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TRANSCRIPT
StarLNGTM
The leading small-to-mid scale standard LNG plant
2
3 Introduction
4 StarLNG.TM The leading small to mid-scale LNG plant
6 Design Basis (base case)
8 Feed gas range
10 Capacity range
11 Refrigeration process technology
14 LNG storage tanks
15 Level of integrity of LNG storage tanks
17 Plant safety
18 Construction strategy
21 Linde, long-term experience of cryogenic plant design
23 Linde Engineering´s global footprint
24 StarLNGTM benefits
26 Small-scale LNG. A new business solution at the break-through
27 StarLNGTM conclusion
28 Contact
Contents.
StarLNGTM is a trademark of The Linde Group
Linde´s pre-engineered solutionfor the small-scale LNG supply chain.
3
Introduction.
LNG is becoming more & more the preferred delivery method for natural
gas in many markets, because LNG can be produced at remote locations
and distributed to end-users quickly and easily.
Driven by growing global natural gas reserves, favorable gas prices and
stricter emission regulations LNG is beginning to substitute traditional oil-
based fuels in marine or heavy vehicle engines, power generation and
process industries.
This emerging small-scale market calls for decentralized LNG plants and is
now growing beyond a niche market. For example, LNG is fast becoming
the fuel of choice for the remote generation of electricity, but is also in-
creasingly being used as a fuel for transportation.
4
Linde Engineering has been supplying individually designed LNG plants for
many years; among them three recently built small-to-mid scale LNG plants
in Bergen and Stavanger, Norway, as well as in Kwinana, Australia. Today,
those plants serve as good technical references. To deliver the same level
of quality at lower cost and in shorter time, Linde Engineering, as world
leader in cryogenic air separation, has been translating the idea of product
standardization into the LNG business.
Plant modules are workshop pre-fabricated to maximum extent.
World´s first air liquefaction plant
(Linde was founded in 1879)
GOX 2,000 modularized air separation unit
(2,400 tpd GOX)
GOX 6,000 modularized air separation unit
(7,200 tpd GOX)
GOX 9,000 modularized air separation unit
(11,800 tpd GOX)
StarLNG.TM The leading small to mid-scale standard LNG plant.
Standardization and modularization started with air separation… and is now translated into LNG.
In 2010, Linde formed a core team and spent more than 25,000engineering hours to develop the StarLNGTM standardization concept.
CAD model StarLNGTM plant
5
Benefits of Linde’s standardized LNG concept
The idea of StarLNGTM is to standardize and optimize a small-to-mid scale
LNG plant based on a wide set of process variations. This “Process Toolbox”
is designed to cover about 90% of real-life boundary conditions, with the
following major benefits:
– Safety as for world-scale LNG (QRA, HAZOP, same codes & standards)
– Fast-track EPC time schedule (reduction by up to 2 months)
– Reduction of CAPEX (saving potential greater 15%)
– Highly efficient process, easy to operate (lowest OPEX)
– Modularized units for pre-treatment, process and main pipe racks
– Toolbox concept with many options
Linde´s small to mid-scale LNG plants do not compromise on safety, reli-
ability and robustness in comparison to world-scale LNG facilities, while
execution risks and capital requirements are significantly lower. The per-
mitting standards used for StarLNGTM are world-class.
StarLNGTM delivers a scalable, flexible LNG plant design including many alter-
natives, with pre-engineered documents and a 3D CAD-model for a fully
modularized plant – combining highest safety standards, reliability, ease of
operations and efficiency with competitive prices and shortest delivery time.
With Linde Engineering’s global EPC-capabilities, making use of engineer-
ing and manufacturing subsidiaries in best cost countries as well as of
operational experience of Linde Gas, the standardized LNG plant concept
will enable small-to-mid scale LNG players to get:
– First class quality and safety LNG plant
– Attractive CAPEX and OPEX
– Shortest time to market
LNG plant in Bergen, Norway
66
Design basis (base case).
Feed gas design envelope
Feed gas compositions have been selected to cover most of the known
pipeline gases. Pipeline gas was selected (i.e. dew point controlled,
limited HHC’s, etc.), because the high technical effort for pre-treat-
ment of well-gases (as for world-scale LNG plants) has been deemed
economically prohibitive for small/mid-size LNG projects.
Main design features:
– LNG production capacity:
200 tpd liquefaction capacity
– Product storage capacity:
4.000 m³
– LNG load–out rate:
2 x 50 m³/h (by truck) - 1000 m³/h (by ship)
As for every real project, a design basis was required to be determined
also for StarLNGTM. This generic design condition was fixed as the “base
case”. For this special standardization project attention has been given
to reflect a broad range of likely site conditions in addition.
base case, Vol. %
N2 0.85
CO2 4.80
CH4 88.71
C2H6 5.25
C3H8 0.36
C4H10 0.02
C5H12 0.00
C6+ 0.01
total 100.00
Selected feed gas composition for base case
Ambient conditions
– Site elevation: 0m above N.N.
– Yearly abs. max. temperature: 44°C
– Yearly abs. min. temperature: -4°C
– Design air temperature: 35°C
(for gas turbine and air cooler rating)
– Environment type: marine/coastal
Different climatic zones (alternatives)
considered for:
– Tropical climate
– Warm moderate climate (Mediterranean)
– Cold moderate (Northern Europe, USA)
– Arctic climate
Low CAPEX plant solutions standardized for all climatic conditions.
Kwinana LNG plant in Western Australia
7
Site layout
The 200 tpd base case LNG plant including pre-treatment, utilities and LNG
storage tank features a required plot space of only approx.135 x 150m
at the same time fulfilling all safety requirements.
Battery limit/interfaces:
– Civil (drainage, sewer system, roads)
– Piping (feed gas, utility water)
– Electrical power
Utility requirements
– Fuel gas (sourced internally from LNG plant)
– N2 from LIN import by truck
– MRC components (ethylene/ethane and butane) import by truck
– Process plant cooling provided by air (no cooling water required)
– Process plant heating provided by closed loop hot oil cycle
(internal system)
– Utility water available at battery limit,
all other utilities assumed to be generated inside battery limit
– Electric power available at battery limit
Basis of design, assumptions for codes & standards
Applied codes, standards and safety requirements (excerpt):
– “Installation and equipment for liquefied natural gas” EN 1473
– “Standard for the production, storage and handling of LNG” NFPA 59
– Design codes for pressure bearing parts and piping ASME, EN, GB
– E&I design codes IEC, ANSI, NEC , NEMA
– Structural materials EN, ASTM
– Process safety API, NFPA
Utility LIN tank manufactured by Linde
8
Feed gas range.The StarLNGTM plant pre-treatment and lique-
faction section can be customized with a number
of pre-engineered modular additions to easily
adjust the plant design from the “base case”
to your actual project needs.
Range of feed gas conditions
– N2 content varying between 0.8 and 20 Vol.%
– Pressure varying between 20 and 60 bar abs
– Additional compression for lower pressures
– Let-down station for higher pressures
– Temperatures varying between 0 and 50°C
Generic feed gas compositions selected,to cover most of the known pipeline gases.
After extensive screening of relevant design
conditions, a versatile but still comprehensive
standard has been developed, based on a wide
design envelope of operating parameters.
Typical StarLNGTM feed gas compositions
Vol. % N2 rich HHC rich
N2 5.00 0.80
CO2 2.00 2.00
CH4 90.87 89.13
C2H6 1.86 4.86
C3H8 0.23 1.94
C4H10 0.04 0.78
C5H12 0.00 0.31
C6+ 0.00 0.18
total 100.00 100.00
9
Toolbox approach for different feed gas qualities
If a feed gas contains heavier hydrocarbons HHC (hexanes and heavier)
and aromatic material (BTEX), freezing will occur unless their concen-
tration has been lowered sufficiently. The simplest method is a separa-
tor (HHC knock-out drum) in the feed path of the main cryogenic heat
exchanger at a temperature, allowing the heavy components to be re-
moved as a liquid.
Both alternatives (simple knock-out drum and scrub column) are part
of the StarLNGTM Toolbox and are readily available for deployment. Tool-
box main features:
– High content of heavy hydrocarbons demands for HHC separation to
avoid freezing in LNG
– LNG specification (e.g. methane number, Wobbe-Index or max. C2)
demands scrub column
– High N2 may require nitrogen rejection depending on availability/
capability of flash gas sink (e.g. gas turbine)
Toolbox matrix for different feed gas qualities
Wide feed gas envelope allows for a highly flexible but still comprehensive toolbox concept for small scale LNG plant design with many alternatives, al-lowing the required adjustments to respond to over 90% of real-life projects.
main process unit
utility system
^ ^
^
^
^
^
^ ^ ^
^
^
Demin.
waterHot Oil
Liquefaction
N2
Rejection
Refrigeration
AirFuel Gas
NGL
Extraction
Pre-
treatment
Nitrogen
Storage
TRG
Compression
Make-up
System
Feed Gas
LNG
Feed gas range (e.g. HHC, C1, C2 or N2 content) has already been con-
sidered in the toolbox concept for all plant units.
Block diagram - main process groups (in solid black, white boxes)
refer to optional steps, grey boxes refer to utility systems.
Pre-treatment units toolbox
All process steps in the pre-treatment section
have been selected with a strong focus on
simplicity, operability, reliability, suitability for
emerging markets and cost effectiveness.
– Inlet facilities
(KO drum, feed gas metering)
– Mercury removal (single guard bed)
– Sour gas removal (amine wash column)
– Dehydration (single guard bed
with molecular sieve adsorbent)
LNG Spec demande.g. removal of C2+
for adjustmentof Methane No.
LNG Spec demande.g. removal of N2
to meetfuel gas spec.
^
^
^
^
StarLNGToolbox
High N2
contentin feedgas
HHC(C6+, Benzene, etc.)
10
StarLNGTM has been developed for an LNG ca-
pacity range between 100 and up to 1600 tpd
with PFHE or up to 3000 tpd with CWHE; i.e. the
same, pre-engineered plant design concept
can be used for the above ranges with a simple
adjustment to the actual throughput. For the
liquefaction, two proprietary designs are avail-
able for the main cryogenic heat exchanger,
typically depending on plant capacity.
Capacity range.
road transportable module
from 100 tpd liquefaction capacity
stick built/customized large module
from 600 tpd liquefaction capacity
Bergen, Norway
120 tons per day
Kwinana, Australia
175 tons per day
Stavanger, Norway
900 tons per day
Shan Shan, China
1,300 tons per day
1x coldbox including up to 2
plate-fin heat exchangers with
400 tpd max. capacity each
1x coil-wound heat exchanger mounted into a steel
structure for capacities above 600 tpd or 2 or more
coldboxes incl. up to 2 plate-fin heat exchangers each
in a road transportable coldbox module
11
Refrigeration process technology.StarLNGTM plant configuration
The StarLNGTM plant comprises all systems typically needed for a small-
to-mid scale LNG business, i.e. it consists of feed gas pre-treatment, lique-
faction, LNG storage tank and truck filling station. The natural gasis pre-
cooled, liquefied and sub-cooled in a plate fin heat exchanger (alterna-
tively in a coil-wound heat exchanger) by a very efficient single mixed
refrigerant cycle. This cycle provides cold temperatures by Joule-Thomson
expansion and liquid vaporization of the mixed refrigerant.
The refrigerant is recompressed in an electric motor-driven integrally
geared turbo compressor. The liquefaction process is based on Linde’s
robust single mixed refrigerant cycle, containing methane (sourced from
dry feed gas), nitrogen (available as plant utility), as well as commercial
grade ethylene and butane.
1st in class efficiency with Linde MRC technology.
– Further development of proven LIMUM® technology
– Benefits from 30 years of Linde experience in LNG
– Cost savings with PFHE-based process design
MRC technology now as easy to operate as N2-expander.
– MR-process design validated in dynamic simulations
– Designed for high degree of automation with possibility
of remote control
– Linde offers unique experience in both EPC contracting
and plant operation
Dynamic simulations performed for base case
1212
Benefits of Linde multi stage mixed refrigerant
(LIMUM®) liquefaction process:
– Single mixed refrigerant cycle (MRC)
– Simple process, low equipment count,
easy to operate
– Only one refrigerant cycle providing
refrigeration duty
– Flexible design: pre-cooling, liquefaction and
sub-cooling cycle realized with one to up to
four plate-fin heat exchangers or with one
coil-wound heat exchanger, depending on
required liquefaction capacity
– Approx. 30 % lower specific energy con-
sumption compared to an N2-expander process
Linde’s patented LIMUM® single-flow mixed refrigerant cycle process– the liquefaction process of choice.
Block diagram of LIMUM®
liquefaction process with PFHE or CWHE
LP MR HP MR
BOG
^^^
^^
^
^^
Hg H2OCO2
Feed gas
Alternative AReturn gas
Alternative BReturn gas
Compressor skid
Atmospheric storage tank
with in-tank pumps
MRC compressor skid
LNG
Feed gas pre-treatment units
Plate-finheat exchanger
(base case)
Coil-woundheat exchanger
(alternative)
Main features for liquefaction process with plate-fin heat exchanger
(base case):
– Typical for small-scale LNG plants with liquefaction capacities
up to 400 tpd per PFHE block
– Maximum feed gas pressure limited to approx. 60 bar
– Most economic type of main cryogenic heat exchanger
– Flexible design: pre-cooling, liquefaction and sub-cooling cycle
realized with one to up to four plate-fin heat exchangers in
parallel arrangement
– Highest efficiency
– Part load capability of approx. 50 %
– Minimized on-site installation works due to installation of
PFHEs in road-transportable, workshop-assembled coldbox
(max. 2 PFHE per coldbox)
Main features for liquefaction process with coil-wound heat exchanger
(alternative):
– Typical for mid-scale LNG plants for liquefaction capacities above 600 tpd
– Suitable also for very high feed gas pressures
– Robust design allowing for easy start-up
– Three separate refrigerant fractions providing separately refrigeration
for the pre-cooling, liquefaction and sub-cooling
– Part load capability of approx. 30 %
– On-site works (requiring installation of CWHE and associated piping and
equipment in supporting steel structure)
Kwinana LNG plant GT (gas turbine) - drive ↓
13
Driver concept:
– Refrigerant cycle compressor with E-motor drive (alternative: GT-drive)
– Return gas compressor with E-motor drive
Comparison between electrical motor and GT (gas turbine)-drive
– Electric motor drive system offers higher design flexibility compared to
GT direct drive due to limited available GT models
– In case no adequate power supply from grid is available, a GT-driven
cycle compressor combined with a gas engine generating electric
power for all other consumers is the standard solution.
– Electric motor drive system boosts efficiency of plant operation
– Shorter delivery times for E-motor compared to GT
– LNG production capacity is not impacted by ambient temperature swings
– An electrically driven LNG facility requires less maintenance compared
to a gas turbine driven compressor solution. Frequent turnarounds are
not required for E-motor driven LNG plant.
– LNG plant operation can be exceptionally profitable considering reli-
able availability of electricity at low cost, e.g. from a nearby hydro-
electric facility
Liquefaction and storage pressure
Compared to large-scale LNG business with its atmospheric downstream
LNG distribution chain, a pressurized storage is worth to be considered for
the small-scale LNG business, due to:
– Small required storage capacities allowing economical pressurized
storage tank design
– Downstream LNG distribution (by ship/truck) up to end consumer
being typically pressurized (please refer to page 26)
→ Benefit of saving up to 20% in liquefaction energy
1414
LNG storage tanks.
Example 2: Stavanger LNG tankExample 1: Bergen LNG tank
LNG storage tank example 1
– Flat bottom, steel-steel, full containment
– Working volume: 2000 m³
– Operating pressure: Atmospheric
LNG storage tank example 2
– Flat bottom, concrete-steel, full containment
– Working volume: 30,000 m³
– Operating pressure: Atmospheric
Example 3: Kwinana LNG tank
LNG storage tank example 3
– Sperical, double integrity
– Working volume: 4,000 m³
– Operating pressure: 3.5 bar abs
Linde is one of few companies in the world capable of offering all LNG storage tank technologies typically applicable to small-to-mid scale LNG
plants. We are glad to provide guidance, if required to our customers, mainly based on:
– Storage volume
– Storage pressure
– Safety topics
Depending on storage volume/operating pressure, the following tank
types can be applied:
– Flat bottom tank 2000 – 40.000 m³ (larger capacities are feasible)
– Spherical tank 1000 – 8.000 m³
– Bullet tank 100 – 1.000 m³
It is a common approach in the small-to-mid scale LNG business to design
the storage volume for 3 to 10 days of plant production in order to provide
for adequate buffer and the required flexibility for the downstream
supply chain. Depending on storage pressure, the following selection
might be narrowed down to:
– Atmospheric pressure → flat bottom
– Pressurized → sphere / bullet type
Since the catastrophic Cleveland accident in 1944, safety of LNG storage
tanks has been everywhere given highest priority and therefore double or,
nowadays most common, full integrity LNG storage tanks have become the
world standard. Depending on safety design of an LNG tank, the following
scenarios could happen in the unlikely event of a catastrophic tank failure:
– Single integrity tank type → uncontrolled LNG spill into the environment
– Double integrity tank type → LNG spill into secondary containment
(dike, pit), and uncontrolled vapor release to ambient
– Full integrity (containment) tank type → no LNG spill to environment,
only controlled vapor release (recommended for plant located in densely
populated area)
Today, single integrity tanks are typically accepted for very small storage
volumes only, e.g. EN 13645 applies for capacities up to 200 tons of LNG
– an understandable limit considering the major hazard potential repre-
sented by its energy equivalent (10 TJ!). With safety as our top priority
Linde considers that single integrity LNG storage is only acceptable in
remote areas not exposing any population to the inherent risk.
It is to be noted that a secondary shell made out of carbon steel (like
e.g. in standard bullet type tanks) does not meet the criteria for a double
integrity tank, as this shell will fail due to brittle fracture when being
brought in contact with the cryogenic liquid in the event of an inner tank
failure.
15
Level of integrity of LNG storage tanks.
Flat
-bot
tom
ste
elSp
here
Bul
let
Flat
-bot
tom
con
cret
e
Low Medium High
not applicable
Cryogenic steel
Insulation protection
Concrete
Outlet piping
not common
Cryogenic steel
Insulation protection
Concrete
Outlet piping
Cryogenic steel
Non-cryogenic steel
Concrete
Outlet piping
not common
Cryogenic steel
Non-cryogenic steel
Concrete
Outlet piping
Cryogenic steel
Non-cryogenic steel
Concrete
Earth
Outlet piping
not allowed acc. to EN 1473 / NFPA 59 A
Cryogenic steel
Non-cryogenic steel
Concrete
Outlet piping
Cryogenic steel
Non-cryogenic steel
Concrete
Outlet pipingCryogenic steel
Non-cryogenic steel
Concrete
Outlet piping
Cryogenic steel
Non-cryogenic steel
ConcreteOutlet piping
Cryogenic steel
Non-cryogenic steel
Concrete
Outlet piping
1616
Linde’s LNG storage & loading units are safe,easy to operate and cost effective.
Truck loading/unloading
Standard design:
– Simultaneous and independent loading of
2 trucks at 2 loading bays
– Loading flow rate per bay: 50 m³/h
– Typical LNG truck working volume: 50 m³
– Typical LNG truck mechanical design pressure:
6 – 10 bar g
– Expandable for more loading bays, if needed
– Alternatives for LNG ship loading (bunkering)
Truck unloading at satellite station
Truck loading at Kwinana LNG plant
17
For Linde Engineering Division, occupational safe-
ty, health, environment and quality (QHSE) have
always been top priority when planning and buil-
ding our plants all over the world: QHSE is 100%
of our behaviour, 100% of the time!
Safety requirements
– Safety rules as for world-scale LNG
(codes, standards, safety practices)
– Generic P&IDs validated in HAZOP
(hazard and operability study)
– Generic plant layout validated in QRA
(quantitative risk assessment)
– Various LNG storage alternatives
validated in generic QRA
– Hazardous area classification
– Depressurization concept
– Fire protection concept
Plant safety.
StarLNGTM makes small-scale LNG as safe as world-scale LNGat the same time not compromising on safety!
Quantitative risk analysis issued for base case
Local authorities have been convinced to approve plant installationin sensitive environment with developed infrastructure,thereby significantly reducing project CAPEX.
Example Stavanger 900 tpd LNG plant, Norway
For the Stavanger plant Linde’s design met one
of the highest safety standards world-wide:
– Close to residential area
– Located on old refinery site within industrial
zone with nearby ferry terminal,
– HAZOP, qualitative risk assessment and
sensitivity study conducted
– Linde successfully supported the client in
presenting the LNG plant safety concept,
convincing local authorities and neighboring
residential communities
Top view on available plot size of Stavanger LNG plant
before construction shown against actual location
Distances to local infrastructure
at Stavanger LNG plant
Ferry terminal ~200 m
Residential area ~1.000 m
Industrial park ~500 m
~200 m
~90 m
1818
Standard versus alternative construction approach.
Linde is a globally renowned EPC contractor with experience in both
stick-built as well as modularized construction strategies.
Our standard approach is “stick-built” construction, i.e. materials are
supplied with a low degree of pre-fabrication to site for installation.
A strategy providing minimum transport cost and low overall EPC cost
on construction sites with moderate labor cost and good labor qualifica-
tion/efficiency.
The alternative strategy is to reduce the on-site construction work by
supplying highly pre-fabricated assemblies to site. Similar to Linde’s FLNG
approach, the entire plant could be supplied as a transportable unit
- certainly not completely applicable for small to mid-scale LNG plants,
but useful to illustrate the various strategies for such a modularized con-
struction approach, all driven by one key factor: transportation cost to site.
The larger in size and more complete the module, the lower on-site hook-
up requirements and cost, compete with higher transport cost – up to the
point where transportation becomes simply impractical.
Construction strategy.
Differing from most of our competitors, we are ready to assume respon-
sibility for the entire EPC scope and hence do not only optimise the module
fabrication cost but also focus on finding the lowest cost for the overall
EPC scope. If required, we are glad to provide guidance to our clients, based
on their project conditions for e.g.:
– Cost and availability of on-site labor
– Geographically suitable & best cost workshop alternatives
– Size and weight limitations of related transportation routes
from yard to site
– Local availability of suitable transport ships and/or vehicles
– Transportation cost and risk, considering e.g. special permit and
escort requirements for oversize road transports, barge solutions, etc.
– Requirement for local availability of heavy lift cranes
Road-transportable generic module concept
Responding to projects where a modularized construction strategy appears
suitable, StarLNGTM includes a fully modularized CAD-model design of the
“base case” plant. Module sizes have been chosen in a way that road
transportation (possibly involving escorts or extra permits) will be feasible
in many places while targeting for minimum hook-up work on site and
moderate lifting capacity requirements.
Transport dimensions of skid packages/modules:
Fully modularized - 80% of piping work already performed in moduleassembly yard - all equipment and modules designed for transport by truck, ship and lifting by mobile crane.
Maximum width: 6 m
Maximum height (incl. 0.8m trailer height): *5.9 /10 m
Maximum overall length (e.g. coldbox): 36 m
Maximum overall weight: *50/100 t
Note*: disassembled/assembled
Transport of Kwinana coldbox on public road
19
Installation of modularized pre-treatment unit at Kwinana LNG plant site ↓
Transport of pre-fabricated modules
Off-Site module pre-fabrication in best cost countries reduces project budget in a high cost labor environment.
↓ Off-loading of modularized pre-treatment unit
CAD model of modularized pre-treatment unit of Kwinana LNG plant ↑
Road transport of modularized pre-treatment unit to Kwinana LNG plant site ↓
20
Linde modularization experience for large cryogenic natural gas plants (transport by barge, not suitable for normal road transport)
Extensive modularization experience for cryogenic natural gas plants in both Linde owned as well as associated module workshops in Germany, USA, China, etc.
Transport of coldbox module with CWHE ↑
Modular transport concept for Hammerfest LNG plant project ↓
2121
Calling on more than 125 years of experience as
cryogenic plant designer, Linde is able to offer
natural gas liquefaction plants, NGL plants and
LNG receiving terminals for a wide range of uses
and capacities.
EPC contractor providing technologies
and key components.
– Recognized as a reliable technology provider
and EPC contractor by the financial world
– Cooperating during all phases of a project
with local EPC partners, no third contracting
party is required
– Experienced with modularization concepts
applied during various contracts, e.g. Snøhvit,
Kwinana, etc.
– Unique profile as LNG technology provider, EPC
contractor and manufacturer of key cryogenic
equipment minimizing project interfaces and
risk to the greatest benefit of the client
– Powerful process simulation tool OPTISIM®
enables the design of optimized pre-engi-
neered plant solutions with regard to invest-
ment & operational costs
Linde, long-term experience of cryogenic plant design.
Off-loading at LNG receiving terminal Nynashamn/Sweden ↑
900 tpd LNG plant in Stavanger/Norway
22
Manufacturing of plate-fin heat exchangers at Linde Schalchen workshop in Germany
Linde´s experience to design, manufacture and
operate.
– Manufacturer of coil-wound heat exchangers
for new LNG projects, i.e. North West Shelf
Australia LNG T4 & T5, Snøhvit, Sakhalin and
Pluto LNG
– Manufacturer of replacements for APCI coil-
wound heat exchangers in Brunei
– Manufacturer of LNG coldboxes including
plate-fin heat exchanger for Idku (Egyptian
LNG), Darwin LNG, Gladstone LNG, Arzew
replacements, Bergen, Kwinana, etc.
– Manufacturer of vacuum insulated pressure
vessels for LNG storage in various applica-
tions, e.g. semi-trailers, rail cars, local storage
in satellite stations, etc. and for a multitude
of customers worldwide
– Many years of operational experience gained
by The Linde Group member BOC on an SMR
based LNG plant in Dandenong, Australia and
brand new plants in Tasmania and California
– Operational experience gained on a mid-scale
LNG import terminal recently completed (2011)
by The Linde Group member Cryo AB in Sweden
Differing from most of our competitors, Linde
will not only accommodate the PFHE inside the
per-lite-insulated coldbox, but also the related
cryogenic equipment and piping as far as possi-
ble. Reflecting the usual standard in the ASU-
business. This approach comes obviously with a
slightly higher cost, but provides an extremely
durable and high quality insulation to all these
components and thereby helps to save the high
maintenance cost for continuous repairs typically
required on conventional cold insulation systems
for piping and equipment.
Manufacturing of coil-wound heat exchangers at Linde Schalchen workshop in Germany
Competence & ownership in core cryogenic equipment combinedwith long-term operational experience.
23
Linde Engineering´s global footprint.
↑ Workshop and office building, Dalian, China
↓ LEI Linde Engineering Vadodara, India
↓ Linde Engineering headquarters in Pullach, Germany
↓Linde Process Plants Inc.
Engineering, manufacturing and module construction facilities in Tulsa, USA
Linde Engineering manufacturing workshop in Schalchen, Germany ↓
Global procurement.
Ordering of equipment & bulk material through our local procurement centres in best cost countries.
Collaboration with best cost centers. Integration of Linde Engineering India for detail engineering (approx. 500 engineers).
2424
Set of generic standard documents prepared
and validated for base case and selected alter-
natives.
– Equipment specifications and lists
– Plant CAD model
– Plot plan
– Start-up concept
– Automation philosophy
– Operating manual
– Process simulation models (OPTISIM®)
– Process sketches and descriptions
– PFD template
– Nearly 100% P&ID prepared
– Set of design concepts for all disciplines
– HAZOP report template
– Conceptual HAZAN for PFHE
– Value engineering of critical equipment
– 100% process data sheets completed
– Winterization concept
Accelerated proposal preparation and project executionthrough readily available generic standard documents covering90% of typical technical project requirements.
StarLNGTM benefits.
Set of generic standard documents
25
Optimized plant & coldbox layout for base case
– Piping design and plant layout concept
– Modularization concept
– Coldbox concept
– Plant layout plans (CAD Model)
– Plant safety layout plans
– Plant main piping layout
Infrastructure
Plot space requirements of mid-scale LNG
plants differ significantly from world-scale LNG
projects. Small- to mid-scale LNG plants includ-
ing pre-treatment, utilities, buildings, flare, LNG
tank and truck loading installations typically
require a plot space of less than 175m x 175m,
while large base load LNG plants require at a
minimum ten times more plot space.
Pre-engineered deliverables optimized throughextensive value engineering,e.g. plot plan, PID and modularization/transport concepts.
Plant CAD-model completed:
100% piping completed in smart plant 3D CAD modelincluding various alternatives – both pipe sizes and piping specificationseasy to modify to adjust for different plant capacities.
Pre-engineered plant CAD model
Operational requirements
Minimum operator manning requirements:
Plant is designed for partly manned, automated
operation from a central control room or remote
operating center. Automation toolbox for auto-
mated cold start and plant operation optimiza-
tion is available.
Fully modularized small-scale LNG plant
in Kwinana, Australia
Pre-fabricated and workshop-tested
instrument container
26
Key drivers
LNG is starting to breakthrough as a fuel, due to:
– Fuel cost advantage: sustainable spread of USD 8-12/MMBTU between
LNG and diesel
– Engine conversion: mature LNG engine technology for ships and trucks
available now
– Air emission advantages: No SOx, no particle, low NOx
– LNG fuel meets stringent emission regulations, like MARPOL imposes
strict NOx and SOx emission limitations for ships in ECAs “Emission
Controlled Areas”(e.g. North & Baltic Sea) from 2015
The great benefit of small-scale LNG applications is the rapid response
time between idea sharing and turn-key plant delivery.
26
Small-scale LNG. A new business solution at the break-through.
Today, LNG is a mature technology chain, offering significanteconomic and environmental benefits; hence small-scale LNGis a very promising new business model for tomorrow’s markets.
Typical examples of LNG distribution chains
LNG
plant
LNG
truck loading
LNG
tank
Satellite
station
Truck/ship
fuel tank
LNG
fueling station
Truck/ship
engine
^^
^
^^
^
^^
^
^^
^
^^
^^
^
^^
^
^^
Gas engine/
gas turbine
Evaporation
pressure
control/pump
LNG
export/import
plant
Import
terminal
LNG
ship loading
LNG
tank
Pressure
increase &
regasification
Export to grid
transport
transport
Pipeline
back to grid for high demand period
Pressurized LNG distribution chain
Atmospheric or pressurized LNG distribution chain
Atmospheric LNG storage
E-power
to customer
LNG
peak shaving
plant
Pressure
increase &
regasification
LNG
tank
Small-scale LNG typical business models
StarLNGTM is developed especially for the emerging small to mid-scale LNG mar-
ket with the objective to offer a plant with lowest CAPEX and shortest execu-
tion time ideally targeting the specific needs of small-scale LNG distribution
chains.
2727
Pre-engineered toolbox for most flexible and cost effectiveLNG plant solutions.
With our long-term experience in building and operating cryogenic plants, Linde will secure your good investment.
StarLNGTM - how to get your star?
Please contact our Linde Engineering head-
quarters or one of our local offices near you (see
contact details on the back page) to get more
information about StarLNGTM or a quote for your
individual small to mid-scale LNG project.
To achieve maximum benefit from our pre-engi-
neered StarLNGTM Toolbox a complete and final
Basis of Design (BoD) during the early bidding
phase will be appreciated. This document is re-
quired to develop a process design package (PDP)
including PFD, heat & material balance and pro-
cess data sheets before a contract award, so that
long lead equipment like compressors and cryo-
genic heat exchangers can be ordered immedi-
ately after the effective date of the contract.
Fast-track EPC time schedule
Pre-engineered process design, standard-
documentation and modularized plant layout
for shortest delivery time with minimum on-
site construction.
Lowest CAPEX
– Toolbox approach allows for customizing
plants, at the same time maintaining stan-
dardization benefits
– Global organization offers engineering and
procurement capabilities in best-cost coun-
tries
– Proven competence in EPC projects and
LNG plant operator experience
Safe, simple and highly efficient (lowest OPEX)
– Focusing on HSE to make small/mid-scale
LNG as safe as for world-scale plants
– Ability to execute plants in most challenging
HSE-environment, thereby enabling our clients
to use most cost efficient plant location
– Simple and robust to operate mixed refriger-
ant technology with highest energy efficiency
StarLNGTM conclusion.
LNG
/3.
5.e/
12
Linde´s Engineering Division continuously develops extensive process engineering know-how in the planning,
project management and construction of turnkey industrial plants.
The range of products comprises:
− Petrochemical plants
− LNG and natural gas processing plants
− Synthesis gas plants
− Hydrogen plants
− Gas processing plants
− Adsorption plants
− Air separation plants
− Cryogenic plants
− Biotechnological plants
− Furnaces for petrochemical plants and refineries
The Engineering Division
and its subsidiaries manufacture:
− Packaged units, cold boxes
− Coil-wound heat exchangers
− Plate-fin heat exchangers
− Cryogenic standard tanks
− Air heated vaporizers
− Spiral-welded aluminium pipes
− Submerged combustion vaporizers
− Cryogenic pumps
− Boil-off reliquefaction units
− Helium liquefaction units
Linde AGEngineering Division, Head office, Dr.-Carl-von-Linde-Strasse 6-14, 82049 Pullach, Germany
Phone +49.89.7445-0, Fax +49.89.7445-4908, E-Mail: [email protected], www.linde-engineering.com
LNG and Natural Gas Processing: Phone +49.89.7445-3706, Fax +49.89.7445-4928, E-Mail: [email protected]
More than 4,000 plants worldwide document the leading position of the Engineering Division in internationalplant construction.
Engineering DivisionSchalchen PlantTacherting, GermanyPhone +49.8621.85-0Fax [email protected]
Linde Engineering Dresden GmbHDresden, GermanyPhone +49.351.250-30Fax [email protected]
SELAS-LINDE GmbHPullach, GermanyPhone +49.89.7447-470Fax [email protected]
Cryostar SASHésingue, FrancePhone +33.389.70-2727Fax [email protected]
Linde CryoPlants Ltd.Aldershot, Great BritainPhone +44.1.252.3313-51Fax [email protected]
Linde Impianti Italia S.p.A.Rome, ItalyPhone +39.066.5613-1Fax [email protected]
Linde Kryotechnik AGPfungen, SwitzerlandPhone +41.52.3040-555Fax [email protected]
Bertrams Heatec AGPratteln, SwitzerlandPhone +41.61.467-7525Fax [email protected]
CRYO ABGothenburg, SwedenPhone +46.3164-6800Fax [email protected]
Linde Process Plants, Inc.Tulsa, OK, U.S.A.Phone +1.918.4771-200Fax [email protected]
Selas Fluid Processing Corp.Blue Bell, PA, U.S.A.Phone +1.610.834-0300Fax [email protected]
Linde Engenharia do Brasil Ltda.São Paulo, BrazilPhone +55.21.3545-2255Fax [email protected]
Linde Process Plants (Pty.) Ltd.Johannesburg, South AfricaPhone +27.11.490-0513Fax [email protected]
Linde Engineering Dresden GmbHMoscow Office, RussiaPhone [email protected]
Linde Arabian Contracting Co. Ltd.Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi ArabiaPhone +966.1.419-1193Fax [email protected]
Linde Arabian Contracting Co. Ltd.Al-Khobar, Kingdom of Saudi ArabiaPhone +966.3.887-1191Fax [email protected]
Linde Engineering Middle East LLCAbu Dhabi, United Arab EmiratesPhone +971.2.6981-400Fax [email protected]
Linde Engineering India Pvt. Ltd.Vadodara, Gujarat, IndiaPhone +91.265.3056-789Fax [email protected]
Linde Engineering Far East, Ltd.Seoul, South KoreaPhone +82.2789-6697Fax [email protected]
Linde Engineering DivisionBangkok, ThailandPhone +66.2751-9200Fax [email protected]
Linde Engineering Co. Ltd.Dalian, P.R. of ChinaPhone +86.411.3953-8819Fax [email protected]
Linde Engineering Co. Ltd.Hangzhou, P.R. of ChinaPhone +86.571.87858-222Fax [email protected]
Linde Engineering DivisionBeijing Representative OfficeBeijing, P.R. of ChinaPhone +86.10.6437-7014Fax [email protected]
Linde Engineering Taiwan Ltd.Taipei, TaiwanPhone +886.2.2786-3131Fax [email protected]
Designing processes – constructing plants.