the language of the earth – part v plate tectonic theory
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THE LANGUAGE OF THE EARTH – PART V
PLATE TECTONIC THEORY
Plate Tectonic TheoryPlate Tectonic Theory The Earth’s outer shell (lithosphere) is composed of rigid plates that are moving relative to one another.
Internal Structure of the EarthInternal Structure of the EarthCompositional Layers
Physical Layers
Plate Tectonics Drives Two Stages of Crust-makingPlate Tectonics Drives Two Stages of Crust-making A. Mantle partially melts to make ocean crust B. Ocean crust partially melts to make continental crust
What Moves the Plates?What Moves the Plates?
Mantle Push Ridge Slide
Slab Pull
Types of Plate BoundariesTypes of Plate Boundaries
Divergent Plate BoundariesMid-ocean RidgesMid-ocean Ridges
Where Stage 1 Crust is Made
BasaltBasaltRock Type of the Ocean Crust
Pillow Lavas
Remember:Melting the mantle makesmafic magma!! Always
Hydrothermal Alteration of Ocean CrustPreparing it for Stage 2 Melting
““Black Smokers”-Black Smokers”- metal-rich hydrothermal waters venting into the ocean floor
Continental Rifting The creationof new ocean basins
Continental Rifting Continental Rifting and and
The Break-up The Break-up of Pangeaof Pangea
Age of the Atlantic Ocean CrustRecording the Break-up
Beginning the Break-up225 Ma
Youthful Oceanic Crust Youthful Oceanic Crust
Convergent BoundariesConvergent Boundaries Making 2nd Stage Crust
Ancient Continental Crust
Convergent Boundaries-Convergent Boundaries- Where the Action Is!!
Ocean-Continent
Continent - Continent
Ocean - Ocean
Earthquakes
Volcanoes
Mt. St. HelensMay 18, 1980
Consequences of ConvergenceConsequences of ConvergenceExplosive Volcanism
Consequences of ConvergenceConsequences of ConvergenceMountain Building and Rock Deformation
Consequences of ConvergenceEarthquakes
Banda Ache, Dec. 26, 2004
OROGENESISOROGENESISThe Culmination of Convergence
Transform Transform Fault Plate Fault Plate BoundariesBoundaries
San Francisco EarthquakeApril 18, 1906 Mag 7.8The San The San
Andreas FaultAndreas Fault
Mantle Mantle Plumes/Plumes/HotspotsHotspots
Mantle Mantle Hotspots in Hotspots in the Oceansthe Oceans
Sites of overthickened crust and the formation of ocean islands and plateaus
Famous Hotspots
Hawaii
Yellowstone
Iceland
The Grand Unifying Theory of the EarthThe Grand Unifying Theory of the EarthParadigm -