the language of covid-19: special oed update · 2020. 9. 22. · fiona mcpherson oed new words...
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10-09-2020
Fiona McPhersonOED New Words EditorOxford University Press
Patricia StewartOED Science EditorOxford University Press
Kate WildOED Executive Editor, Strategic Lexical ProjectsOxford University Press
The language of Covid-19: special OED update
Please note that this presentation will be recorded, including the Q&A
Presented by
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Why update?
• Social change brings about language change
• Unique position of the OED
• Snapshot of society
• All entries included are free at oed.com
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New in April 2020
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The only neologism
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Then and now
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Fuller form
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Gradual shift in meaning
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Coined for a previous epidemic
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Since 1925…
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Since 1837…
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Since 1976…
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Since 1976…
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What’s next?
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Trish Stewart, OED Science Editor
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Scientific Terminology of Covid-19• April update focused on words relating to the social and economic impact of Covid-
19
• July update focused on words relating to the virus itself, its effects, and potential treatments
• increased usage in scientific terminology in the media, especially terms from virology and epidemiology
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Covid-19 (Covid, C-19, CV-19, CV, corona)
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cytokine storm
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hydroxychloroquine
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dexamethasone
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community transmission (community spread)
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R (R number)
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reproduction number(reproductive number)
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R0
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Kate Wild, OED Editor
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Corpus analysis for the Covid-19 updates
• corpus n.: “a collection of written or spoken material in machine-readable form, assembled for the purpose of studying linguistic structures, frequencies, etc.”
• Oxford Monitor Corpus of English: currently over 10 billion words of web-based news content from 2017 to the present day; more data added each month
• Examples of questions that a lexicographer might ask of a corpus:– What are the most typical collocates of this word?
– How is this word usually spelled?
– What regional variety(-ies) is this word used in?
– What words are used especially frequently in this region/subject area/period of time?
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Corpus keywords, January to July 2020January February March April May June July
bushfire Covid-19 Covid-19 PPE reopen defund covering
coronavirus coronavirus pandemic lockdown lockdown Juneteenth Covid
Iranian quarantine distancing pandemic Covid-19 brutality in-person
SARS pandemic coronavirus ventilator pandemic anti-racism mask
Iraqi virus self-isolate stay-at-home Covid racism mask-wearing
sign-stealing outbreak lockdown Covid-19 distancing Covid pandemic
koala caucus self-isolation furlough hydroxychloroquine Confederate distanced
virus locust sanitiser/sanitizer distancing covering looting Covid-19
impeachment infect quarantine coronavirus furlough covering SARS-CoV-2
airstrike epicentre/epicenter ventilator N95 stay-at-home kneel pre-pandemic
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word number of co-occurrences
face 36,663
facial 2,646
cloth 272
wear 269
protective 171
floor 152
covering (noun)collocates immediately preceding covering n. in the Oxford Monitor Corpus, Feb.–July 2020
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covering n. – unrevised entry in OED2a. That which covers or is adapted to cover, whether for protection, shelter, concealment, or adornment; a cover; a cloth to spread over;… [etc.]
+ new specific sense?
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self-isolate and self-quarantine
Top 10 collocates of self-isolate and related forms
symptoms14-daydistancingquarantineprecautionadvisedtravellersmandatoryshieldingtested
Top 10 collocates of self-quarantine and related forms
14-dayundergomandatorytravelersprecautioninstructeddistancingtwo-weekadvisedsymptoms
10 most salient collocates within five words of self-isolat* (including self-isolates, self-isolated, self-isolating, self-isolation) and self-quarantin* (including self-quarantine, self-quarantines, self-quarantined, self-quarantining) in the Oxford Monitor Corpus
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self-isolate and self-quarantineUK USA
Frequency of self-isolate (and self-isolates, self-isolated, self-isolating, self-isolation) and self-quarantine (and self-quarantines, self-quarantined, self-quarantining) in the Oxford Monitor Corpus, January to July 2020.
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freq
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self-quarantine and related forms
self-isolate and related forms
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self-quarantine and related forms
self-isolate and related forms
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Covid-19 or COVID-19?
0%
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UK Republic ofIreland
USA Canada Australia New Zealand India South Africa
Covid-19 COVID-19 other
Relative frequencies of Covid-19/COVID-19 in selected varieties of English in the Oxford Monitor Corpus. ‘Other’ includes covid-19, CoVID-19, Covid19, etc.
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headword and variant forms of Covid-19 n. in OED
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Some words we’re watching
Frequency of maskne, doomscroll/doomscrolling, and quarantini in the Oxford Monitor Corpus, January to July 2020
Frequencies in July, for comparison:
maskne: 0.25 per million tokens
hydroxychloroquine: 9 per million tokenscontact tracing: 23 per million tokensface covering: 54 per million tokens
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January February March April May June July
freq
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maskne doomscroll/doomscrolling quarantini