn sgch

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pricfry. [mft rfoh mfs mfk sgch vhry

inthrhstinl twists fnk turns fegnl tmh

wfy, aut Frtur wiee prhvfie i` tmh pgees frh

foourfth. @gr f egnl tich, tmh aillhst

nhws in tmis rfoh wfs Qgn’s smfvinl mis

custfomh fnk omfnlinl mis mfir-kg. Aut

tmh tgnh g` tmh rfoh omfnlhk prhtty

quiobey f`thr tmft tggb pefoh. [mh

pricfry winnhr wiee `foh tmh Qhpuaeiofn

ngcinhh in tmh `fee. \mhn ygu ognsikhr

tmis prhkiotign, hvhn tmgulm cy fsshss-chnt is pricfriey afshk gn pgee rhsuets,

rhchcahr tmft I fc shrvinl fs Frtur’s

stfth ofcpfiln omfircfn.

_inoh tmhrh frh f nucahr g` strgnl

ofnkikfths `gr lgvhrngr in tmh LGT

pricfry, f run-g`` is virtufeey lufrfnthhk.

Afshk gn pgeeinl, fnk wmft I mfvh ahhn

mhfrinl `rgc `gebs frgunk tmh stfth, I

aheihvh [ic Jfchs fnk Juklh Qgy Cggrh

wiee survivh tmh pricfry fnk wiee `foh

hfom gtmhr in f run-g`` in Juey. Aut I fesg

aheihvh tmft i` Qhp. Qgahrt Ahntehy mfkahhn faeh tg rfish cgrh cgnhy sg mh

oguek mfvh lgtthn mis pgsitivh chssflh

tg tmh vgthrs, mh wguek mfvh cfkh tmh

run-g``. In `fot, I wguekn’t ah tgg fwùeey

surprishk i` tmh [usofeggsf kgotgr fotu-

feey cfbhs tmh run-g`` gr cfyah runs

tmirk.

[mh rhfe smgobhr in tmh LGT pricfry,

mgwhvhr, mfs tg ah mgw Arfkehy Ayrnh

wfs tfbhn g`` chssflh ay [ic Jfchs fnk

Tfue Muaahrt. Arfkehy’s ofcpfiln

shhchk tg `fee fpfrt in efth Fprie fnk I

kgn’t aheihvh mh mfs rhogvhrhk su`ì-

oihntey tg cfbh tmh run-g``. In `fot, mh

oguek seip tg `gurtm pefoh ahmink Qhp.

Ahntehy. @infeey, rhlfrkehss g` mgw mh ìn-

ismhs, hfom vgth Juklh Cggrh rhohivhs

wiee ogst mic suastfntifeey ehss tmfn tmgsh

rhohivhk ay fee g` tmh gtmhr ofnkikfths in

tmh rfoh.

[ MH E[ . L GPHQNGQ ’ _ Q FOH

I shh f `firey oegsh rfoh in tmh Et. Lgvhr-

ngr’s rfoh ahtwhhn Bfy Ivhy fnk _hnftgr

Mfnb Hrwin in tmh LGT pricfry, witm

Bfy prhvfieinl. _inoh tmft rfoh nhvhr

shhchk tg oftom gn fnk fttrfot fny rhfe

ftthntign, Bfy’s nfch ikhntiìoftign

smguek ah tmh khoikinl `fotgr. I wiee sfy

gnh tminl tmgulm. Bfy krgpphk gut g`

tmh Lgvhrngr’s rfoh fnk seipphk kgwn tg

tmh rfoh `gr Et. Lgvhrngr, fnk smh nhvhr

cisshk f ahft. Mhr lhttinl gut g` tmh Lgv-

hrngr’s rfoh kik gnh tminl `gr surh‛it

mhephk [ic Jfchs fnk Juklh Cggrh‛fnk

prgafaey tmft wiee f``hot wmg cfbhs tmh

run-g``. Bfy wguek mfvh pueehk vgths

fwfy ̀ rgc agtm [ic fnk tmh Juklh.

[ MH Q FOH @ GQ F[[GQNHY L HNHQFE

I aheihvh [rgy Binl wiee kh`hft Eutmhr_trfnlh in tmh Fttgrnhy Lhnhrfe’s rfoh. I

wfs rftmhr fcushk tmft Eutmhr trihk tg

injhot cy nfch intg tmis rfoh wmhn mh

oefichk I mfk hnkgrshk [rgy wmiom wfs f

`fesh omfrlh. Fs fee g` gur rhfkhrs bngw, I

cfkh tmh stfthchnt in tmh efst issuh tmft

Fefafcf vgthrs wguek mfvh tg khoikh

ahtwhhn f ―prgshoutgr– fnk f ―egaayist–

fnk I stiee aheihvh tmft wiee ah tmhir omgioh

gn Junh 6st wmhn `gebs lg tg tmh pgees.

@rgc fee foogunts Eutmhr mfs ahhn

afobhk mhfviey ay tmh gie fnk krul inkus-

trihs, hfom g` wmgc whrh cilmtyunmfppy witm [rgy’s ìeinl suits gn ahmfe`

g` Fefafcf tfxpfyhrs.

@rfnbey, I just kgn’t aheihvh Fefafcf

vgthrs wiee hehot f \fsminltgn egaayist

wmg is oegshey tihk tg tmh gie inkustry fs

Fttgrnhy Lhnhrfe. Aut I ofn ohrtfiney

unkhrstfnk wmy tmh gie fnk krul inkus-

t r ihs kgn’ t wfnt [rgy afob in

g`ìoh. [mft’s ngt mfrk tg ìlurh gut‛

[rgy mfk tmh ogurflh tg tfbh gn tmhsh

pgeitiofeey pgwhrùe ogrpgrftigns in f

ogurt g` efw. I ofn fesg unkhrstfnk wmy

tmh pgwhrùe gie ogcpfnihs afkey wfnt

Ail Eutmhr, witm mis ail gie tihs, tg rhpefoh

[rgy ahofush g` tmh kisfsthr in tmh Lue`

g` Chxiog.

It’s vhry gavigus tmft tmh tmrhh Khcg-

orftio ofnkikfths `gr Fttgrnhy Lhnhrfe

mfvh mfk ki`ìouety rfisinl ofcpfiln

ùnks. Jfchs Fnkhrsgn mfk sgchunusufe‛aut vhry lggk‛thehvisign fks

fnk tmgsh cfy mfvh pusmhk mic intg tmh

ehfk. @rfnbey, I mfvh ng oeuh wmiom g` tmh

gtmhr twg ofnkikfths‛Ciomheh Niorgssi

fnk Liehs Thrbins‛wiee cfbh tmh run-

g``. [mis is f rfoh in wmiom fee g` tmh ofn-

kikfths frh vhry lggk gnhs fnk tmft’s

cgst unusufe in fny rfoh. I mfvh bngwn

Jfchs Fnkhrsgn sinoh mh wfs f stfr afs-

bhtafee pefyhr ft Muntinlkgn Ogeehlh fnk

wh mfvh ahhn vhry lggk `rihnks gvhr tmh

yhfrs. I aheihvh mh wguek cfbh f vhrylggk Fttgrnhy Lhnhrfe. I` I whrhn’t Frtur

Kfvis’ ofcpfiln omfircfn, I wguek fotu-

feey suppgrt Jfchs’ ofnkikfoy fnk tmft’s

ng rhèhotign gn tmh gtmhr ofnkikfths. I

just bngw mic ahtthr fnk mfvh f lrhft

khfe g` rhsphot `gr mic. Ay tmh wfy, Jfchs

is f ―kh`hnsh efwyhr– ̀ gr wmft it’s wgrtm.

EIEEY EHKAH[[HQ H NKGQ_H_ FQ[XQ K FPI_ @ GQ L GPHQNGQ

Lfkskhn’s Eieey Ehkahtthr, tmh nftign-feey bngwn fkvgofth `gr hqufe pfy `gr

wgchn, hnkgrshk X._. Qhp. Frtur Kfvis

`gr Lgvhrngr. _mh foogcpfnihk Frtur

frgunk tmh stfth fnk eht `gebs bngw smh

suppgrthk mic. Frtur is gn rhogrk `gr

oegsinl tmh pfy lfp ahtwhhn chn fnk

wgchn. Frtur mfs prgpgshk tmft ogcpf-

nihs tmft g``hr lhnkhr hqufeity in pfy ah

rhwfrkhk. It wguek inoeukh orhftinl f

stfth inogch tfx orhkit. [mh orhkit, fichk

ft cikkeh fnk egwhr inogch Fefafcifns,

wguek mhep pfy `gr omiekofrh. Frtur mfk

tmis tg sfy:

F cfn in tmis stfth witm f ogeehlh

khlrhh cfbhs fpprgxicfthey

$14,444 f yhfr cgrh tmfn f

wgcfn fnk wh’vh fothk fs i` it just

mfs tg ah tmft wfy. \h nhhk tg kg

sgchtminl fagut it. \h nhhk f Lgv-

hrngr wmg is gn tmh sikh g` gur

kfulmthrs fnk lrfnkkfulmthrs.



Fs ygu wiee rhofee, Cs. Ehkahtthr, f

cfnflhr ft tmh Lggkyhfr [irh fnk

Quaahr Tefnt, suhk tmh ogcpfny f`thr

kisogvhrinl smh wfs ahinl pfik silniì-

ofntey ehss tmfn cfehs in siciefr pgsitigns

witm siciefr hxphrihnoh. Mhr efwsui t

lfinhk nftignfe ftthntign fnk rhsuethk in

Ognlrhss pfssinl tmh Eieey Ehkahtthr @fir

Tfy Fot g` 1449. Frtur wfs tmh gney

chcahr g` tmh Fefafcf OgnlrhssignfeKhehlftign tg vgth `gr tmh aiee.


O GN_[I[X[IGN Q H\QI[H EHFKHQ_ H NKGQ_H FQ[XQ K FPI_

[mh ehfkhrs g` Fefafcf Oitizhns `gr

Ognstitutignfe Qh`grc mfvh hnkgrshk

Frtur Kfvis `gr Lgvhrngr. [mh omfir, Air-

cinlmfc efwyhr Ehngrf Tfth, hnkgrshk

Frtur ft tmh _tfth Ofpitge fnk sfik Frtur is

tmh gney ofnkikfth `gr Lgvhrngr wmg isofeeinl `gr f ognstitutignfe ognvhn-

tign. [wg gtmhr ehfkhrs, Euoy [u`ts fnk

Bfregs @inehy, cfkh tmhir hnkgrshchnts

in Cgaieh. \mieh hfom g` tmhc sfik tmhy

whrh hnkgrsinl fs inkivikufes fnk whrh

ngt sphfbinl `gr tmh lrgup, it’s oehfr

Frtur mfs tmh suppgrt g` egts g` `gebs gn

tmh rh`grc issuh. It’s faunkfntey oehfr

tmft tmh 6946 Ognstitutign prgthots tmh

riom fnk pgwhrùe tg tmh khtrichnt g`

grkinfry oitizhns. Foogrkinl tg fee pgees,

fn gvhrwmhecinl cfjgrity g` Fefafcifnsaheihvh ognstitutignfe rh`grc is nhhkhk

fnk tmhy `fvgr tmh ognvhntign

fpprgfom. [mh pgwhrùe sphoife inthrhsts

gppgsh rh`grc.


L QGXT_ H NKGQ_H _ TFQB_

Qgn _pfrbs rhohivhk hnkgrshchnts

`rgc shvhrfe efagr lrgups kurinl tmh efst

cgntm g` tmh ofcpfiln. Mh fesg lgt tmh

hnkgrshchnt g` agtm tmh Nhw _gutmOgfeitign fnk tmh Fefafcf Khcgorftio

Ogn`hrhnoh. Qgn fesg mfs tmh suppgrt g`

FHF fnk Kr. Tfue Muaahrt. Ygu wguek

mfvh tg aheihvh witm fee g` tmhsh hnkgrsh-

chnts Qgn wguek ah ehfkinl in tmh pgees,

aut ft prhss tich mh wfs stiee trfieinl ay f

`firey efrlh cfrlin. It wiee ah inthrhstinl

tg shh mgw tmh rfoh pefys gut.

Q HT . A HN[EHY Q HEHF_HK M I_ @ INFNOIFE Q HOGQK_

In hfrey Cfy, Qhpuaeiofn luahrnftgrife

ofnkikfth Qhp. Qgahrt Ahntehy rhehfshk

mis tfx rhturns, orhkit mistgry fnk gtmhr

ìnfnoife in`grcftign. Mh pehklhk tg ehfk

f nhw hrf g` trfnspfrhnoy fnk milmhr

htmiofe stfnkfrks i` hehothk Lgvhr-

ngr. [mh [usofeggsf kgotgr sfik: Fs puaeio g`ìoifes, wh smguek ah

mhek tg f milmhr stfnkfrk fnk ah

wieeinl tg ah cgrh gphn witm gur

eivhs tmfn tmh fvhrflh oitizhn. I

mfvh khoikhk tg ehfk ay hxfcpeh.

Qhp. Ahntehy sfik mh wguek pusm `gr fee

sphnkinl ay egaayists gn puaeio g`ìoifes

tg ah rhpgrthk gneinh. Ngw, egaayists ofn

sphnk up tg $184 f kfy gn f Ehliseftgr

witmgut mfvinl tg rhpgrt it. Qhp. Ahntehy

aheihvhs ofnkikfths ―nhhk tg pefoh gneinh

tmh fcgunt tmft fnygnh sphnks gn

puaeio g`ìoifes.– I tgtfeey flrhh witm Qhp.

Ahntehy gn tmis pgint. Cfyah gnh g` tmhsh

kfys, tmh hehotign efws wiee rhquirh fee

ofnkikfths tg ̀ geegw Qhp. Ahntehy’s ehfk.


H QIO J GMN_[GN I _ FN I N[HQH_[INL O FNKIKF[H @ GQ FEFAFCF _ XTQHCH O GXQ[

F `hw whhbs flg f ogfeitign g` ausi-

nhss fnk flrioueturfe lrgups, wmiom ofeesitshe` tmh Fefafcf Oivie Justioh Qh`grc

Ogccitthh, hnkgrshk Hrio Jgmnstgn g`

Aircinlmfc `gr Tefoh ? gn tmh Fefafcf

_uprhch Ogurt. Hrio `fohs inoucahnt

[gc Tfrbhr fnk Hecgrh Ogunty Fssistfnt

Kistriot Fttgrnhy Jfchs Mguts in tmh

Qhpuaeiofn pricfry. Ogccitthh Omfir-

cfn [gc Kfrt ofeehk Hrio f strgnl ogn-

shrvftivh. Cgst gashrvhrs `het tmis wfs f

rftmhr inthrhstinl ogcchnt, hsphoifeey

sinoh [gc Tfrbhr mfs ahhn f rhfe Qhpuaei-

ofn, wmg is fs ognshrvftivh fs tmhy

ogch. [gc mfs tmh orhkhntifes tg afob

up tmft fsshsschnt. _inoh I mfvh bngwn

Hrio cgstey fs f egaayist, I rhfeey mfk `gr-

lgtthn tmft mh wfs f efwyhr. In `fot, I

mfvh kgnfthk ìnfnoifeey tg mis egaay

lrgup `gr f lggk wmieh fnk tmft mfk

ngtminl tg kg witm mis ahinl f efwyhr.

Afshk gn pgeeinl nucahrs, I aheihvh tmh

gutogch g` tmh rfoh ahtwhhn [gc fnk

Hrio wiee khphnk efrlhey gn wmgc tmh

[hf Tfrty lrgups eibh ahst g` tmh twg fnk

ft tmis pgint tmft phrsgn oehfrey fpphfrs

tg ah [gc Tfrbhr.

P.

QHOHN[

_H[[EHCHN[_ AY

@IQC

[ MQHH H ]TEGQHQ Q GEEGPHQ _ H[[EHCHN[_

Gur ìrc mfs shttehk tmrhh shpfrfth

efwsuits flfinst @grk Cgtgr Ogcpfny,

hfom invgevinl rgeegvhrs g` @grk _XPs. In

hfom ofsh fn gooupfnt g` fn _XP kihk

wmhn tmhy whrh hitmhr tgtfeey gr pfrtifeey

hjhothk `rgc tmhir vhmioeh. [mh ofshs

invgevhk f 699< @grk Hxpegrhr, f 6999

@grk Hxpegrhr fnk f 6999 ChrouryCguntfinhhr wmiom is tmh sisthr vhmioeh

tg tmh Hxpegrhr.

In hfom ofsh, tmhrh whrh kh`hots fssgoi-

fthk witm tmh vhmioehs’ rgg` struoturh,

wmiom feegwhk hxohssivh ogeefpsh g` tmh

rgg` intg tmh gooupfnt ogcpfrtchnt

kurinl f `grhshhfaeh rgeegvhr hvhnt. Hfom

gooupfnt wfs prgphrey ahethk fnk `gunk

witm tmh ahet frgunk tmhir agky gr pfrts

g` tmhir agky `geegwinl tmh wrhob.

Gur khsiln hxphrts khthrcinhk tmft

tmh rgg` struoturh `gr tmh Hxpegrhr wfs

infkhqufth tg prgvikh gooupfnt prgtho-tign in f rgeegvhr hvhnt. [mhy fesg khthr-

cinhk tmft tmhrh wfs f kh`hot in tmh shft

ahet systhc g` tmh Hxpegrhr. [mh hxphrts

`gunk tmft in f rgeegvhr hvhnt tmh

Hxpegrhr shft ahet systhc oguek inthrcit-

thntey unegob feegwinl sefob tg ah intrg-

kuohk intg tmh ahet systhc. It wfs fesg

khthrcinhk tmft wmhn hxohssivh orusm

goourrhk, tmh A-pieefr wguek ah `grohk

inwfrk, inkuoinl fkkitignfe sefob intg tmh

ahet systhc sinoh tmh ahet K-rinl wfs

cgunthk gn tmh A-pieefr. Foogrkinl tggur hxphrts, @grk smguek mfvh khvhegphk

fn fpprgprifth gooupfnt rhstrfint systhc

tmft wgrbhk witmin f vhmioeh tmft wfs

bngwn tg mfvh f whfb rgg` fnk prgphn-

sity tg rgeegvhr.

In gnh ofsh, tmh krivhr wfs faeh tg lht

mhr mhfk cgrh tmfn 61 inomhs fagvh tmh

rgg` rfie ahofush tmh shft ahet `fiehk tg

prgphrey rhstrfin mhr fnk tmh rgg` oge-

efpshk frgunk mhr. In fngtmhr ofsh, tmh



krivhr wfs hjhothk gut tmh rhfr pfsshnlhr

kggr winkgw aut mis fnbehs whrh ofulmt

in tmh shft ahet systhc. Mh wfs `gunk

mfnlinl gut g` tmh krivhr sikh rhfr

winkgw. In tmh tmirk ofsh, tmh gooupfnt

wfs feegwhk tg ah pfrtifeey hjhothk fnk

mhr egwhr tgrsg orusmhk unkhr tmh

whilmt g` tmh vhmioeh.

In hfom ofsh, tmh gooupfnts whrh prgp-

hrey ahethk, aut rhohivhk `ftfe injurihs kuhtg rgg` orusm fnk hxohssivh ahet systhc

sefob. In gnh ofsh, @grk’s rhprhshntftivh

flrhhk tmft tmh Hxpegrhr shft ahet systhc

wfs khsilnhk pricfriey `gr `rgntfe ogeei-

signs fnk ngt rgeegvhr hvhnts. In gnh g`

tmh ofshs, fn Fefafcf _tfth [rggphr thsti-

ìhk tmft mh sfw cgrh rhphft rgeegvhr

wrhobs invgevinl tmh @grk Hxpegrhr. [mh

[rggphr fesg thstiìhk tmft in thfominl

puaeio sf`hty ogurshs tg tmh puaeio mh

g`thn fkvishk pfrhnts ngt tg puromfsh

tmh @grk Hxpegrhr `gr tmhir omiekrhn kuhtg its prgphnsity tg rgeegvhr fnk ah

invgevhk in `ftfe wrhobs. Hfom g` tmh

ofshs whrh shttehk witm tmh fcgunts g`

tmh shttehchnts ahinl tgtfeey ognìkhntife.

Lrhl Feehn, Ogeh Tgrtis, Ahn Afbhr fnk

Qiob Cgrrisgn, fee g` wmgc frh efwyhrs

in gur ìrc, wgrbhk gn tmhsh ofshs. [mhy

kik f vhry lggk jga `gr tmhir oeihnts in

tmh tmrhh ofshs. I` ygu wfnt cgrh in`gr-

cftign gn tmh ofshs gr gn tmh Hxpegrhr

prgaehcs, ogntfot Ahn Afbhr ft =44-=9=-

14?; gr ay hcfie ft Ahn.AfbhrDahfsehyfe-

ehn.ogc.

PI.

OGXQ[ \F[OM

FEFAFCF O I[IZHN_ \ FN[ N GN -T FQ[I_FN J XKIOIFE H EHO[IGN_

[mhrh mfvh ahhn f nucahr g` puaeio

gpinign pgees gvhr tmh pfst `hw yhfrs,

inoeukinl shvhrfe rhohntey, fee g` wmiomrhvhfe tmft Fefafcf oitizhns wfnt f ail

omfnlh in mgw wh hehot juklhs in gur

stfth. In `fot, tmh rhsuets mfvhn’t hvhn

ahhn oegsh. It’s hvikhnt tmft Fefafcifns,

witmgut f kguat, wfnt ngn-pfrtisfn heho-

tigns. Qhohntey, tmh Aircinlmfc Nhws

hkitgrife agfrk spgbh gn tmh issuh. I fc

inoeukinl it ahegw `gr tmh ognsikhrftign

g` gur rhfkhrs.

Fefafcf’s chtmgk g` omggsinl

juklhs is just fs trguaeinl in g``-

hehotign yhfrs fs it is kurinl tmh

yhfr s `hftur inl pg ei ti of e ofc-

pfilns. Aut tmh hehotign yhfrs kg

mfvh f wfy g` arinlinl tmh

prgaehc mgch. _icpey put, tmgsh

wmg fspirh tg ah tmh icpfrtife rh`-

hrhhs in gur systhc g` justioh frh

put in f pgsitign wmhrh tmhy custfeiln witm f pgeitiofe pfrty fnk try

tg kruc up suppgrt (fnk cgnhy)

`rgc phgpeh wmg fpphfr in tmhir

ogurts. [mft’s eibh cfbinl `ggtafee

rh`hrhhs piob f thfc fnk smfbh

kgwn tmh pefyhrs ah`grh mhfkinl

gut tg ofee tmh lfch.

Fefafcf wguek nhvhr stfnk `gr

suom f systhc witm rhlfrk tg gur

`fvgrith spgrt. \my kg wh stfnk `gr

it in gur ogurts7 Fs it turns gut, wh

cilmt ngt i` wh whrh livhn tmh

fethrnftivhs, foogrkinl tg f rhohnt

survhy ay tmh Fefafcf Hkuoftign

Fssgoift ign’s rhspho thk pg ee inl

gphrftign. [mh Ofpitfe _urvhy

Qhshfrom Ohnthr in Cgntlgchry

`gunk, `gr stfrthrs, tmft cfny Fef-

afcifns frhn’t hvhn fwfrh gur

sys th c g` omg gs inl juklhs is

sorhwy. Fecgst 0?% g` tmgsh pgeehk

kikn’t bngw Fefafcf is gnh g`

gney 61 stfths tmft hehot juklhs ay

pgeitiofe pfrty. Cgrh tmfn 0


12/40

issuh ah`grh vgtinl in tmh lhnhrfe heho-

tign.

X._. _ XTQHCH O GXQ[ Q HJHO[_ O EF__ FQAI[QF[IGN I N _ [GE[ -N IHE_HN O F_H

[mh X._. _uprhch Ogurt ruehk in `fvgr

g` Thtitignhrs, inoeukinl _tget-Niheshn _F,

efst cgntm in f oegshey-wftomhk fntitrustofsh. [mh ofsh khfet witm fn icpgrtfnt

issuh invgevinl fraitrftign. Cfny gashrv-

hrs aheihvh tmis rueinl oguek mfvh argfk

h``hots gn fraitrftign, aut I’c ngt tgg

surh fagut its fotufe icpfot gn ognsuc-

hrs. [mh Justiohs ruehk tmft icpgsinl

oefss fraitrftign gn pfrtihs tmft mfkn’t

flrhhk tg oefss fraitrftign ognèiots witm

tmh @hkhrfe Fraitrftign Fot. [mh sgeh issuh

wfs wmhtmhr oefss chcahrs, wmg mfk

ngt ognshnthk tg ah agunk ay fraitrf-

tign, whrh agunk ay fn fraitrftign oefush

in f ogntrfot.In f 8-? khoisign kheivhrhk ay Justioh

_fcuhe Feitg, tmh Milm Ogurt rhvhrshk f

pfnhe khoisign ay tmh X._. Ogurt g`

Fpphfes `gr tmh _hognk Oirouit, wmiom

mfk flrhhk witm f rueinl ay tmh fraitrf-

tgrs wmg whrh invgevhk. [mis wfs f ofsh

invgevinl twg ausinhsshs fs pfrtihs. _inoh

tmh ofsh kikn’t invgevh f ognsuchr

kisputh, it wiee ah inthrhstinl tg shh mgw

tmh Justiohs wiee khfe witm ognsuchrs i`

tmh sfch `fot situftign ogchs tg tmh

Milm Ogurt. I` tmh rueinl in f kisputhahtwhhn f ognsuchr fnk f ausinhss lghs

g`` gn wmhtmhr tmh ognsuchr fotufeey

flrhhk tg ah agunk ay fraitrftign, tmh

fraitrftign rhquhst wguek lg gut tmh

winkgw I wguek tminb.

_guroh: Efw?04

X NOGN_OIGNFAEH C FNKF[GQY FQAI[QF[IGN O EFX_H_ O MFEEHNLHK

[mh X._. _uprhch Ogurt mhfrk frlu-

chnts rhohntey in wmft mfs ahhn rh`hrrhktg fs f wfthrsmhk fraitrftign ofsh tmft

pgshs silniìofnt quhstigns fagut tmh

sogph fnk chfninl g` tmh @hkhrfe Frai-

trftign Fot, tmh rheftignsmip ahtwhhn

ogurts fnk fraitrftign, fnk tmh afsio

faieity g` ognsuchrs fnk hcpegyhhs tg

lfin foohss tg ogurts. [mh issuh ah`grh

tmh justiohs in Qhnt-F-Ohnthr v. Jfobsgn

wfs wmhtmhr fn fraitrftign flrhhchnt

tmft sphoiìhs tmft fny omfeehnlh tg tmh

vfeikity gr hn`grohfaieity g` tmh fraitrf-

tign flrhhchnt cust ah khoikhk ay fn

fraitrftgr rhquirhs f ogurt, wmhn `fohk

witm fn unognsoignfaieity omfeehnlh tg

tmh fraitrftign flrhhchnt itshe`, tg

hn`groh tmh flrhhchnt fnk shnk tmh

pfrtihs tg fraitrftign `gr rhsgeutign g`

tmft unognsoignfaieity omfeehnlh. \h wiee

wfit tg shh mgw tmh justiohs rueh ah`grh

sfyinl tgg cuom fagut tmis ofsh._guroh: Tuaeio Justioh

PII.

[MH NF[IGNFE

_OHNH

M G\ \ H L G[ I N[G [ MI_ [ QFLIO C H__ I N [ MH L XE@

@gr hilmt yhfrs, Lhgrlh Ausm’s prhsi-khnoy in`hothk tmh gie inkustry’s gvhr-

silmt flhnoy, tmh Cinhrfes Cfnflhchnt

_hrvioh (CC_), witm f shptio oueturh g`

ogrruptign `rgc wmiom it mfs yht tg

rhogvhr. Thrsgns in tmh \mith Mgush witm

oegsh tihs tg tmh gie inkustry hnogurflhk

flhnoy phrsgnnhe tg hnlinhhr whfbhnhk

sf`hlufrks tmft kirhotey ogntriauthk tg

tmh Lue` oftfstrgpmh.

[mh fashnoh g` fn fogustiofe rhluef-

tgr‛f rhcgthey trillhrhk khfk cfn’s

switom tmft cilmt mfvh oegshk g`` AT’slusminl piph ft its shf èggr wheemhfk

wmhn tmh cfnufe switom `fiehk‛wfs

kirhotey fttriautfaeh tg inkustry pfnkhr-

inl ay tmh Ausm \mith Mgush. Fogustio

switomhs frh rhquirhk ay efw `gr fee g``-

smgrh rils g`` Arfzie fnk in Ngrwfy’s

Ngrtm _hf gphrftigns. In `fot, AT ushs tmh

khvioh vgeuntfriey in Aritfin’s Ngrtm _hf

fnk heshwmhrh in tmh wgrek fs kg gtmhr

cfjgr pefyhrs eibh Mgeefnk’s _mhee fnk

@rfnoh’s [gtfe. In 1444, tmh Cinhrfes Cfn-

flhchnt _hrvioh, wmieh whilminl f ogc-

prhmhnsivh ruehcfbinl `gr krieeinl sf`hty,

khhchk tmh fogustio chomfnisc ―hsshn-

tife– fnk prgpgshk tg cfnkfth tmh chom-

fnisc gn fee Lue` rils.

Ahtwhhn Jfnufry fnk Cfrom g` 1446, it

wfs rhpgrthk tmft inogcinl Pioh Trhsi-

khnt Kiob Omhnhy ognkuothk shorht

chhtinls witm gvhr 644 gie inkustry g`ì-

oifes feegwinl tmhc tg krf`t f wism eist g`

inkustry khcfnks tg ah icpehchnthk ay

tmh fkcinistrftign. Omhnhy fesg ushk tmft

tich tg rh-stf`` tmh CC_ witm phrsgns

`rgc tmh gie inkustry. In 144?, tmh nhwey-

rhognstituthk CC_ rhogcchnkhk tmh

rhcgvfe g` tmh prgpgshk rhquirhchnt `gr

fogustio switomhs. [mh flhnoy’s 144?

stuky ognoeukhk tmft ―fogustio systhcs

frh ngt rhogcchnkhk ahofush tmhy thnk

tg ah vhry ogstey.–

Fs wh chntignhk in fngtmhr shotign g`tmis issuh, tmh fogustio trillhr ogsts

fagut $844,444. Hsticfthk ogsts g` tmh

gie spiee tg Lue` Ogfst rhsikhnts mfvh

ferhfky ahhn prgjhothk tg hxohhk $14

aieeign. Trhsikhnt Ausm’s 1448 hnhrly aiee

g`ìoifeey krgpphk tmh rhquirhchnt `gr

tmh fogustio switom g`` khviohs, hxpefin-

inl tmft tmh inkustry’s hxistinl prfotiohs

frh ―`fiesf`h.–

Oehfrey, CC_ mfs `fiehk tg kg its jga

fnk `gebs in tmh Lue` Ogfst stfths frh

pfyinl f mhfvy prioh `gr tmft flhnoy’ssgrry phr`grcfnoh. F 1449 invhstilftign

g` tmh Cinhrfes Cfnflhchnt _hrvioh

`gunk tmft flhnoy g`ìoifes ―`rhquhntey

ognsuchk feogmge ft inkustry ùnotigns,

mfk ushk ogofinh fnk cfrijufnf, fnk mfk

shxufe rheftignsmips witm gie fnk lfs

ogcpfny rhprhshntftivhs.– [mrhh rhpgrts

ay tmh Insphotgr Lhnhrfe khsoriah fn

gphn afzffr g` pfyg``s, ariahs fnk biob-

afobs spiohk witm sohnhs g` `hcfeh

hcpegyhhs prgvikinl shxufe `fvgrs tg

inkustry ail wils wmg in turn rhwfrkhk

lgvhrnchnt wgrbhrs witm ieehlfe ogn-trfots.

Inkustry egaayists unkhrwrgth efvism

pfrtihs fnk smgwhrhk flhnoy hcpegyhhs

witm ieehlfe li`ts, fnk euorftivh phrsgnfe

ogntrfots fnk trhfthk tmhc tg rhluefr

lge`, sbi, fnk pfintafee gutinls, trips tg

rgob ognohrts fnk prg`hssignfe spgrts

hvhnts. [mh Insphotgr Lhnhrfe omfrfothr-

izhk tmis grly g` wmhheinl fnk khfeinl fs

―f oueturh g` htmiofe `fieurh– tmft ogst tfx-

pfyhrs cieeigns in rgyfety `hhs fnk prg-

kuohk rhfcs g` afk soihnoh tg justi`yunrhluefthk khhp wfthr krieeinl in tmh

Luè .

[mh Insphotgr Lhnhrfe rhpgrthk witm

sgch fstgnismchnt tmft g`ìoifes ft CC_,

wmhn ogn r̀gnthk witm tmh efunkry eist g`

ariahry, puaeio tmh`t fnk shxufe fnk ìnfn-

oife `fvgrs tg fnk `rgc inkustry, ―smgwhk

ng rhcgrsh.– AT `fiehk tg instfee f khhp

mgeh smut g`` vfevh‛fngtmhr `fie-sf`h tmft

cilmt mfvh fvhrthk tmh spiee. It’s ahinl

61 www.AhfsehyFeehn.ogc


13/40

rhpgrthk tmft AT’s wieeinlnhss tg vigefth

tmh efw ay krieeinl tg khptms g` 11,444-

18,444 `hht, insthfk g` tmh 6=,444 `hht

cfxicuc khptm feegwhk ay its phrcit,

cfy mfvh ogntriauthk tg tmis oftfstrg-

pmh.

Ngagky `fcieifr witm \fsminltgn pgei-

tios smguek mfvh ahhn surprishk tg ehfrn

tmft Mfeeiaurtgn is gnh g` tmh pricfry vie-

efins in tmis kisfsthr. Mfeeiaurtgn mfk feuorftivh ogntrfot tmft livhs it ehlfe hxpg-

surh `gr wmft mfpphnhk gn Fprie

14tm . [mh aegwgut goourrhk smgrtey f`thr

Mfeeiaurtgn ogcpehthk fn gphrftign tg

rhin`groh krieeinl mgeh ofsinl witm ogn-

orhth seurry. [mis is f shnsitivh prgohss

tmft, foogrkinl tg lgvhrnchnt hxphrts,

ofn trillhr oftfstrgpmio aegwguts i` ngt

phr`grchk ogrrhotey. Foogrkinl tg CC_,

6= g` ?9 aegwguts in tmh Lue` g` Chxiog

sinoh 6990 whrh fttriauthk tg pggr wgrb-

cfnsmip injhotinl ohchnt frgunk tmhchtfe piph. It smguek ah ngthk tmft Mfeei-

aurtgn is ourrhntey unkhr invhstilftign

ay tmh Fustrfeifn lgvhrnchnt `gr f

cfssivh aegwgut in tmh [icgr _hf in

1448 ofushk ay its `fuety fppeioftign g`

ognorhth ofsinl.

[mh Gafcf Fkcinistrftign mfs

fssilnhk nhfrey 1,444 `hkhrfe phrsgnnhe

`rgc tmh Ogfst Lufrk, tmh Ogrps g` Hnli-

nhhrs, tmh Khpfrtchnt g` Kh`hnsh, tmh

Khpfrtchnt g` Ogcchroh, HTF, NGFF

fnk Khpfrtchnt g` Inthrigr tg khfe witm

tmh cfssivh spiee‛fn icprhssivhrhspgnsh. _tiee, tmh ourrhnt \mith Mgush

is ngt tgtfeey witmgut `fuet. [mh lgvhrn-

chnt smguek, `gr hxfcpeh, ah rhquirinl f

`fr lrhfthr khpegychnt g` fasgrahnt

aggcs. Aut tmh rhfe oueprit in tmis vieefiny

is f nhleilhnt inkustry fnk pggr gvhr-

silmt ay fn flhnoy ogrrupthk ay hilmt

yhfrs g` lrgthsquh suashrvihnoh tg Ail

Gie.

F@[HQ 16 Y HFQ_ ‛H ]]GN P FEKHZ _ OFQ_ FQH _ [IEE _ EG\EY M HFEINL

Cfny Fchriofns mfvh prhtty cuom `gr-

lgtthn fagut tmh gie spiee tmft goourrhk in

Fefsbf 16 yhfrs flg. [mh spiee ahlfn ft

61:4; f.c. gn Cfrom 1;, 69=9 wmhn tmh

Hxxgn Pfekhz rfn flrgunk gn Aeilm Qhh`.

Gvhr tmh ogursh g` 80 kfys, tmh ehfbinl

gie sprhfk, kfcflinl 6,?44 ciehs g`

smgrheinh. [hn tmgusfnk phgpeh mhephk

oehfn it up. It tggb cgrh tmfn `gur

succhrs fnk ogst Hxxgn $1.6

aieeign. [whnty-gnh yhfrs efthr, tminls

eggb prhtty ngrcfe fegnl tmh smgrheinh.

Aut, tminls frh `fr `rgc ngrcfe. [mh

ìsminl inkustry in tmh frhf is stiee murtinl.

Ngt hvhn tmh stunninl ahfuty g` Fefsbf’s

Trinoh \ieeifc _gunk ofn mikh tmh khhp

fnk efstinl sofr just ahnhftm tmh sur`foh.

\mieh mhrrinl pgpueftigns frh stiee khv-fstfthk, gtmhr sphoihs suom fs sfecgn fnk

afek hflehs mfvh rhogvhrhk. Gn tmh

smgrheinh, fee ygu mfvh tg kg is cgvh f

ogupeh g` rgobs fnk ygu stribh gie‛

Hxxgn Pfekhz gie‛16 yhfrs efthr. In `fot,

gvhr 16,444 lfeegns g` gie frh eh`t `rgc

tmh spiee. It’s nfturfeey khorhfsinl ft f rfth

g` zhrg tg ;% phr yhfr. Ft tmft rfth, it wiee

tfbh khofkhs‛gr phrmfps hvhn ohntu-

rihs‛ah`grh it’s fee lgnh. Foogrkinl tg

hxphrts, tmh gie is stiee f tmrhft sgch twg

khofkhs efthr. Fegnl witm tmh gie , ait thrnhss

rhcfins. F jury fwfrkhk ìsmhrchn fnk

gtmhr rhsikhnts fegnl tmh sgunk $8

aieeign, aut Hxxgn fpphfehk fnk gney mfk

tg pfy $84< cieeign. [mh ogccunity mfs

pfik f mhfvy prioh fnk Hxxgn oguek ofrh

ehss. It’s sfik ay egofe rhsikhnts tmft tmhir

eivhs mfvh ahhn ruinhk ̀ grhvhr.

FN X TKF[H G N EGAAYI_[ _ THNKINL I N \ F_MINL[GN

Xntie Ognlrhss rhins in tmh sphoife

inthrhst egaayists gur nftignfe lgvhrn-

chnt wiee nhvhr ùnotign fs it smguek. @gr

yhfrs, egaayists mfvh ofeehk tmh smgts in

Ognlrhss fnk in cfny rhlueftgry flhn-

oihs. _phoife inthrhsts sphnt $960 cieeign

tg inèuhnoh ehliseftign fnk lgvhrnchnt

pgeioy kurinl tmh ìrst tmrhh cgntms g`

1464, foogrkinl tg nhw egaayinl

rhpgrts. [mh sphnkinl ogchs fs Trhsi-

khnt Gafcf fnk Ognlrhss pursuh f ehlis-

eftivh flhnkf tmft wiee f``hot in f lggk

wfy vi rtu fe ey fe e pf rts g` tmh X._.

hogngcy‛`rgc aiees gn mhfetm ofrh fnk

hnhrly tg afkey-nhhkhk rhlueftigns `gr

afnbs fnk \fee _trhht ìrcs. In yhfrs pfst,

`hkhrfe rhlueftign g` tmh gie, krul, futg,

fnk insurfnoh inkustrihs mfs ahhn vhry

whfb fnk inh``hotivh. [mh egaayists `gr

tmgsh pgwhrùe sphoife inthrhsts mfvh

shhn tg tmft. Ngw tmhsh egaayists frh

ìlmtinl mfrk tg cfintfin tmh stftus

qug. [mh egaayinl hxphnshs `gr tmh ìrst

qufrthr hxohhk tmh $=;=.6 cieeign sphnt

kurinl tmh sfch phrigk in 1449, foogrk-

inl tg tmh ngn-pfrtisfn OV CgnhyEinh.

Egaayists sphnt fn fvhrflh $?48 cieeign

f cgntm `rgc Jfnufry tg Cfrom tg inèu-

hnoh pgeioy tmis yhfr‛cgrh tmfn kguaeh

tmh cgntmey rfth g` sphnkinl f khofkh

flg‛fnk tmft’s f mulh fcgunt.

[mh tgp sphnkhrs whrh `rgc tmhmhfetmofrh inkustry. Gtmhr tgp-sphnkinl

shotgrs, suom fs ìnfnoh, fesg `foh krf-

cftio nhw rhlueftign g` tmhir inkustrihs

i` ehliseftign ngw ahinl ognsikhrhk ay

Ognlrhss ahogchs efw. Hnhrly fnk

nfturfe rhsguroh inthrhsts, arfoinl `gr

_hnfth fotign gn f ogcprhmhnsivh

hnhrly fnk oeicfth omfnlh aiee, sphnt

$618.8 cieeign kurinl tmh ìrst qufrthr‛

gr nhfrey f ?4% jucp gvhr wmft tmh

inkustry sphnt gn egaayinl kurinl tmh

sfch phrigk efst yhfr. [mh ehliseftign isfichk ft segwinl legafe wfrcinl ay

rhkuoinl hcissigns g` lrhhnmgush lfshs.

[mhrh whrh f nucahr g` egaayinl

oeihnts, fee g` wmgc sphnt ail auobs `rgc

699= tg tmh prhshnt. I wiee sht gut f `hw

g` tmhc witm tmh fcgunts sphnt.

\mhn ygu eggb gvhr tmi s eist, ygu

cilmt fsb ygurshe` f sicpeh quhstign:

―Mgw cfny g` tmhsh ogcpfnihs fnk

lrgups mfvh ahhn eggbinl gut `gr cy

inthrhst7– \mieh I bngw tmh fnswhr, I

susphot cgst g` ygu wiee, tgg. Grkinfry

oitizhns mfvh vhry `hw egaayists in \fsm-

inltgn wmg wgrb tg prgthot tmhc. @grtu-

• X_ Omfcahr g` Ogcchroh $0?


14/40

nfthey, tmhrh frh f `hw suom fs Tuaeio

Oitizhn fnk tmh FFQT, aut cgrh frh

nhhkhk i` tmh ourrhnt systhc is hvhr tg

ah omfnlhk. [mh rhfe nhhk is tg ogntrge

sphnkinl ay tmh egaayists fnk pfssflh g`

chfninlùe ofcpfiln ìnfnoh rh`grc.

_guroh: X_F [gkfy fnk Ohnthr `gr Qhspgnsivh

Tgeitios

PIII.

[MH OGQTGQF[H

\GQEK

[ MH T XAEIO I _ \ FBINL X T [ G O GQTGQF[H \ QGNLKGINL

\mhn gnh ognsikhrs fee g` tmh wrgnl-

kginl fnk ogrruptign tmft’s ahhn unogv-

hrhk invgevinl cfny in Ogrpgrfth

Fchriof gvhr tmh pfst `hw yhfrs, i t’shvikhnt tmft tmh `hkhrfe fnk stfth lgvhrn-

chnts mfvhn’t kgnh f vhry lggk jga g`

rhlueftign. In `fot, it’s vhry oehfr tmft tmh

rhlueftgry flhnoihs mfvh in cfny frhfs

`fiehk cishrfaey tg ofrry gut tmhir kutihs

fnk rhspgnsiaieitihs. [mh krul, ìnfnoife

fnk gie inkustrihs frh prich hxfcpehs g`

tmgsh wmiom mfvh ahhn pggrey rhluefthk

fnk wh mfvh shhn tmh ognshquhnohs. In

`fot, tmh kisfsthr gn tmh Lue` Ogfst is tmh

oehfrhst hxfcpeh g` wmft ofn mfpphn

wmhn tmh ―tfie wfls tmh kgl– wmhn itogchs tg lgvhrnchntfe rhlueftign g` fn

inkustry. Mgphùeey, grkinfry oitizhns frh

ìnfeey rhfeizinl tmhy cust lht invgevhk in

tmh pgeitiofe prgohss fnk suppgrt rhfe

rh`grc ofnkikfths wmg frh ngt gwnhk gr

rhnthk ay tmh pgwhrùe sphoife inthrhsts.

F EGGB F[ G XQ H OGNGCY FNK M G\ \ H L G[ I N[G [ QGXAEH

[minls mfvh rhfeey omfnlhk in tmis

oguntry sinoh 69;= wmhn Mfrry [rucfn wfs Trhsikhnt. [mft yhfr, 80% g` prgìts in

tmh X._. hogngcy ofch fs f rhsuet g`

cfnu`foturinl. Fnk, ft tmft tich, =.?% g`

prgìts ofch `rgc tmh ìnfnoife shotgr.

Ngw eht’s `fst `grwfrk tg 144


15/40

rhpgrthk tmft tmh Cinh _f`hty fnk Mhfetm

Fkcinistrftign is fesg unkhr invhstilf-

tign. [mh @AI is hxfcininl pgssiaeh

ariahry g` g`ìoifes ft tmh flhnoy tmft

gvhrshhs tmh cininl inkustry fnk pgssi-

aeh oricinfe nhleilhnoh gn tmh pfrt g`

Cfsshy, foogrkinl tg tmh NTQ rhpgrt. F

Cfsshy spgbhscfn sfik Cfsshy Hnhrly

wfs fwfrh tmft invhstilftgrs whrh inthr-

vihwinl witnhsshs, aut sfik tmh ogcpfnykikn’t bngw tmh nfturh g` tmh invhstilf-

tign.

Trgcpthk ay tmh shpfrfth cinh fooi-

khnt in Bhntuoby, Trhsikhnt Gafcf sfys

mis fkcinistrftign is tfbinl sthps tg

khcfnk fooguntfaieity `gr sf`hty vigef-

tigns fnk tg ―strhnltmhn cinh sf`hty sg

tmft fee g` gur cinhrs frh prgthothk.– [mh

@AI prgah g` tmh fooikhnt ft tmh Xpphr

Ail Arfnom ogfe cinh `geegwhk strgnl

stfthchnts twg whhbs flg in wmiom tmh

Trhsikhnt oritioizhk tmh ogcpfny. Gn Fprie 68tm , Trhsikhnt Gafcf fsbhk tmh

_horhtfry g` Efagr tg wgrb witm tmh

Justioh Khpfrtchnt ―tg hnsurh tmft hvhry

tgge in tmh `hkhrfe lgvhrnchnt is fvfie-

faeh in tmis invhstilftign.– [mh Trhsikhnt

gashrvhk ft tmh tich:

_f`hty vigeftgrs eibh Cfsshy mfvh

stiee ahhn faeh tg ìnk wfys tg put

tmhir agttgc einh ah`grh tmh sf`hty

g` tmhir wgrbhrs‛ìeinl hnkehss

fpphfes insthfk g` pfyinl ìnhs fnk

ìxinl sf h̀ty prgaehcs.

Cfsshy Hnhrly ofeehk tmh Trhsikhnt’s

rhcfrbs ―rhlrhttfaeh– fnk sfik tmft ―un`gr-

tunfthey, sgch frh rusminl tg juklchnt

`gr pgeitiofe lfin gr tg fvgik aefch.– [mis

ogcpfny mfs f thrriaeh sf`hty rhogrk fnk

tmh Trhsikhnt’s rhcfrbs whrh gn tfrlht in

cy gpinign.


Q HEF[IPH_ G @ C INH A EF_[ P IO[IC_ _ MGXEK

A H @ XEEY O GCTHN_F[HK

Cfsshy Hnhrly mfs sfik it wiee prgvikh

ìnfnoife pfobflhs prgvikinl mhfetm ofrh

fnk gtmhr ahnhìts `gr tmh `fcieihs g` 19

cinhrs wmg whrh bieehk in tmh Fprie 8 tm

hxpegsign ft Cfsshy’s Xpphr Ail Arfnom

cinh in \hst Pirlinif. Foogrkinl tg

Cfsshy g`ìoifes, tmh ogcpfny wiee ogvhr

mhfetm ofrh fnk ogeehlh hxphnshs `gr tmh

cinhrs’ omiekrhn, fnk prgvikh inorhfshk

ei`h insurfnoh pfyguts. \mieh tmis sgunks

lggk, fnk it wiee mhep `fcieihs in f eicithk

cfnnhr, it’s oehfrey ngt hngulm. Cfsshy’s

mistgry, ogcainhk witm tmh hvhnts

ehfkinl up tg tmis fooikhnt, rhquirh cuom

cgrh fnk tmh ogcpfny’s prgpgsfe is

oehfrey infkhqufth. Ngt gney smguek tmh

`fcieihs ah fkhqufthey ogcphnsfthk, aut

tmis ogcpfny smguek ah shvhrhey pun-

ismhk `gr its kisrhlfrk `gr hcpegyhhsf`hty. [mh fnngunohchnt ofch f kfy

f`thr f chcgrife tg tmgsh bieehk fnk

injurhk in tmh hxpegsign.


M GCH K HTG[ G QKHQHK [ G T FY C IEEIGN_ [ G FN I NPHN[GQ

Mgch Khpgt cfy wism tmhy mfk nhvhr

mhfrk g` Ciomfhe Tgwhee. [mis invhntgr’s

efwsuit, argulmt flfinst tmh mfrkwfrh

lifnt `gr sthfeinl mis invhntign tmft bhhpsstgrh hcpegyhhs sf`h, is rhfeey cfbinl tmh

nhws. F `hkhrfe juklh ruehk efst cgntm

tmft Tgwhee orf`thk f sicpeh, yht inlh-

nigus, wfy tg bhhp Mgch Khpgt hcpegy-

hhs `rgc seioinl g`` tmhir ìnlhrs wmieh

tmhy’rh outtinl wggk `gr oustgchrs. X._.

Kistriot Juklh Kfnihe Murehy, in mis rueinl,

mfk tmis tg sfy fagut Mgch Khpgt’s

ognkuot:

Mgch Khpgt bnhw hxfotey wmft it

wfs kginl. [mhy sicpey pusmhk Cr.

Tgwhee fwfy fnk tmhy kik it tgtfeey

fnk ogcpehthey `gr tmhir gwn hog-

ngcio ahnhìt.

Ofeeinl tmh ogcpfny ofeegus fnk frrg-

lfnt, Juklh Murehy grkhrhk Mgch Khpgt

tg pfy Tgwhee $? cieeign in punitivh

kfcflhs. [mis ofch in tmh shognk pmfsh

g` Tgwhee’s ofsh. F jury, in Cfrom, sfik tmh

ogcpfny smguek pfy mic $68 cieeign `gr

sthfeinl mis ―_f`h Mfnks– lfklht tmft is

ngw f`ìxhk tg rfkife sfws ft nhfrey

1,444 Mgch Khpgts nftignwikh. Juklh Murehy fe sg grkhrhk Mgch

Khpgt tg pfy Tgwhee’s efwyhrs $1.=

cieeign, fnk tg pfy Tgwhee fn hsticfthk

$6 cieeign in inthrhst fnnufeey gn tmh

juklchnt. [mh inthrhst ahlfn auiekinl

up in 1440 fnk wiee ogntinuinl fooruinl

untie Mgch Khpgt pfys up. I unkhrstfnk

tmh $18 cieeign juklchnt oguek mfvh

ahhn fvgikhk mfk tmh ogcpfny flrhhk

in 144; tg pfy Tgwhee tmh $1,444 mh

g``hrhk tg omfrlh `gr hfom khvioh. [mft

wguek mfvh ogch tg $; cieeign. Insthfk,

Juklh Murehy sfik, tmh ìrc kispftomhk

wgrbhrs tg kupeiofth tmh sfw lufrks

Tgwhee feegwhk tmhc tg thst in hilmt

stgrhs in Lhgrlif fnk Ofei`grnif. ―It’s sfk

tg sfy, aut Mgch Khpgt eithrfeey grlf-

nizhk f tmh`t g` tmh Tgwhee invhntign,–

mh sfik.

_guroh: Tfec Ahfom Tgst

I].

OGNLQH__IGNFE

XTKF[H

FX[G _ F@H[Y G PHQMFXE EHLI_EF[IGN I N[QGKXOHK I N [ MH M GX_H

F cfjgr gvhrmfue g` mgw tmh `hkhrfe

lgvhrnchnt rhluefths futgcgaieh sf`htyis egnl gvhrkuh. [mhrh is ourrhntey f

cgvhchnt in \fsminltgn tg ognkuot

suom fn gvhrmfue. Qhp. Mhnry \fxcfn

(K-OF) is tmh futmgr g` f aiee in tmh Mgush

tmft wguek cfbh silniìofnt omfnlhs in

tmh sf`hty stfnkfrks fnk tmh futmgrity g`

tmh Nftignfe Milmwfy [rf`ìo _f`hty

Fkcinistrftign tg hn`groh tmhc. [mis ehl-

iseftign is nhhkhk ngw cgrh tmfn hvhr.

In mfnkeinl prgkuot eifaieity eitilftign,

efwyhrs in gur ìrc frh rgutinhey `fohk

witm frluchnts `rgc futgcgaieh cfnu-`foturhrs sfyinl tmft tmhir vhmioehs frh

―rhfsgnfaey sf`h– just ahofush tmh

khsilns ogcpey witm tmh NM[_F stfn-

kfrks. [mhrh frh nuchrgus prgaehcs

witm tmis frluchnt. @irst fnk `grhcgst,

cfny g` tmh stfnkfrks frh lrgssey gut-

kfthk. _gch g` tmh stfnkfrks whrh hstfa-

eismhk ?4-;4 yhfrs flg. Kuh tg fkvfnohs

in thomngegly fnk cfthrifes, tmh stfn-

kfrks frh whfb fnk `fie tg fkkrhss cfny

g` tmh ―nhw– prgaehcs orhfthk ay tmh

rfpik omfnlhs in tmh khsiln g` futgcg-

aiehs fnk tmhir ogcpgnhnts. Trich hxfc-

pehs frh tmh sf`hty rhlueftigns rheftinl tg

vhmioeh tirhs.

\mieh sgch rhohnt uplrfkhs tg tmh

stfnkfrks mfvh ahhn cfkh, cfny g` tmh

ourrhnt orithrif whrh put intg pefoh

wmhn tmh vfst cfjgrity g` tirhs gn tmh

rgfks whrh aifs-pey tirhs. [gkfy, virtufeey

fee tirhs gn tmh rgfks frh sthhe ahethk

rfkifes. Fngtmhr issuh invgevhs _XPs. [mh

www.JhrhAhfsehyQhpgrt.ogc 68


16/40

stfnkfrks tmft fppey tg _XPs whrh

fkgpthk ft f tich wmhn tmhsh pgpuefr

vhmioehs whrh afrhey in hxisthnoh. Fs f

rhsuet tmh stfnkfrks frh lrgssey infkh-

qufth `rgc f sf`hty phrsphotivh.

Qhp. \fxcfn’s ehliseftign wguek

cfnkfth tmft fee vhmioehs ah hquipphk

witm aefob agxhs tmft wguek prgvikh

afsio vhmioeh kiflngstio kftf. [mh ehlisef-

tign wguek fesg cfnkfth tmft cfnu`fo-turhrs instfee arfbh gvhrrikh systhcs‛f

chfsurh tmft wguek kirhotey fkkrhss tmh

sukkhn foohehrftign prgaehc wh frh

shhinl in [gygtfs fnk gtmhr vhmi-

oehs. [gygtf rhohntey flrhhk tg pfy $60.;

cieeign `gr khefyinl ay ft ehfst `gur

cgntms f rhofee g` 1.? cieeign vhmioehs

gvhr stioby phkfe ognohrns. I` tmh

\fxcfn aiee mfk ahhn efw, NM[_F oguek

mfvh icpgshk f $09 aieeign phnfety. Cgst

icpgrtfntey, tmh aiee wguek lrfnt tmh rhl-

ueftgry flhnoy pgwhr tg grkhr tmh icch-kifth ohssftign g` sfehs fnk prgkuotign

g` vhmioehs tmft pgsh fn ―iccinhnt

kfnlhr– tg tmh puaeio.

Qhp. \fxcfn, wmg mfs egnl ahhn f

omfcpign g` ognsuchr rilmts, sfik tmh

aiee wfs fichk ft rhstgrinl ―tmh `fitm g`

tmh krivinl puaeio.– F lrgup g` Mgush

Qhpuaeiofns, wmg frh ilngrinl rhfeity,

frh gppgsinl tmh aiee, ofeeinl it ―gvhrbiee.–

[mis ehliseftign is afkey nhhkhk, fnk i` it

whrh tg rhsu et in tmh fvgikfnoh g`

fngtmhr [gygtf-typh sf`hty orisis, tmh

h``grts cfkh tg pfss tmh rh`grc chfsurh wguek ah whee wgrtm it.

C GQH G N [ MH C G[GQ P HMIOEH _ F@H[Y FO[ G @ 1464

_hnftgrs intrgkuohk tmhir vhrsign g`

argfk futgcgaieh sf`hty ehliseftign in

hfrey Cfy tmft wguek sht nhw stfnkfrks

`gr stgppinl kistfnoh, pusm-auttgn ilni-

tign systhcs, kftf rhogrkhrs fnk heho-

trgnio ogntrges. It ogchs f whhb f`thr

Mgush efwcfbhrs unvhiehk tmhir gwn

futg sf`hty chfsurh fs chntignhk fagvh.

[mis wiee ah Ognlrhss’s ìrst shrigus

eggb ft futg sf`hty in f khofkh, wmhn efw-

cfbhrs pfsshk rh`grcs f`thr fooikhnts

invgevinl @irhstgnh tirhs gn tmh @grk

Hxpegrhr. _hnftgr Jgmn K. Qgobh`heehr IP,

Khcgorft g` \hst Pirlinif, wmg is omfir-

cfn g` tmh _hnfth Ogccitthh gn Ogc-

chroh, _oihnoh fnk [rfnspgrtftign, fnk

_hnftgr Cfrb E. Trygr, Khcgorft g`

Frbfnsfs, wmg mhfks tmh _hnfth suaogc-

citthh gn ognsuchr prgthotign issuhs,

intrgkuohk tmh _hnfth chfsurh. _hnftgr

Qgobh`heehr, in kisoussinl tmh ehliseftign,

mfk tmis tg sfy:

Qhohnt [gygtf rhofees smgwhk fn

urlhnt nhhk tg upkfth sf`hty stfn-

kfrks tg rhèhot cgkhrn vhmioehthomngegly fnk livh futg sf`hty

rhlueftgrs tmh strgnlhr tgges fnk

rhsgurohs tmhy nhhk tg prgthot tmh

puaeio. \h ofn kg ahtthr ay tmh

Fchriofn phgpeh‛fnk wh wiee

witm tmis aiee.

Agtm tmh Mgush fnk _hnfth aiees frh

titehk tmh Cgtgr Phmioeh _f`hty Fot g`

1464. [mh _hnfth aiee mfs prgvisigns

siciefr tg tmh vhrsign prgpgshk ay Qhp.

\fxcfn. [mh _hnfth aiee wguek rhquirh

futgcgaiehs tg ah faeh tg stgp witmin fohrtfin kistfnoh, hvhn witm fn gphn

tmrgtteh, f prigrity witm sf`hty fkvgofths

`gr cfny yhfrs. Gnh wfy tg chht tmh

stfnkfrk wguek ah `gr ofrcfbhrs tg

instfee arfbh gvhrrikh systhcs. Inthrhst-

inley, nhitmhr aie e rhquirhs tmh

systhcs. [mh _hnfth aiee kghs rhquirh

NM[_F tg issuh f rueh rhquirinl f

cinicuc kistfnoh ahtwhhn foohehrftgr

fnk arfbh phkfes fnk tmh vhmioeh èggr. It

rhquirhs f stfnkfrk lgvhrninl tmh sf`hty

g` hehotrgnio vhmioeh ogntrges. Fesg,

NM[_F wguek hstfaeism stfnkfrks gn

bhyehss ilnitign systhcs, wmiom mfvh

ahogch cgrh pgpuefr in f nucahr g`

futgcgaiehs. [mh rueh wguek ah fichk ft

stfnkfrkizinl tmh sthps f krivhr wguek

tfbh tg arinl f vhmioeh unkhr ogntrge in

fn hchrlhnoy.

Futgcfbhrs wguek ah rhquirhk unkhr

tmh ehliseftign tg instfee hvhnt kftf

rhogrkhrs, fesg ofeehk ―aefob agxhs,–

wmiom rhogrk in`grcftign smgrtey ah`grh

fnk f`thr f orfsm. [mh prgvisign wguek

rhquirh tmh khviohs tg rhogrk ft ehfst 04shognks g` kftf ah`grh fnk 68 shognks

f`thr f orfsm in wmiom tmh fir afl

khpegys. Cfny ourrhnt khviohs, wmiom frh

ngt rhquirhk, rhogrk `gr f smgrthr

phrigk. [mh aiee wguek inorhfsh tmh oivie

phnfety gn futgcfbhrs tg $18,444 f

vhmioeh, `rgc $8,444, fnk rhcgvh tmh

gvhrfee ofp gn oivie phnfetihs `gr futg-

cfbhrs tmft inthntignfeey `fie tg rhpgrt

vhmioeh sf`hty kh`hots gr inthntignfe ey

prgvikh cisehfkinl in`grcftign. [mh

Mgush aiee kghsn’t ogntfin fn fcgunt.

Ourrhntey, oivie ìnhs frh ofpphk ft

$60.; cieeign, wmiom wfs wmft [gygtf

flrhhk tg pfy rhohntey. In fkkitign, tmh

aiee wguek prgvikh cgrh cgnhy `gr

vhmioeh sf`hty invhstilftigns ay NM[_F.

_hnftgr Qgobh`heehr cfkh tmis pehklh tg

tmh Fchriof phgpeh:

\h frh ogccitthk tg cfbinl surh

NM[_F ìnfeey mfs tmh ùee futmgr-

ity fnk rhsgurohs it nhhks tg sfvh

eivhs fnk prhvhnt injurihs.

[mft’s lrhft nhws `gr ognsuchrs! Ngw

I just mgph chcahrs g` tmh Mgush fnk

_hnfth wiee kg twg tminls: ah faeh tg

rhsist tmh pgwhrùe egaayists, fnk pfss f

lggk aiee.

_guroh: Nhw Ygrb [ichs

].

[GYG[F

EI[ILF[IGN

[ GYG[F N G\ @ FOH_ M XNKQHK_ G @ _ [F[H FNK @ HKHQFE EF\_XI[_

Foogrkinl tg f rhohnt rhpgrt, [gygtf

Cgtgr Ogrp. `fohs cgrh tmfn ?14 efw-

suits in `hkhrfe fnk stfth ogurts rhefthk tg

its sukkhn foohehrftign prgaehcs. [misrhpgrt wfs ìehk gn Cfy 6st witm X._. Kis-

triot Juklh Jfchs _henf. Efwyhrs `gr tmh

Tefinti``s fnk [gygtf eisthk 11= `hkhrfe

ofshs fnk 99 rhefthk ofshs in stfth

ogurts. Fs rhpgrthk efst cgntm, f jukioife

pfnhe ognsgeikfthk tmh `hkhrfe ofshs in

Fprie ah`grh Juklh _henf. Juklh _henf’s

ogurt is in Grfnlh Ogunty, Ofei`grnif,

nhfr Egs Fnlhehs, fnk is oegsh tg [gygtf’s

X._. mhfkqufrthrs.

It mfs ahhn hsticfthk tmft i` [gygtf

whrh tg shtteh tmh ofshs `gr hvhn fcgkhst pfygut tg f``hothk cgtgrists, it

oguek ogst tmh ogcpfny ft ehfst $?

aieeign fnk pgssiaey cuom cgrh. In ogc-

pfrisgn, krul cfbhr Chrob & Og. pfik

cgrh tmfn $;.= aieeign intg f shttehchnt

ùnk `gr thns g` tmgusfnks g` oefics `rgc

`gebs wmg ushk its witmkrfwn pfinbieehr

Pigxx. [mft wfs f ofsh in wmiom gur ìrc

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ipfthk in tmh nhlgtiftign g` tmh shtteh-

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unkhrtfbinl fnk hnkhk witm f lrhft

rhsuet. [gygtf ferhfky mfs pfik f rhogrk

$60.; cieeign ình tg tmh Nftignfe

Milmwfy [rf`ìo _f`hty Fkcinistrftign,

wmiom ft tmh tich einbhk 81 khftms tg

foohehrftign prgaehcs.

[mh efwsuits stfrthk tg ah ìehk efst `fee

fs [gygtf initifthk tmh ìrst g` f shrihs g`

rhofees hvhntufeey invgevinl fagut =cieeign vhmioehs‛inoeukinl fagut 0

cieeign in tmh X._.‛gvhr foohehrftign

prgaehcs in shvhrfe cgkhes fnk arfbh

issuhs witm tmh pgpuefr Tr ius

myarik. [gygtf oefichk tmft tmh foohehrf-

tign prgaehcs whrh ofushk ay `fuety

èggr cfts fnk stioby foohehrftgr phkfes.

Aut gur efwyhrs aheihvh tmhrh is f kh`hot

witm [gygtf’s hehotrgnio tmrgtteh ogntrge

systhc. [gygtf khnihs tmft.


C GQH A FK N H\_ @ GQ [ GYG[F

[mhrh mfs ahhn cgrh afk nhws `gr

[gygtf. It’s ahinl rhpgrthk tmft tmh futg-

cfbhr wfithk nhfrey f yhfr tg issuh f X._.

rhofee in 1448 gvhr kh`hotivh sthhrinl

rgks in truobs fnk _XPs. [mis khefy

goourrhk hvhn tmgulm tmhrh wfs f

siciefr rhofee in Jfpfn. [mhrh whrh fesg

kgzhns g` rhpgrts `rgc Fchriofn cgtgr-

ists fagut rgks tmft snfpphk witmgut

wfrninl. [mh lfp ahtwhhn tmh Jfpfnhshfnk X._. rhofees mfs trillhrhk f nhw

rhvihw ay NM[_F, wmiom oguek ình tmh

futgcfbhr up tg $60.; cieeign. Fs wh

mfvh prhvigusey rhpgrthk, NM[_F mfs

ferhfky ehvhehk f $60.; cieeign ình

flfinst [gygtf ahofush g` gtmhr sf`hty

vigeft igns. [mh efthst nhws gn mgw

[gygtf mfnkehs sf`hty issuhs fnk rhofees

wfs unogvhrhk ay fn Fssgoifthk Trhss

invhstilftign.

[mh FT’s ìnkinls frh inthrhstinl

ahofush [gygtf mfs ahhn fooushk gìlngrinl `grhiln rhofees fnk ognsuchr

ogcpefints in khefyinl f rhofee `gr tmh

uninthnkhk foohehrftign prgaehcs. [mh

rhsuet wfs tmh mulh sf`hty sofnkfe‛fnk

nuchrgus rhofees‛sinoh tmh orfsm khftm

g` f Ofei`grnif milmwfy pftrgecfn fnk

mis `fciey efst succhr argulmt tmh issuh

tg tmh puaeio’s ftthntign. [mus ̀ fr, NM[_F

mfs einbhk 60 orfsmhs, tmrhh khftms fnk

shvhn in jur ihs tg tmh s thhr inl

kh`hot. [gygtf oefichk initifeey f`thr tmh

144; Jfpfnhsh rhofee tmft it mfk eitteh hvi-

khnoh g` f X._. prgaehc. Aut tmh FT invhs-

tilftign mfs `gunk tmft tmh futgcfbhr

mfk rhohivhk ft ehfst 81 rhpgrts `rgc X._.

krivhrs. It wguek fpphfr tmft f chkif

guteht is mfvinl tg kg f jga tmft is tmh

rhspgnsiaieity g` NM[_F.

_guroh: X_F [gkfy fnk Fssgoifthk Trhss

[ GYG[F T EFY_ M FQK A FEE FNK I _ K HOHI[@XE

NM[_F rhehfshk sgch kgouchnts efst

cgntm tmft frh hxtrhchey kfcflinl tg

[gygtf’s oefics tmft it mfs nhvhr mikkhn

fnytminl `rgc tmh `hkhrfe lgvhrnchnt

ognohrninl its sf`hty issuhs. Ehtthrs shnt

ay [gygtf tg NM[_F in 144; fnk 1448

whrh cfkh puaeio. [mhsh ehtthrs rfishk

quhstigns `rgc agtm `hkhrfe invhstilf-

tgrs fnk viotics’ efwyhrs fagut wmhtmhrtmh ogcpfny wfs mikinl sf`hty kh`hots

fnk cisehfkinl rhlueftgrs.

NM[_F gphnhk fn invhstilftign intg

wmhtmhr [gygtf lfvh tmh flhnoy tichey

ngtiìoftign g` sthhrinl prgaehcs witm

nhfrey 6 cieeign ;Qunnhr _XPs, [644

piobups fnk [gygtf truobs ah`grh stfrtinl

f _hpthcahr 1448 rhofee in tmh

X._. [gygtf mfk rhohivhk ;6 ogcpefints

`rgc X._. oustgchrs fagut `ftiluh orfobs

in tmh sthhrinl rhefy rgks ah`grh Gotgahr

144;. [mft’s tmh cgntm tmh ogcpfnyahlfn its Jfpfn rhofee g` ogcpfrfaeh

Mieux fnk Mieux _ur` vhmioehs `gr siciefr

rhfsgns. It’s hvikhnt tmft [gygtf bnhw g`

shvhrfe kgzhn X._. ogcpefints ft ehfst

64³ cgntms ah`grh ahlinninl f X._.

rhofee. Futgcfbhrs frh rhquirhk ay efw tg

ngti`y NM[_F witmin ìvh ausinhss kfys

g` sf`hty kh`hots. Mhrh is wmft [gygtf

([CO) tgek NM[_F in its 144;-48 ehtthrs:

• Got. 10, 144;: ―Qhfsgn tmh f``hothk

vhmioehs sgek in tmh X._. Frh ngt

invgevhk in tmis rhofee: [CO mfsrhohivhk ìhek in`grcftign `rgc tmh

Jfpfnhsh cfrbht, aut ng siciefr in`gr-

cftign `rgc tmh X._. cfrbht mfs ahhn

rhohivhk.–

• _hpt. 0, 1448: ―Hnk g` Gotgahr 144;:

[CO ognkuothk f sf`hty ofcpfiln `gr

tmh sthhrinl rhefy rgk gn ohrtfin [gygtf

Mieux fnk Mieux _ur` vhmioehs in

Jfpfn. [CO ognsikhrhk tmft prgaehc

wfs tmh rhsuet g` tmh uniquh gphrftinl

ognkitign in Jfpfn, i.h. ̀ rhquhnt stfnk-

inl ùee egob turns, suom fs `gr nfrrgw

pfrbinl spfohs fnk oegsh-qufrthr

cfnhuvhrinl. Fetmgulm [CO kik ngt

rhohivh siciefr in`grcftign `rgc tmh

X._., [CO ogntinuhk cgnitgrinl ìhek

in`grcftign fnk stfrthk tg rhogvhr

suajhot pfrts `rgc cfrbhts gtmhr tmfn

Jfpfn.–

Agtm ehtthrs whrh silnhk ay [gygtf

Cgtgr Ngrtm Fchriof Pioh Trhsikhnt

Omris [intg, wmg prhvigusey mfk wgrbhk

`gr NM[_F. [mh [gygtf ehtthrs whrh

gatfinhk in eitilftign flfinst tmh futgcg-

aieh cfbhr fnk turnhk gvhr tg NM[_F. F

efwyhr invgevhk in f efwsuit flfinst

[gygtf cfkh f rhquhst tg NM[_F, ofeeinl

`gr fn invhstilftign intg ―tmh wikh omrgn-

gegliofe lfps fnk fppfrhnt `feshmggks

[gygtf mfs prgvikhk.– Ngw NM[_F’s kgo-

uchnt rhquhst tg [gygtf inoeukhs fee ogn-suchr ogcpefints, ìhek rhpgrts, fnk

orfsm rhpgrts ah`grh agtm rhofees. Ng gnh

smguek ah surprishk i` Cr. [intg fnk f

nucahr g` mis suagrkinfths ìnk tmhc-

shevhs in `rgnt g` f Ognlrhssignfe pfnhe

flfin ah`grh egnl. [mis ogcpfny mfs f

mistgry g` sf`hty issuhs, fnk fesg it ngw

fpphfrs tg mfvh f mistgry g` mikinl wmft

it mfk tg bngw `rgc NM[_F fs whee fs

`rgc tmh puaeio.

_guroh: Futgcgtivh Nhws

[ GYG[F M F_ T FIK [ MH $60.; C IEEIGN @ INH

[gygtf mfs pfik tmh rhogrk $60.;

cieeign ình `gr f segw rhspgnsh tg its

foohehrftgr phkfe rhofee. [mh Jfpfnhsh

futgcfbhr pfik tmh ình gn Cfy 6=tm

witmgut cuom `fn`frh. [mh ogcpfny

flrhhk tg tmh ình gn Fprie 69 tm fnk mfk

?4 kfys tg pfy it. [mh ình is tmh

cfxicuc feegwhk unkhr efw.


www.JhrhAhfsehyQhpgrt.ogc 6


18/40

]I.

TQGKXO[

EIFAIEI[Y XTKF[H

X._. T QGAH_ T G[HN[IFE O MQY_EHQ _ [IOBY T HKFE I __XH

NM[_F gphnhk fn invhstilftign efstcgntm tg rhvihw f pgthntife ―stioby foohe-

hrftgr phkfe prgaehc– in Omrysehr Lrgup

EEO’s 144< cgkhe-yhfr Kgklh Ofeiahr

ofrs. Foogrkinl tg tmh flhnoy, ìvh ogn-

suchrs rhpgrthk tmft tmh foohehrftgr

phkfe ahofch stuob fnk wguek ngt

rhturn tg tmh ikeh pgsitign wmhn rhehfshk.

O[_ Ogrp., f suppeihr, cfkh tmh phkfes

invgevhk in tmh Omrysehr invhstilftign.

Inthrhstinley, tmis ogcpfny is fesg tmh

suppeihr g` phkfes invgevhk in [gygtf

Cgtgr Ogrp’s Jfnufry rhofee g` cgrh tmfn

1 cieeign vhmioehs. Foogrkinl tg Omrysehr, its gwn rhvihw

`gunk tmft ognsuchr ogcpefints whrh

eicithk tg fagut 64,444 Ofeiahrs auiet

kurinl f ìvh-whhb winkgw in Cfrom

fnk Fprie 1440. [mh prgah ay NM[_F

ogvhrs sgch 606,444 Kgklh Ofeiahrs

auiet `gr tmh 144< cgkhe yhfr. Omrysehr

fnk NM[_F sfik tmhy whrh ngt fwfrh g`

fny fooikhnts, injurihs gr prgphrty

kfcflh rhefthk tg tmh issuh. Omrysehr

sfik in f prhpfrhk stfthchnt:

It fpphfrs tg ah f suppeihr cfnu-

`f oturinl ognohrn, wmiom is

chomfniofe in nfturh fnk ngt f

khsiln gr hehotrgnio issuh.

[mh futgcfbhr fesg sfik tmh vhmioeh is

hquipphk witm f arfbh gvhrrikh systhc,

wmiom feegws tmh hnlinh ogntrgeehr tg

rhkuoh pgwhr fnk stgp tmh ofr wmhn

agtm tmh arfbh fnk tmh foohehrftgr frh

khprhsshk. [mis cftthr wiee ah wftomhk

oegshey ay efwyhrs in gur Trgkuot Eifaie-

ity _hotign._guroh: Qhuthrs

[ MH 68-T F__HNLHQ P FN I _ _ [IEE K FNLHQGX_

\h mfvh writthn in shvhrfe issuhs gvhr

tmh pfst yhfr gr sg tmft gnh g` tmh cgst

kfnlhrgus vhmioehs gn tmh rgfk in thrcs

g` rgeegvhr is f vhmioeh cfrbhthk `gr ush

ay afee thfcs, sogut trggps, omuromhs fnk

kfy ofrh ohnthrs. [mft vhmioeh is ngnh

gtmhr tmfn tmh 68-pfsshnlhr vfn. [mh

mistgry g` tmis vhmioeh is cfrbhk ay sf`hty

mfzfrks tmft whrh ikhntiìhk ay eitilftign,

NM[_F fnk tmh Nftignfe [rfnspgrtftign

_f`hty Agfrk. [mhrh frh fethrnftivh

khsilns tmft smguek mfvh ahhn ognsik-

hrhk ay tmh cfnu`foturhrs wmiom wguek

mfvh cfkh tmh vfns sf`hr. Aut ngnh g` tmhcfnu`foturhrs sfw ìt tg ush tmhc in

khsilninl tmh vfns.

Hvhn unegfkhk fnk witmgut pfsshn-

lhrs, tmh vfns frh unsf`h. Aut cgrh pfs-

shnlhrs fnk cgrh ofrlg in tmhsh vfns

cfbhs tminls cuom wgrsh. Qhshfrom ay

NM[_F mfs smgwn tmft 68-pfsshnlhr

vfns witm thn gr cgrh gooupfnts mfk

tmrhh tichs tmh rgeegvhr rftig tmfn kik

tmgsh witm `hwhr tmfn thn gooupfnts. @i`-

thhn-pfsshnlhr vfns witm 64-68 goou-

pfnts mfk f rgeegvhr rftig g` =8%ogcpfrhk witm tmh rftig g` 1=.?% `gr

vfns witm `hwhr tmfn ìvh gooupfnts.

Ahofush g` tmhir inhxphnsivh prioh ogc-

pfrhk tg somgge aushs, vfns ahofch f

pgpuefr ithc. Cfrbhtinl cfthrifes mfvh

smgwn tmft fee tmrhh cfnu`foturhrs mfvh

cfrbhthk tmh prgkuots `gr ush ay afee

thfcs, omuromhs fnk gtmhr lrgups.

Cy rhogcchnkftign is tg nhvhr krivh

gr rikh in f 68-pfsshnlhr vfn. Nhitmhr

smguek ygu feegw f `fciey chcahr tg kg

sg. [mhsh vhmioehs smguek ah tfbhn g`` g`

tmh milmwfys `gr lggk. I` ygu wguek eibhtg mfvh cgrh in`grcftign gn tmh 68-pfs-

shnlhr vfn eitilftign, ogntfot Omris

Legvhr ft =44-=9=-14?; gr ay hcfie ft

Omris.LegvhrDahfsehyfeehn.ogc.

_ GCH N H\_ G N [ MH @ HKHQFE T QHHCT[IGN @ QGN[

In 1444, tmh X._. _uprhch Ogurt

khoikhk Lhihr v. Fchriofn Mgnkf

Cgtgr Og. In tmft ofsh, Fehxis Lhihr su`-

`hrhk shvhrh mhfk fnk `foife injurihs in fn

fooikhnt wmieh krivinl f 69=< Mgnkf

Foogrk. [mh Foogrk wfs ngt hquipphk

witm f krivhr’s s ikh firafl. [mh Lhihrs’

oefichk tmft mfk Mgnkf hquipphk tmis

Foogrk witm f krivhr’s sikh firafl, tmhn

Fehxis’ injury wguek mfvh ahhn ngn-hxis-

thnt gr rhkuohk. In f 8‛; khoisign, tmh

X._. _uprhch Ogurt mhek tmft tmh Lhihrs’

oefics whrh prhhcpthk ay tmh Nftignfe

[rf`ìo fnk Cgtgr Phmioeh Fot g` 6900. In

gtmhr wgrks, tmh Milm Ogurt khthrcinhk

tmft tmh Lhihrs oguek ngt ftthcpt tg

prgvh tmhir oefics ahofush f `hkhrfe efw

tggb prhohkhnoh gvhr tmh ogccgn efw

rheihk upgn ay tmh Lhihrs.

[g suppgrt its frluchnt, tmgsh ìvh Jus-

tiohs khthrcinhk tmft NM[_ mfk phrcit-

thk cfnu`foturhrs tg omggsh fcgnl

shvhrfe typhs g` pfssivh rhstrfints, inoeuk-inl firafls, sg tmft f vfrihty g` pfssivh

rhstrfints wguek ah inoeukhk in futgcg-

aiehs gn tmh cfrbht. [mh _uprhch Ogurt

khthrcinhk tmft Mgnkf smguek ngt ah

punismhk `gr omggsinl f pfssivh rhstrfint

gtmhr tmfn fn firafl sinoh NM[_F mfk

phrcitthk Mgnkf tg omggsh fngtmhr typh

g` pfssivh rhstrfint.

Gnoh flfin, prhhcptign is fn issuh

pgthntifeey phnkinl ah`grh tmh X._.

_uprhch Ogurt in f ofsh styehk \ieeifc-

sgn v. Cfzkf Cgtgr Ogcpfny. [mh Jus-tiohs fsbhk tmh _geioitgr Lhnhrfe, Hehnf

Bflfn, tg suacit f arih` gn wmhtmhr prh-

hcptign issuhs rfishk in \ieeifcsgn

smguek ah frluhk ah`grh tmh Ogurt. In

\ieeifcsgn, f `ftmhr, cgtmhr fnk kfulm-

thr whrh trfvheinl in f 699? Cfzkf CTP

cinivfn. [mh kfulmthr wfs shfthk in f

cikkeh pgsitign shft. [mh shftahet fvfie-

faeh `gr tmh cikkeh pgsitign shft wfs f

efp-ahet-gney shftahet. [mh \ieeifcsgns’

vhmioeh ogeeikhk witm fngtmhr vhmioeh

fnk tmh kfulmthr sustfinhk `ftfe injurihs.

_phoiìofeey, tmh efp ahet feegwhk tmh ygunl lire’s agky tg ―jfob bni`h– frgunk

tmh efp ahet, wmiom rhsuethk in shvhrh

fakgcinfe injurihs fnk inthrnfe aehhkinl

wmiom ehk tg mhr khftm.

[mh \ieeifcsgn `fciey oefichk tmft tmh

699? Cfzkf CTP wfs kh`hotivh ahofush

Cfzkf smguek mfvh instfeehk f tmrhh-pgint

rhstrfint systhc `gr tmh kfulmthr’s

cikkeh shft pgsitign. In rhspgnsh, Cfzkf

oefichk tmft @CP__ prhhcpthk tmh \ie-

eifcsgns’ oefics flfinst Cfzkf. [mh

egwhr ogurt khthrcinhk tmft NM[_F phr-citthk ofr cfnu`foturhrs tmh gptign tg

hitmhr instfee f efp ahet gr f tmrhh-pgint

rhstrfint systhc in tmft shftinl pgsi-

tign. [mhrh`grh, sinoh Cfzkf mfk fn

gptign tg instfee hitmhr gnh, tmhn tmh

ogccgn efw oefics g` tmh \ieeifcsgns

whrh prhhcpthk.

In its arih` ah`grh tmh Ogurt, tmh _geioi-

tgr Lhnhrfe stfthk tmft tmh Justiohs

smguek mhfr tmh frluchnts g` tmh pfrtihs

6= www.AhfsehyFeehn.ogc

8/9/2019 The Jere Beasley Repo

the jere beasley report, jun. 2010

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