the journey of adulthood, 5/e helen l. bee & barbara r. bjorklund chapter 1 defining the...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: The Journey Of Adulthood, 5/e Helen L. Bee & Barbara R. Bjorklund Chapter 1 Defining the Journey: Some Assumptions, Definitions, and Methods The Journey](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081417/56649e755503460f94b75d89/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Journey Of Adulthood, 5/eHelen L. Bee & Barbara R. Bjorklund
Chapter 1 Defining the Journey: Some Assumptions, Definitions,
and Methods
The Journey of Adulthood 5/e by Bee & Bjorklund. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
![Page 2: The Journey Of Adulthood, 5/e Helen L. Bee & Barbara R. Bjorklund Chapter 1 Defining the Journey: Some Assumptions, Definitions, and Methods The Journey](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081417/56649e755503460f94b75d89/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Multiple Factors contribute to universal adult development and individual differences:
Biological Influences
Shared Experiences
Internal Change Processes
Cultural and Cohort Effects
Timing of Experiences
The Journey of Adulthood 5/e by Bee & Bjorklund. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
![Page 3: The Journey Of Adulthood, 5/e Helen L. Bee & Barbara R. Bjorklund Chapter 1 Defining the Journey: Some Assumptions, Definitions, and Methods The Journey](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081417/56649e755503460f94b75d89/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Multiple Factors contribute to universal adult development and individual differences:
Biological Influences
● Some biologically influenced changes are universal (e.g., loss of muscle tone).
● Sequence of physical changes is highly similar.
● Rate of physical changes varies greatly from one individual to another.
● There are direct and indirect effects of biological change.
The Journey of Adulthood 5/e by Bee & Bjorklund. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
![Page 4: The Journey Of Adulthood, 5/e Helen L. Bee & Barbara R. Bjorklund Chapter 1 Defining the Journey: Some Assumptions, Definitions, and Methods The Journey](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081417/56649e755503460f94b75d89/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Multiple Factors contribute to universal adult development and individual differences:
Shared Experiences
● Social clock produces shared changes by dictating timing and sequence of normal adult experiences.
● Age stratification is prominently seen in patterns of experience associated with marriage and family life.
The Journey of Adulthood 5/e by Bee & Bjorklund. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
![Page 5: The Journey Of Adulthood, 5/e Helen L. Bee & Barbara R. Bjorklund Chapter 1 Defining the Journey: Some Assumptions, Definitions, and Methods The Journey](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081417/56649e755503460f94b75d89/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Multiple Factors contribute to universal adult development and individual differences:
Internal Change Processes
● Psychological changes result from biological and social clocks.
● Common tasks and biological changes create an agenda for psychological change.
The Journey of Adulthood 5/e by Bee & Bjorklund. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
![Page 6: The Journey Of Adulthood, 5/e Helen L. Bee & Barbara R. Bjorklund Chapter 1 Defining the Journey: Some Assumptions, Definitions, and Methods The Journey](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081417/56649e755503460f94b75d89/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Multiple Factors contribute to universal adult development and individual differences:
Cultural and Cohort Effects
● Cultures are the social environment in which change takes place.
● Cultures vary enormously in expected life patterns.
● There are also significant variations in adult life experiences from one generation to the next within a given culture.
The Journey of Adulthood 5/e by Bee & Bjorklund. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
![Page 7: The Journey Of Adulthood, 5/e Helen L. Bee & Barbara R. Bjorklund Chapter 1 Defining the Journey: Some Assumptions, Definitions, and Methods The Journey](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081417/56649e755503460f94b75d89/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Multiple Factors contribute to universal adult development and individual differences:
Cultural and Cohort Effects (cont’d)
● A cohort is a group of persons born within some narrow band of years.
● Explains the similarity in attitudes, values, skills, or life experiences of individuals within the same generation and differences in these dimensions across generations.
● Helps us differentiate between apparent age-related change and real developmental change.
● Has implications for research on development (Cohort effect).
The Journey of Adulthood 5/e by Bee & Bjorklund. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
![Page 8: The Journey Of Adulthood, 5/e Helen L. Bee & Barbara R. Bjorklund Chapter 1 Defining the Journey: Some Assumptions, Definitions, and Methods The Journey](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081417/56649e755503460f94b75d89/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Multiple Factors contribute to universal adult development and individual differences:
Timing of Experiences
● On-time events are easier to cope with then off-time events.
The Journey of Adulthood 5/e by Bee & Bjorklund. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
![Page 9: The Journey Of Adulthood, 5/e Helen L. Bee & Barbara R. Bjorklund Chapter 1 Defining the Journey: Some Assumptions, Definitions, and Methods The Journey](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081417/56649e755503460f94b75d89/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Adult development is characterized by periods of stability.
Biological Factors
Environmental Factors
The Journey of Adulthood 5/e by Bee & Bjorklund. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
![Page 10: The Journey Of Adulthood, 5/e Helen L. Bee & Barbara R. Bjorklund Chapter 1 Defining the Journey: Some Assumptions, Definitions, and Methods The Journey](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081417/56649e755503460f94b75d89/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Adult development is characterized by periods of stability.
Biological Factors
● Heredity is a source of stability (e.g., personality patterns).
The Journey of Adulthood 5/e by Bee & Bjorklund. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
![Page 11: The Journey Of Adulthood, 5/e Helen L. Bee & Barbara R. Bjorklund Chapter 1 Defining the Journey: Some Assumptions, Definitions, and Methods The Journey](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081417/56649e755503460f94b75d89/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Adult development is characterized by periods of stability.
Environmental Factors
● Inherited qualities do not develop in a vacuum.
● Initial patterns are perpetuated by choices we make.
The Journey of Adulthood 5/e by Bee & Bjorklund. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
![Page 12: The Journey Of Adulthood, 5/e Helen L. Bee & Barbara R. Bjorklund Chapter 1 Defining the Journey: Some Assumptions, Definitions, and Methods The Journey](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081417/56649e755503460f94b75d89/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Basic terms relevant to the study of adulthood include:
Aging: The passage of years.
Maturation: Changes with age that are governed by underlying physiological processes and largely determined by genetic code (e.g., menopause).
Development: Systematic changes within an individual or group of individuals that results from the dynamic interaction between heredity and environment.
Change: Systematic process that occurs overtime. Includes patterns of both development and maturation, as well as both slow and continuous and more abrupt stage-like differences over time.
The Journey of Adulthood 5/e by Bee & Bjorklund. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
![Page 13: The Journey Of Adulthood, 5/e Helen L. Bee & Barbara R. Bjorklund Chapter 1 Defining the Journey: Some Assumptions, Definitions, and Methods The Journey](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081417/56649e755503460f94b75d89/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Choosing the appropriate research design is essential to the scientific study of development.
Cross-sectional Designs
Longitudinal Designs
Sequential Designs
The Journey of Adulthood 5/e by Bee & Bjorklund. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
![Page 14: The Journey Of Adulthood, 5/e Helen L. Bee & Barbara R. Bjorklund Chapter 1 Defining the Journey: Some Assumptions, Definitions, and Methods The Journey](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081417/56649e755503460f94b75d89/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Choosing the appropriate research design is essential to the scientific study of development.
Cross-sectional Designs
● Includes different groups of subjects at different ages.
● Can tell us about potential age differences.
● Do not provide direct information regarding age-related changes.
● Limited by cohort effects.
The Journey of Adulthood 5/e by Bee & Bjorklund. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
![Page 15: The Journey Of Adulthood, 5/e Helen L. Bee & Barbara R. Bjorklund Chapter 1 Defining the Journey: Some Assumptions, Definitions, and Methods The Journey](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081417/56649e755503460f94b75d89/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Choosing the appropriate research design is essential to the scientific study of development.
Cross-sectional Designs
Advantages:
● Relatively quick
● Highlight possible age differences
Disadvantages:
● Age and cohort are confounded.
● Cannot draw conclusions individual consistency and change over time.
The Journey of Adulthood 5/e by Bee & Bjorklund. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
![Page 16: The Journey Of Adulthood, 5/e Helen L. Bee & Barbara R. Bjorklund Chapter 1 Defining the Journey: Some Assumptions, Definitions, and Methods The Journey](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081417/56649e755503460f94b75d89/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Choosing the appropriate research design is essential to the scientific study of development.
Longitudinal Designs
● Solve many problems of cross-sectional studies.
● Follow the same subjects over time.
The Journey of Adulthood 5/e by Bee & Bjorklund. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
![Page 17: The Journey Of Adulthood, 5/e Helen L. Bee & Barbara R. Bjorklund Chapter 1 Defining the Journey: Some Assumptions, Definitions, and Methods The Journey](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081417/56649e755503460f94b75d89/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Choosing the appropriate research design is essential to the scientific study of development.
Longitudinal Designs
Advantages:
● Age and cohort not confounded.
● Changes seen can be inferred to be real changes.
● Non-change reflects real stability.
● Enable researcher to look at change or stability within individual.
Disadvantages:
● Selective attrition can weaken findings.
● Weakened by time-of-measurement effects.
● Often have smaller samples. The Journey of Adulthood 5/e by Bee & Bjorklund. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
![Page 18: The Journey Of Adulthood, 5/e Helen L. Bee & Barbara R. Bjorklund Chapter 1 Defining the Journey: Some Assumptions, Definitions, and Methods The Journey](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081417/56649e755503460f94b75d89/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Choosing the appropriate research design is essential to the scientific study of development.
Sequential Designs
● A family of research designs each of which involves either multiple cross-
sectional comparisons or multiple longitudinal comparisons, or both.
● Used to mitigate cohort and time-of-measurement effects.
● Time-Lag Design
● Time-Sequential Design
● Panel Studies
The Journey of Adulthood 5/e by Bee & Bjorklund. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
![Page 19: The Journey Of Adulthood, 5/e Helen L. Bee & Barbara R. Bjorklund Chapter 1 Defining the Journey: Some Assumptions, Definitions, and Methods The Journey](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081417/56649e755503460f94b75d89/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Choosing the appropriate research design is essential to the scientific study of development.
Sequential Designs
Advantages:
● Can analyze age changes and their variations.
● Separate the impact of unique cohort experiences from that of more enduring developmental patterns.
Disadvantages:
● Complex, expensive and time-consuming
The Journey of Adulthood 5/e by Bee & Bjorklund. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
![Page 20: The Journey Of Adulthood, 5/e Helen L. Bee & Barbara R. Bjorklund Chapter 1 Defining the Journey: Some Assumptions, Definitions, and Methods The Journey](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081417/56649e755503460f94b75d89/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Knowledge of strategies for collecting and analyzing data is important to understand research on adult development.
Subject Selection
Data Collection
Data Analysis
Study Type
The Journey of Adulthood 5/e by Bee & Bjorklund. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
![Page 21: The Journey Of Adulthood, 5/e Helen L. Bee & Barbara R. Bjorklund Chapter 1 Defining the Journey: Some Assumptions, Definitions, and Methods The Journey](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081417/56649e755503460f94b75d89/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Knowledge of strategies for collecting and analyzing data is important to understand research on adult development.
Subject Selection
● Goal is sample that enables depth and generalizability of findings.
● Small samples increase depth of study but limit generalizability.
● Larger samples (if representative) can increase generalizability, but often limit
depth due to practical considerations (time, expense, etc.).
The Journey of Adulthood 5/e by Bee & Bjorklund. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
![Page 22: The Journey Of Adulthood, 5/e Helen L. Bee & Barbara R. Bjorklund Chapter 1 Defining the Journey: Some Assumptions, Definitions, and Methods The Journey](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081417/56649e755503460f94b75d89/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Knowledge of strategies for collecting and analyzing data is important to understand research on adult development.
Data Collection
Observation
Interviews
Questionnaires
Standardized Tests
The Journey of Adulthood 5/e by Bee & Bjorklund. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
![Page 23: The Journey Of Adulthood, 5/e Helen L. Bee & Barbara R. Bjorklund Chapter 1 Defining the Journey: Some Assumptions, Definitions, and Methods The Journey](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081417/56649e755503460f94b75d89/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Knowledge of strategies for collecting and analyzing data is important to understand research on adult development.
Data Analysis
● The two most common ways of looking at the results of studies of adult change and stability are: comparison of mean scores and correlational analysis.
The Journey of Adulthood 5/e by Bee & Bjorklund. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
![Page 24: The Journey Of Adulthood, 5/e Helen L. Bee & Barbara R. Bjorklund Chapter 1 Defining the Journey: Some Assumptions, Definitions, and Methods The Journey](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081417/56649e755503460f94b75d89/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Knowledge of strategies for collecting and analyzing data is important to understand research on adult development.
Data Analysis
Comparison of Means:
● The means (averages) are analyzed to look for differences or continuities.
●Comparison of means can highlight possible age changes, but cannot determine stability or change within individuals.
The Journey of Adulthood 5/e by Bee & Bjorklund. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
![Page 25: The Journey Of Adulthood, 5/e Helen L. Bee & Barbara R. Bjorklund Chapter 1 Defining the Journey: Some Assumptions, Definitions, and Methods The Journey](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081417/56649e755503460f94b75d89/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Knowledge of strategies for collecting and analyzing data is important to understand research on adult development.
Data Analysis
Correlational Analysis:
● A correlation indicates the extent to which two sets of scores covary.● Correlations (r) can range from +1.00 to –1.00.● A positive correlation shows that high scores on the two dimensions occur together.● A negative correlations tells us that high scores on one dimension go with low scores on the other.● The closer the number is to 1.00, the stronger the relationship.● Correlational analysis is the main tool used to identify continuities or discontinuities in individual patterns over adulthood.
The Journey of Adulthood 5/e by Bee & Bjorklund. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
![Page 26: The Journey Of Adulthood, 5/e Helen L. Bee & Barbara R. Bjorklund Chapter 1 Defining the Journey: Some Assumptions, Definitions, and Methods The Journey](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081417/56649e755503460f94b75d89/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Knowledge of strategies for collecting and analyzing data is important to understand research on adult development.
Study Type
● The type of study that is used determines what conclusions can be formed.
Correlational Studies
Experimental Studies
Quasi-Experimental Studies
The Journey of Adulthood 5/e by Bee & Bjorklund. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
![Page 27: The Journey Of Adulthood, 5/e Helen L. Bee & Barbara R. Bjorklund Chapter 1 Defining the Journey: Some Assumptions, Definitions, and Methods The Journey](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081417/56649e755503460f94b75d89/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Knowledge of strategies for collecting and analyzing data is important to understand research on adult development.
Study Type
● The type of study that is used determines what conclusions can be formed.
Correlational Studies
● Can be very useful to show that two factors are related, but further studies are necessary to prove causality.
The Journey of Adulthood 5/e by Bee & Bjorklund. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
![Page 28: The Journey Of Adulthood, 5/e Helen L. Bee & Barbara R. Bjorklund Chapter 1 Defining the Journey: Some Assumptions, Definitions, and Methods The Journey](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081417/56649e755503460f94b75d89/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Knowledge of strategies for collecting and analyzing data is important to understand research on adult development.
Study Type
● The type of study that is used determines what conclusions can be formed.
Experimental Studies:
● If the group receiving the treatment shows a significant difference in the resulting measure (dependent variable), the experimenter can state that the independent variable caused the change in the dependent variable.
● Key to experimental design is random assignment of groups.
The Journey of Adulthood 5/e by Bee & Bjorklund. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
![Page 29: The Journey Of Adulthood, 5/e Helen L. Bee & Barbara R. Bjorklund Chapter 1 Defining the Journey: Some Assumptions, Definitions, and Methods The Journey](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081417/56649e755503460f94b75d89/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Knowledge of strategies for collecting and analyzing data is important to understand research on adult development.
Study Type
● The type of study that is used determines what conclusions can be formed.
Quasi-Experimental Studies:
● Conducted as if true experiments, but no random assignment of groups.
● Can provide valuable information, but can never tell us if the factor of interest causes the change in a dependent variable.
The Journey of Adulthood 5/e by Bee & Bjorklund. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.