the lexico – semantic group of verbs for different sorts of light

8/13/2019 The lexico semantic group of verbs for different sorts of light

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The lexico semantic group of verbs for different

sorts of light

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OUTLINE

INTRODUCTION 1

CHAPTER I The problem of synonyms in Modern English

1!1The problem of "he defini"ion of synonyms

1!#Cri"eri$ of synonymy 1%

1!#!1 The sem$n"i& s"r'&"'re of "he (ord 1%

1!#!# The &ri"erion of in"er&h$nge$bili"y 1)

1! The &l$ssifi&$"ions of synonyms 1*

1!!1 +! +inogr$do,-s &l$ssifi&$"ion of synonyms 1*

1!!# L! Le,i".i-s &l$ssifi&$"ion of synonyms 1/

1!) The so'r&es of synonyms #1

1!)!10orro(ed synonyms #1

1!)!#E'phemisms #

1!)!1ord 2b'ilding pro&esses #/

CHAPTER II The le3i&o2sem$n"i& gro'p of ,erbs for differen" sor"s of

ligh" #

#!1The defini"ion$l $n$lysis of "he le3i&o2sem$n"i& gro'p of ,erbs for

differen" sor"s of ligh" #

#!# Le3i&$l &ombin$bili"y of "he le3i&o2sem$n"i& gro'p of ,erbs for

differen" sor"s of ligh" 4

#! The emo"ion$l &olo'ring of "he le3i&o2sem$n"i& gro'p of ,erbs for

differen" sor"s of ligh" )*

#!) The ($ys of "r$nsl$"ing "he le3i&o2sem$n"i& gro'p of ,erbs for

differen" sor"s of ligh" from English in"o Rom$ni$n )/

CONCLU5ION 64

RE7ERENCE LI5T 6/

APPENDI8

#


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INTRODUCTION

The presen" rese$r&h pro9e&" is de,o"ed "o "he problem of synonyms inModern English! I find i" ,ery in"eres"ing "o in,es"ig$"e "his problem be&$'se

synonymy seems "o be one of "he mos" &on"ro,ersi$l problems in modern

ling'is"i&s! The ,ery e3is"en&e of (ords "r$di"ion$lly &$lled synonyms is

disp'"ed by some ling'is"s: "he n$"'re $nd essen&e of "he rel$"ionships of

"hese (ords is ho"ly deb$"ed $nd "re$"ed by "he represen"$"i,es of differen"

ling'is"i& s&hools!

One of "he ob9e&"i,es of "his in,es"ig$"ion is "o gi,e $ "ho'ro'gh

&h$r$&"eri;$"ion of synonyms!

Ch$p"er I de$ls (i"h "he "heore"i&$l $n$lysis of "he s&ien"ifi& (or.s fo'nd

on "his "opi&! M'&h $""en"ion is p$id "o "he problem of "he defini"ion of

synonyms< $s "he "r$di"ion$l defini"ion is &ri"i&i;ed on m$ny poin"s by m$ny

ling'is"s! This problem is "re$"ed from "he poin" of ,ie( of differen" ling'is"s=

I!+! Arnold< N!N! R$ye,s.$< $nd L!Le,i".i!

The problem of "he &ri"eri$ of synonymy


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The pr$&"i&$l p$r" s'gges"s 'sing differen" me"hods of ling'is"i& $n$lysis

of synonyms!

The defini"ion$l $nd "r$nsform$"ion$l $n$lyses in"end "o single o'" "hesem$n"i& &omponen"s of e$&h $n$lysed ,erb< "o find o'" (he"her "he ,erbs of

ligh" &$n be &onsidered $s synonyms! This $n$lysis in,ol,es "he in,es"ig$"ion

of "he le3i&o2sem$n"i& gro'p of ,erbs for differen" sor"s of ligh" (i"h "he help

of "heir di&"ion$ry defini"ions! The d$"$ from "he follo(ing "hree di&"ion$ries

>O3ford English Di&"ion$ry< Long$m$n English Di&"ion$ry< ebs"er-s

Di&"ion$ry of 5ynonyms@ $re $n$lysed &omp$r$"i,ely!

One of "he more promising me"hods of in,es"ig$"ing "he sem$n"i&

s"r'&"'re of "he (ord is by s"'dying "he (ords in "heir "ypi&$l &on"e3"s "h$" is

"he &on"e3"'$l or dis"rib'"ion$l $n$lysis! This $n$lysis h$s been done in order

"o single o'" "he lef"2h$nd ,$len&y of "he le3i&o2sem$n"i& gro'p of ,erbs for

differen" sor"s of ligh"!

The pr$&"i&$l p$r" in&l'des "he $n$lysis of "he le3i&o2sem$n"i& gro'p of

,erbs for differen" sor"s of ligh" from "he poin" of ,ie( of "he emo"ion$l

&olo'ring! An $""emp" h$s been m$de "o re,e$l "he presen&e of "he emo"ion$l

&olo'ring $mong "he elemen"s of "he gro'p 'nder s"'dy!

The &on"r$s"i,e $n$lysis brings "o ligh" "he ($ys of "r$nsl$"ion "he le3i&o2

sem$n"i& gro'p of ,erbs for differen" sor"s of ligh" from English in"o

Rom$ni$n! I" is in"ended "o &omp$re "he 's$ge of "he ,erbs for differen" sor"s

of ligh" in ,$rio's &on"e3"s (i"h "heir "r$nsl$"ion in"o Rom$ni$n! The $n$lysis

is b$sed on "he e3$mples sele&"ed from Ch! Di&.ens-s no,el -Oli,er T(is"-

$nd "he Rom$ni$n "r$nsl$"ion m$de by D!M$"ei!

The referen&e lis" &omprises "he lis" of s&ien"ifi& (or.s $nd "he lis" of

li"er$ry so'r&es!

)


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CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM OF SYNONYMS IN MODERN

ENGLISH

l.l The problem of the ef!"!t!o" of #$"o"$m#

T$.ing 'p simil$ri"y of me$ning $nd &on"r$s"s of phone"i& sh$pe< (eobser,e "h$" e,ery l$ng'$ge h$s in i"s ,o&$b'l$ry $ ,$rie"y of (ords< .indred

in me$ning b'" dis"in&" in morphemi& &omposi"ion< phonemi& sh$pe $nd

's$ge< ens'ring "he e3pression of mos" deli&$"e sh$des of "ho'gh"s< feeling

$nd im$gin$"ion! The more de,eloped "he l$ng'$ge< "he ri&her "he di,ersi"y

$nd "herefore "he gre$"er possibili"ies of le3i&$l &hoi&e enh$n&ing "he

effe&"i,eness $nd pre&ision of spee&h!

Th's


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&ri"i&i;ed on m$ny poin"s by m$ny ling'is"s s'&h $s I!+! Arnold< N!R$ye,s.$'s'$lly $bo'" men@: considerable >$bo'" s'ms< si;es


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Thirdly< i" does no" seem possible "o spe$. of iden"i"y of me$ning $s $

&ri"erion of synonymi"y sin&e iden"i"y of me$ning is ,ery r$re e,en $mong

monosem$n"i& (ords! In f$&"< &$ses of &omple"e synonymy $re ,ery fe( $nd

$re< $s $ r'le< &onfined "o "e&hni&$l nomen&l$"'res (here (e &$n findmonosem$n"i& "erms &omple"ely iden"i&$l in me$ning $s< for ins"$n&espirant

$nd fricative in phone"i&s< #resent $ontinuous $nd #resent #rogressive,

#resent %imple $nd#resent &ndefinite in gr$mm$r!

ords in synonymi& se"s $re in gener$l differen"i$"ed be&$'se of some

elemen" of opposi"ion in e$&h member of "he se"! The (ord handsome is

dis"ing'ished from i"s synonym beautiful m$inly be&$'se "he former implies

"he be$'"y of $ m$le person or bro$dly spe$.ing only of h'm$n beingsPries"ley@

hen l$ndl$dy in ?ohn $ins FH'rry On Do(n s$ys "o "he m$in

person$ge=

E!g!And where do you work/ &+ve asked you two or three times, 1r

3umley.

The ,erb to ask h$s ,ery gener$l me$ning of see.ing inform$"ion!

5'bs"i"'"ing i"s synonyms< to 0uestion, to interrogate, (ill re'ire $ &h$nge in

"he s"r'&"'re of "he sen"en&e "hese (ords (ill heigh"en "he impli&$"ion "h$" "he

l$ndl$dy h$s her do'b"s $bo'" L'mley $nd &onfesses "h$" she finds his

&h$r$&"er s'spi&io's! The ,erb to 0uestion (o'ld me$n "h$" she is &ons"$n"ly

$s.ing her lodger se$r&hing 'es"ions! The s'bs"i"'"ion of to interrogate

(o'ld s'gges" sys"em$"i& $nd "horo'gh 'es"ioning by $ person $'"hori;ed "o

do so< "he l$ndl$dy &o'ld h$,e 'sed i" only ironi&$lly< $nd irony (o'ld h$,e

1*


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been &omple"ely o'" of .eeping (i"h her men"$li"y $nd h$bi"s obser,$"ions of

"his sor" &$n be s'ppor"ed by s"$"is"i&$l d$"$! Mos" fre'en" &ombin$"ions s'&h

$s teachers 0uestion their pupils, udges interrogate their witnesses $nd "he

li.e $lso "hro( ligh" on "he sem$n"i& differen&e be"(een synonyms!T(o or more (ords $re synonymo's if $mong sen"en&es in (hi&h one is

s'bs"i"'"ed for "he o"her< "here is some h$,ing "he s$me me$ning! This

in"er&h$nge$bili"y is< ho(e,er< limi"ed! ords simil$r in me$ning m$y pro,e

in"er&h$nge$ble in some &on"e3"s $nd no" in"er&h$nge$ble in o"her &on"e3"s!

I" sho'ld be born in mind "h$" s'bs"i"'"ion in differen" &on"e3"s h$s for i"s

ob9e&" no" only probing in"er&h$ge$bili"y b'" $lso bringing in"o ligh" "hedifferen&e in in"elle&"'$l< emo"ion$l $nd s"ylis"i& ,$l'e of e$&h (ord!

The $re$ (here s'bs"i"'"ion is possible is ,ery limi"ed $nd o'"side i" $ll

repl$&emen" m$.es "he '""er$n&e ,$g'e< 'ngr$mm$"i&$l $nd e,en

'nin"elligible!

The dis"in&"ion be"(een (ords simil$r in me$ning is of"en ,ery fine $nd

el'si,e< so "h$" some spe&i$l ins"r'&"ion on "he 'se of synonyms is ne&ess$ry

e,en for n$"i,e spe$.ers! This $&&o'n"s for "he gre$" n'mber of boo.s of

synonyms "h$" ser,e $s g'ides for "hose (ho $im $" good s"yle $nd pre&ision

$nd (ish "o &hoose "he mos" $ppropri$"e "erms for "he ,$ried s"o&. of "he

English ,o&$b'l$ry!

I" is of"en &on,enien" "o e3pl$in "he me$ning of $ ne( (ord (i"h "he help

of i"s pre,io'sly le$rned synonyms! This forms $ddi"ion$l $sso&i$"ions in "he

s"'den"s mind< $nd "he ne( (ord is be""er remembered!

Moreo,er< i" elimin$"es "he ne&essi"y of bringing in $ n$"i,e (ord! And

ye" "he dis&rimin$"ion of synonyms $nd (ords "h$" m$y be &onf'sed is more

impor"$n"! The "e$&her m's" sho( "h$" synonyms $re no" iden"i&$l in me$ning

or 'se $nd e3pl$in "he differen&e be"(een "hem by &omp$ring $nd &on"r$s"ing

"hem< $s (ell $s by sho(ing in (h$" &on"e3"s one or "he o"her m$y be

'sed!

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%.,. The 'l(##!f!'(t!o"# of #$"o"$m#.

%.,.% -. -!"o+r(o/# 'l(##!f!'(t!o" of #$"o"$m#

In "erms of sem$n"i& &orrel$"ion "he R'ssi$n ling'is" +!+! +inogr$do,

dis"ing'ishes synonyms in"o $bsol'"e $nd ideogr$phi& synonyms1!

Absol'"e synonyms $re r$re! Their me$ning is so f'lly iden"i&$l "h$" one

&$n $l($ys be s'bs"i"'"ed for "he o"her!

Absol'"e or perfe&" synonyms m$y be fo'nd in spe&i$l "erminology!

E!g!'ur4e- gorse-whin

%uslik5gopher

%carlet 5fever 5 scarlatina.

A single me$ning m$y of"en be e3pressed by more "h$n one (ord= mos"

(ords h$,e more "h$n one signifi&$n&e (i"h "he firs" (e $re in"rod'&ed "o $

,ery impor"$n" elemen" in $ny l$ng'$ge 2 "he $b'nd$n&e of ideogr$phi&

synonyms! I" (ill be ho(e,er remembered "h$" no (ords &orrespond in e,ery

p$r"i&'l$r! In s$me &on"e3"s "hey m$y be 'sed indifferen"ly< in o"hers "hey $re

f$r from being in"er&h$nge$ble! One (ill h$,e $ sh$de of me$ning< $

syn"$&"i&$l or idiom$"i&$l 's$ge "h$" does no" belong "o "he o"her!

Ideogr$phi& synonyms deno"e differen" sh$des of me$ning or differen"

degrees of $ gi,en '$li"y!

E!g!!eautiful -pretty 5 handsome 5fine

3arge - huge 5 colossal - tremendous

%ilent - tacit.!eautiful &on,eys "he s"ronges" me$ning: i" m$r.s "he possession of "h$"

'$li"y in i"s f'lles" e3"en"< of (hi&h "he o"her "erms deno"e "he possession in

p$r" only!

E!g! To shine - to glitter 5 to sparkle 5 to glare.

0!0! ?leCHO?ioriM H9ieCHorp$n$! Mo&0$


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The emission of ligh" is "he &ommon ide$ &on,eyed by "hese "erms! To shine

e3presses simply "his gener$l ide$< to glitter $nd "he o"her ,erbs in&l'de some

&oll$"er$l ide$ in "heir signifi&$"ion! To shine is $ s"e$dy emission of ligh"!

To glitter is $n 'ns"e$dy emission of ligh" o&&$sioned by "he refle&"ion of"r$nsp$ren" or brigh" bodies!

To glare deno"es "he highes" degree of ligh"!

To sparkle is "o emi" ligh" in sm$ll por"ions!

Among $bsol'"e $nd ideogr$phi& synonyms (e find (ords belonging "o

differen" s"ylis"i& "ypes! They of"en differ no" so m'&h in me$ning $s in "he

emo"ion$l s$"'r$"ion! There $re s"ylis"i& synonyms!Among s"ylis"i& synonyms (e find (ords< (hi&h $re e3$&"ly "he s$me in

me$ning< b'" differ only in "heir emo"ion$l &olo'ring!

Poe"ry 'ses< for ins"$n&e=

no'ns= fillow for wave

morn for morning

$d9e&"i,es= lone for lonelly

mute forsilent

,erbs= 0uit6leave

list6listen

smite 6 hit

$d,erbs= full 6very

haply 6perhaps

The 'se of $r&h$i& synonyms is $ &ommon s"ylis"i& de,i&e! Older (ords $re

of"en ri&h in &onno"$"ion! Ar&h$isms o(e $""emp"s $" "heir re,i,$l "o $

desire for no,el"y< $ feeling for $ less (orn e3pression! Poe"s h$,e $l($ys

been "he mos" $&"i,e in res"$"ing "he old (ords!

E!g! oft - often

belike -possibly

1/


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enow 5 enough

aloft - high

In m$ny &$ses $ s"ylis"i& synonym h$s $n elemen" of ele,$"ion in i"s

me$ning!E!g! The spirit of universal beauty, deep, misterious, which the old

painters, Titia, !otticelly, had known how to capture and tranfer to the faces

of their women this flying beauty seemed to him imprinted on her brow, her

hair, her lips.

Along (i"h ele,$"ion of me$ning "here is "he re,erse pro&ess< "h$" of

degr$d$"ion of me$ning!

E!g! begin 5fire away

to steal 5 to pinch

to eat - to devour

Among s"ylis"i& synonyms of "his gro'p (e find n'mero's p$ired

synonyms< one of (hi&h is n$"i,e< $nd "he o"her foreign by origin!

E!g! answer 5 respond

begin 5 start

sky - heaven.

Ano"her poin" of in"eres" is "his= synonyms of"en belong "o se,er$l

gro'ps! 7re'en"ly $ synonymi& gro'p &onsis"s no" of $ p$ir b'" of se,er$l

synonyms! One of "hem is of"en $ synonymi& domin$n" defined by elemen"s

&ommon "o "(o synonyms of $ gi,en gro'p! I" sho'ld be born in mind "h$"

$bsol'"e synonyms h$,e no synonymi& domin$n"s $nd "h$" only some gro'ps

of ideogr$phi&< s"ylis"i& synonyms h$,e synonymi& domin$n"! D'e "o

polysemy one $nd "he s$me (ord m$y en"er differen" gro'ps of synonyms!

E!g! ill - sich 6 ill 5 mean, foul

high 5tall 6 high 5 excell

#%


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%.,.& L. Le!t0!/# 'l(##!f!'(t!o" of #$"o"$m#

The Rom$ni$n ling'is" L! Le,i".i spe$.s $bo'" differen" .inds of

synonyms "h$" $re $bsol'"e synonyms< rel$"i,e synonyms "h$" $re le3i&$l $nd

gr$mm$"i&$l synonyms1

!Absol'"e synonyms m$y be s$id "o h$,e "he s$me sem$n"i& $nd

s"ylis"i& ,$l'e< "o $sso&i$"e (i"h "he s$me (ords $nd "o h$,e "he s$me

gr$mm$"i&$l go,ernmen"!

).g. oak5nut

oak5pear

oak-plum

Ideogr$phi& le3i&$l synonyms imply ei"her &er"$in sem$n"i& differen&es$""i"'des of symp$"hy< h$"reddr$m$"i&@ presen" 'sed ins"e$d of "he pre"eri"e for "he

s$.e of ,i,idness!

##


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%.1. The So)r'e# of S$"o"$m$.

%.1.% Borro*e S$"o"$m#.

The dis"in&"ion be"(een syn&hroni& $nd di$&hroni& "re$"men" is so

f'nd$men"$l "h$" i" &$nno" be o,eremph$si;ed< b'" "he "(o $spe&"s $rein"erdependen"! I" is "herefore essen"i$l $f"er "he des&rip"i,e $n$lysis of

synonymy in presen"2d$y English "o "$.e 'p "he his"ori&$l line of $ppro$&h

$nd dis&'ss "heir $b'nd$n&e in English! The m$9ori"y of "hose (ho s"'died

synonymy in "he p$s" h$s been &'l"i,$"ing bo"h lines of $ppro$&h (i"ho'"

.eeping "hem s&r'p'lo'sly $p$r"< $nd fo&'sed "heir $""en"ion on "he prominen"

p$r" of foreign lo$n (ords in English synonymy!E!g!freedom 5 liberty

heaven 5 sky (here "he firs" elemen"s $re n$"i,e $nd "he se&ond

7ren&h $nd 5&$ndin$,i$n respe&"i,ely!

O! ?espersen $nd m$ny o"hers 'sed "o s"ress "h$" "he English l$ng'$ge is

pe&'li$rly ri&h in synonyms< be&$'se 0ri"ons< Rom$ns< 5$3ons< D$nes $nd

Norm$ns figh"ing $nd se""ling 'pon "he soil of "he 0ri"ish Isles &o'ld no" b'"

infl'en&e e$&h o"her-s spee&h! 0ri"ish s&hol$rs s"'died Bree. $nd L$"in for

&omm'ni&$"ion on s&hol$rly "opi&s! 5ynonymy h$s i"s &h$r$&"eris"i& p$""erns

in e$&h l$ng'$ge! I"s pe&'li$r fe$"'re in English is "he &on"r$s" be"(een simple

n$"i,e (ords< s"ylis"i&$lly ne'"r$l< li"er$ry (ords borro(ed from 7ren&h $nd

le$rned (ords of Bre&o2L$"in origin! This res'l"s in $ sor" of s"ylis"i&$lly

&ondi"ioned "riple keyboard "h$" &$n be ill's"r$"ed by "he follo(ing=

Native English Words borrowed Words borrowed

Words from French from Latin

To ask to 0uestion to interrogate

!elly stomach abdomen

To gather to assemble to collect

To end to finish to complete

To rise to mount to ascend

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The p$""ern of s"ylis"i& rel$"ionship in "he $bo,e "$ble $l"ho'gh "ypi&$l< is

by no me$ns 'ni,ers$l! 7or e3$mple< "he n$"i,e (ords dale, deed, fair $re "he

poe"i& e'i,$len"s of "heir m'&h more fre'en" borro(ed synonyms valley,

act, beautiful. This s'b9e&" of s"ylis"i& differen"i$"ion h$s been of m'&h&on"ro,ersy in re&en" ye$rs! I" is 'ni,ers$lly $&&ep"ed< ho(e,er "h$" sem$n"i&

$nd s"ylis"i& proper"ies m$y &h$nge $nd synonyms< (hi&h $" one "ime formed

$ s"ylis"i& opposi"ion< only m$y in "he &o'rse of "ime be&ome ideogr$phi&$lly

&ogni"i,ely &on"r$s"ed $s (ell< $nd ,i&e ,ers$!

I" (o'ld be ling'is"i&$lly n$i,e "o m$in"$in "h$" borro(ing res'l"s only in

'$n"i"$"i,e &h$nges or "h$" '$li"$"i,e &h$nges $re p'rely s"ylis"i&$l! Thein"rod'&"ion of $ borro(ed (ord $lmos" in,$ri$bly s"$r"s some $l"er$"ion bo"hace (ight. "

>Ibid!@

E'phemisms m$y< of &o'rse< be 'sed d'e "o gen'ine &on&ern no" "o h'r"

someone-s feelings! 7or ins"$n&e< $ li$r &$n be des&ribed $s $ person (ho does

not always strictly tell the truth $nd $ s"'pid m$n &$n be s$id "o be not exactly

brilliant.

All "he e'phemisms "h$" h$,e been des&ribed so f$r $re 'sed "o $,oid "he

so2&$lledsocial taboos. Their 'se< $s h$s $lre$dy been s$id< is inspired by

so&i$l &on,en"ion!

5'pers"i"io's "$boos g$,e rise "o "he 'se of o"her "ype of e'phemisms! The

rel'&"$n&e "o &$ll "hings by "heir proper n$mes is $lso "ypi&$l of "his "ype of

e'phemisms< b'" "his "ime i" is b$sed on $ deeply roo"ed s'b&ons&io's fe$r!

5'pers"i"io's "$boos h$,e roo"s in "he dis"$n" p$s" of m$n.ind (hen people

belie,ed "h$" "here ($s $ s'pern$"'r$l lin. be"(een $ n$me $nd "he ob9e&" or

&re$"'re i" represen"ed! Therefore< $ll "he (ords deno"ing e,il spiri"sadio - wireless

ues - subscription.There $re $lso synonyms "h$" origin$"e in n'mero's di$le&"s=

E!g!3i0uor7 whiskey 9from &rish:

2ire7 lass, lassie.

The role of borro(ings sho'ld no" be o,eres"im$"ed! 5ynonyms $re $lso

&re$"ed by me$ns of $ll (ord2forming pro&esses prod'&"i,e in "he l$ng'$ge $"

$ gi,en "ime of i"s his"ory! The (ords $lre$dy e3is"ing in "he l$ng'$ge de,elopne( me$nings! Ne( (ords m$y be formed by $ffi3$"ion or loss of $ffi3es< by

&on,ersion< &ompo'nding< shor"ening $nd so on $nd being &oined< form

synonyms "o "hose $lre$dy in 'se! Of spe&i$l impor"$n&e for "hose (ho $re

in"eres"ed in "he presen" d$y "rends $nd &h$r$&"eris"i& pe&'li$ri"ies of "he

English ,o&$b'l$ry $re "he synonymi& opposi"ions d'e "o shif" of me$ningCh!Di&.ens GLi""le Dorr! p!*)@

E!g! %he was excited and her fine eyes sparkled

>!5!M$'gh$m FThe p$in"ed ,eilF p! 1#@!

To shine $s &omp$red in i"s fig'r$"i,e or li"er$ry sense< s'gges"s

brigh"ness or brilli$n&y< gro(ing or e3&elling in some respe&" or sphere! 0'"

in i"s dire&" me$ning implies "he gener$l ide$ of emi"ing ligh" (i"ho'" $ny

&onno"$"ion$l &omponen"s!

E!g!*e did not shine in conversation.

>The p$in!,eil p!/@

E!g! The outside, which shone hot upon, was gla4ed, and looked very

well.

>LM! Dorr! P! 1):

To glitter &onno"es gre$"er brilli$n&y or sho(iness "h$n to sparkle. I" implies

shining (i"h m$ny< 'i&. fl$shes of ligh"!

E!g!*e reached in his pocket and an ugly-looking revolver glittered in

the sunlight.

>Li"l! Dorr! P! 1#@

E!g!A crown of ewels glittered on her head.

>The ligh" "h$" f$iled p!#6)@

6


36/67

I" m$y $lso imply shining (i"h $ h$rd brigh" of"en me"$lli&< l's"er m$de

'p of m$ny sm$ll s&$""ered< r$pidly $ppe$ring $nd dis$ppe$ring poin"s of

ligh"!

E!g!ragon6lies !!!glittered in the bright sunlight.

>0$rn!R'dgep!1@

E!g! The sun of the late summer glittered in the gold cups.

>?$ne Eyre p!)@

E!g!%hields and swords polished like mirrors glittered in the

morning sun.

>0$rn!R'dgep!1)@

To gleam implies $ r$y< (hi&h shines "hro'gh $n in"er,ening medi'm or

$g$ins" $ b$&.gro'nd of rel$"i,e d$r.ness< $ r$y of sof" ligh" "h$" m$y &ome

$nd go!

E!g!*is dislike of me gleamed in his blue eyes.

E!g! Her f$&e gle$med (i"h one of her r$re sof" smiles!

>The p$in"! ,eil p! 6 *@

E!g! The male mask had empty eyes through which the eyes of the

actors gleamed oddly.

>0$rn! R'dgep!1)*@

To glisten implies $ more or less s'bd'ed sp$r.le< gli""er or gle$ming of

(e" mois" or polished s'rf$&es $nd "e$r2filled eyes! I" $lso implies shining

brigh"ly by refle&"ion (i"h $ sp$r.ling r$di$n&e!

E!g!ane+s eyes are big and grey and glisten like pebbles in the rain.

>?$ne Eyre p! 1/@

E!g!!inat sat upon a chair and stared with eyes that saw nothing... and his

face glistened.

>The ligh" "h$" f$il! p! 14*@

*


37/67

To glimmer implies $ (e$. 'n&er"$in ligh"< i" s'gges"s f$in" $nd ($,ering

sp$r.ling or fl$shing or feeble or in"ermi""en" r$ys of ligh"< ligh" (hi&h shines

f$in"ly or 'ns"e$dily!

E!g!'lickering candles glimmered in the windows of the old inn.>B!Berh$rd p! 1*@

E!g!These mirrors were glimmering away into infinity.

>0$rn!R'dgep!1/4@

E!g! !!! then a hundred 9lights: more danced and glimmered into vision

>?$ne Eyre p! #)@

To twinkle implies sof" $nd in"ermi""en" sp$r.ling< of"en ($,ering $nd

l's"ro's: shining (i"h $ fli&.ering ligh": $ fl'&"'$"ing r$di$n&e!

E!g!The stars came out and the lights of the shipping in the harbour

twinkled by the head of the $anal.

>The ligh" "h$" f$iled p!#*6@

E!g!The $ontroleur+s eyes twinkled more brighty than ever.

>The p$in"< ,eil p! 1/@!

To flicker s'gges"s $ ligh" fl'""ering or fi"f'lly ($,ering mo,emen"!

E!g!'ireflies flickered in the top of the trees.

>The (orn< in (hi"e p! 1*@

E!g!*e said it in a tone of pride so that in itty+s eyes a smile flickered.

>The p$in"< ,eil p! 1*@

The "$ble gi,en belo( s'ms 'p res'l"s of "he defini"ion$l $nd

"r$nsform$"ion$l $n$lyses of "he gro'p of ,erbs for differen" sor"s of ligh"=

The ,erbs Deno"$"ion Conno"$"ion

To shine "o gi,e ligh" 2

"o glimmer "o gi,e ligh" (e$.< 'ns"e$dy< dim< ($,ering

"o glis"en "o gi,e ligh" $bo'" (e" s'rf$&es< refle&"ed< brigh"

"o sp$r.le "o gi,e ligh" brigh"ly< fl$shing< 'i&.

4


38/67

"o d$;;le "o gi,e ligh" sof"ly< s'dden< brigh"

"o "(in.le "o gi,e ligh" brigh"< on $nd off< sof"

"o fli&.er "o gi,e ligh" mo,ing< dim< 'ns"e$dy

"o gli""er "o gi,e ligh" 'ns"e$dy< 'i&.< brigh"

The &ommon deno"$"ion &on,in&ingly sho(s "h$" $&&ording "o "he

defini"ion$l $nd "r$nsform$"ion$l $n$lyses "he (ords gro'ped in "he $bo,e

"$ble $re synonyms "he &onno"$"i,e &omponen"s represen"ed on "he righ" side

of "he "$ble highligh" "heir differen"i$"ions!


39/67

&.& Le5!'(l 'omb!"(b!l!t$ of the le5!'o3#em("t!' +ro)p of erb# for

!ffere"t #ort# of l!+ht.

In $ gre$" n'mber of &$ses "he sem$n"i& differen&e be"(een "(o or more

synonyms is s'ppor"ed by "he differen&e in ,$len&y! The differen&e indis"rib'"ion m$y be syn"$&"i&$l< le3i&$l $nd s'rely deser,es more $""en"ion

"h$n h$s been so f$r gi,en "o i"!

I" is< for ins"$n&e< .no(n "h$" bare in referen&e "o persons is 'sed only

predi&$"i,ely< (here$s i"s synonyms solitary $nd lonely o&&'r in bo"h

f'n&"ions! The f'n&"ion is predi&$"i,e in "he follo(ing sen"en&e=

E!g!&f you are idle, be not solitary, if you are solitary, be not idle.

>5! ?ohnson@!

I" h$s been repe$"edly men"ioned "h$" begin $nd commence differ

s"ylis"i&$lly! I" m's" be no"ed< ho(e,er< "h$" "heir dis"rib'"ion$l differen&e is

no" less impor"$n"!!egin is gener$li;ed in i"s le3i&$l me$ning $nd be&omes $

semi2$'3ili$ry (hen 'sed (i"h $n infini"i,e!

E!g!&t has begun to be done 5 it has been begun.

I" follo(s n$"'r$lly "h$" begin $nd commence is "he righ" (ord before $n

infini"i,e e,en in form$l s"yle!

+ery of"en "he dis"rib'"ion$l differen&e be"(een synonyms &on&erns "he

'se of preposi"ions!

E!g!Answer a 0uestion 5 reply to a 0uestion.

The $d9e&"i,es anxious $nd uneasy $re follo(ed by "he preposi"ion

about, "heir synonym G&on&erned permi"s $ &hoi&e $nd is ,$rio'sly

&ombined with about, at, for, with.

Le3i&$l differen&e in dis"rib'"ion is b$sed on "he differen&e in ,$len&y!

An e3$mple of "his is offered by "he ,erbs win $ndgain. 0o"h m$y be 'sed in

&ombin$"ion (i"h "he no'n victory7

E!g! win a victory $ndgain a victory

/


40/67

0'" (i"h "he (ord war only win is possible!

E!g! to win a war.

As f$r $s "he gro'p of ,erb of ligh" is &on&erned "he mos" "ypi&$l p$""ern

is N >s'b9e&"@ + be&$'se "he ,erbs "h$" &ons"i"'"e "h$" gro'p $re in"r$nsi"i,eones! In o"her (ords one m's" $ns(er "he 'es"ion (h$" i" is "h$" i" sp$r.lesO!T(! p! /4@

E!g!The wood gleamed as darkly as the surface of an pool of oil.

>P$in"! +eil p! /@

)1


42/67

0'" "here $re e3$mples (here "he ,erb to gleam is fo'nd in some 'n"ypi&$l

&on"e3"s "h$" in&l'de= extinction, dislike, veil.

)#


43/67


E!g!*er veil gleamed through them.

>P$in"! +eil p! #9

>Li"! Dor! p! /4@

E!g!&t was no danger of sudden extinction, however, for it gleamed not only

in the little room.

>0$rn! R'dgep! #i:

The lef"2h$nd ,$len&y of "he ,erb to glitter in&l'des (ords deno"ing

differen" .inds of polished s'rf$&es s'&h $s= sword, shield, iceberg, ewels,

revolver.

).g.*e reached in his hip pocket and an ugly-looking revolver glittered in

the sunlight.

>Li"! Dor! p! 1#:

!.g.The icebergs were coldly glittering against the green water.

).g.A crown of ewels glittered on her head.

>Ligh" f$il< p!#)@

).g.%hields and swords polished like mirrors glitterd in the morning sun.

>0$rn!R'dge p! )@

The ,erb to da44le, h$,ing "he lo(es" fre'en&y of 's$ge< h$s only one

"ypi&$l &on"e3"= headlight. I" is ne&ess$ry "o poin" o'" "h$" "he ,erb to da44le in

"he m$9ori"y of &$ses is 'sed in "he P$ssi,e +oi&e!

E!g! The man was da44led by the other+s car headlight.

>B Berh! p! #@

)


44/67

I" (o'ld be in"eres"ing "o poin" o'" "he 'se of "he ,erb to da44le in i"s

me"$phori&$l me$ning (here i"s "ypi&$l &on"e3" is "he (ord beauty.

E!g! 8addington was da44led by her beauty. >P$in"! +eil p! 4*@

E!g. As soon as & saw her & was da44led by her beauty.>om!h!p!4@

The lef"2h$nd ,$len&y of "he ,erb to flicker in&l'des s'&h (ords $s eyelid,

candle.

E!g!*is eyelids flickered for a second and then he lay still.

>P$in"< ,eil p! 6#@

0!g!A candle flickers in a bree4e and casts shadows round a room.

>Ligh" f$il< p!#@

E!g! The candle flickered and then went out.

>P$in"! +eil p! 4@

The ,erb to flicker 's'$lly implies some me"$phori&$l me$ning in some

"ypi&$l &on"e3"s s'&h $s= hope, courage $ndsmile. E!g!1y sinking

courage flickered up in me again.

>0$rn!R'dge p!6@

A slender hope still flickered within 8addington.

>P$in" +eil p! 1@

*e said it in a tone of pride so that in itty+s eyes a smile flickered.

>P$in" +eil p! 1#@

'or a moment a smile flickered round itty+s mouth as she looked at

them.

>P$in" +eil p! 1/#@

A smile flickered in his eyes, and stirred his absinthe in silence. ,

>om!h!p!#1/@

The "ypi&$l &on"e3" of "he ,erb to twinkle in&l'des only one (ord=star.


45/67

E!g! The stars came out and the lights of the shipping in the harbour

twinkled by the head of the $anal.

>Ligh" f$il! p! 1/4@

E!g!A few bright stars were already twinkling overhead.

>0$rn! R'dgep! #1@

E!g! A kindly star twinkled ust above the chasm ridge.

>Pr! Pre9!p! 1@

0'" in "(o sen"en&es "he ,erb to twinkle h$s &ombined (i"h "he (ords

'n"ypi&$l "o "his ,erb s'&h $s= diamond, brass. These (ords seem "o be "he

"ypi&$l &on"e3"s of "he ,erbs to sparkle, to glitter.E!g!*ere ora shook her head and her diamonds twinkled in her eyes.

>Li"! Dor! p! 4*@

E!g!The old-fashioned brass twinkled like a star.

>B! Berh! p! 16)@

hile &olle&"ing e3$mples (i"h "he ,erb to twinkle one sen"en&e h$s been

fo'nd (here "he ,erb to twinkle H$s some me"$phori&$l me$ning< "he ide$ of

d$n&ing!

E!g. The orrit 1erman held his lantern low, to show the steps, and 1r%parkler put on another heavy set of fetters over his former set, as he watched

her radiant feet that were twinkling down the stairs beside him.

>Li"!Dor!p!1/#@

The $n$lysis of "he ,erb to glimmer &le$rly sho(s "h$" i" &ombines (i"h (ords

deno"ing $ &er"$in $mo'n" of ($"er s'&h $s=sea, snow, clouds.

E!g! The three turned their heads and saw in the distance... a

threatening light upon the clouds which glimmered as though...

>O!T(! p! 4@

E!g! !!! when the racing seas glimmered.

>Am! No"!p! 6*@

E!g! The distant snow-capped mountains peaks faintly glimmered

through the mist.


46/67

>Am!No"! p 4*@

The ,erb to shine is "he domin$n" synonym of "he le3i&o2sem$n"i& gro'p

of ,erbs for differen" sor"s of ligh"! I" e3presses "he no"ion &ommon "o $ll

synonyms of "he gro'p! One of "he &h$r$&"eris"i& fe$"'res of "he domin$n"synonym to shine in "his &$se is bro$d &ombin$bili"y< "he $bili"y "o be 'sed< in

&ombin$"ions (i"h ,$rio's &l$sses of (ords! 0'"< 'sing to shine ins"e$d of to

sparkle, to da44le, to glisten, to glitter, to gleam, to flicker, to twinkle, in "heir

"ypi&$l &on"e3"s (e lose $ lo" in pre&ision $nd e3pressi,eness! Th$" is (hy i" is

be""er "o 'se "he $ppropri$"e ,erb in "he $ppropri$"e &on"e3"!

The &on"e3"'$l $n$lysis of "he ,erbs of ligh" &le$rly sho(s "h$" $ll "hese

,erbs &$n &ombine (i"h one $nd "he s$me (ord!

The ,erbs of ligh" 's'$lly &ombine (i"h "he no'n eye. In "his &on"e3" "he

,erbs of ligh" $l($ys imply some me"$phori&$l me$ning

E!g! 8hen our eyes met, they flickered.

>P$in" ,eil p! *6@

E!g!And &thought only of hiding my eyes that were da44ling against 1r.

>ochester+s shoulder.

>?! Eyre p! 1*6@

E.g. *e fixed his unfathomable gray eyes that were glittering with greed.

>0$rn!R'dge p! 14*@

E!g!%he was surprised to see that his eyes gleamed with mockery.

>P$in"! +eil p! 4@

E!g!*er eyes twinkled with supernatural intelligence.

>Li"! Dor! p! 1)@

E!g!*is blue eyes sparkled and he was once more his gay and ovial self.

>P$in"! +eil p! 1#@

E!g!ear me, says 8addington meekly smiling, his eyes shone with


47/67

The ,erbs of ligh" $re fo'nd in "he &ombin$"ion (i"h gro'p of &on&re"e

no'ns deno"ing he$,enly bodies s'&h $s= moon, star, sun. E!g! The early sun

shone serenely on embrowed groove.

>Am!No"!p! 14@E!g!The moonlight was gleaming on the water.

92. Berh! p! #*6:

E!g!The bright morning sun da44led our eyes.

>P$in"! +eil p! 46@

E!g! 8e la4ily watched the moonlight glimmer on the water.

>orn! hi"e p! #1@E!g! !!! looking wildly at the stars that were glistening and

glimmering above.

>0$rn! R'dge p! 1#@

The ,erbs of ligh" &ombine (i"h de,i&es "h$" prod'&e ligh"! E!g!

The fireflies sparkled most vividly in the darkest places.

>P$in"! +eil p! 6@

E!g!The bright radiant glow of lamplight now da44led my eyes.

>?! Eyre p 1/@

E!g!*e saw the fire that glimmered upon the old walls.

>B!Berh!p! 16*@

E!g! A candle flickers in a bree4e, and casts shadows round a room.

>Ligh" f$il< p!6@

E!g!& see the lights of the village gleam through the chinks in the wall.

>0$rn! R'dge p! /@

E!g!They would make him make his way to where this light was shining.

>Ligh" f$il! p! #16@

hile $n$lysing "he sele&"ed e3$mples $ ,ery in"eres"ing f$&" h$s been

singled o'"! In some sen"en&es "he $'"hors 'se "(o or e,en "hree ,erbs of

ligh"s! I" &$n be s'pposed "h$" "his "hing h$s been done for emph$sis! The

$'"hors ($n" "o emph$si;e "he &on"e3" by 'sing "(o or "hree synonyms in "he


48/67

s$me sen"en&e! The follo(ing sen"en&es $re ,i,id e3$mples!

E!g! %words were drawn, muskets shouldered and the bright steel

winding its way among the crowd, gleamed and glittered in the sun like a

rive.>0$rn! R'dge p! /)@

E!g!*e plainly distinguished an eye that was gleaming and glistening

at the keyhole.

>0$rn!R'dge p! #1*@

E!g! !!! it shone and gleamed so brightly that the church clock...

>0$rn!R'dge p! )@E!g!The light were shining and sparkling through the windows.

>0$rn!R'dge p! #1@

E!g! !!! but so like, that as they twinkled and glistened in hte light of

the fire which shone too in his bright shoe-buckles.

E!g! !!! looking wildly at the stars that were glistening and glimmering

above me.

>0$rn!R'dge p! 1%4@

The res'l"s of "his &h$p"er le$d 's "o "he &on&l'sion "h$" "he dis"in&"ion

be"(een (ords simil$r in me$ning is ,ery fine $nd el'si,e< "h$" is of gre$"

pr$&"i&$l impor"$n&e! h$" is "he righ" (ord in one si"'$"ion (ill be (rong in

m$ny o"her< $pp$ren"ly simil$r< &on"e3"s!

5o< i" is "he &on"e3"'$l $n$lysis of &on&ep" "h$" seems "o be one of "he

mos" effe&"i,e in s"'dying "he sem$n"i& differen&e be"(een (ords of $ le3i&o2

sem$n"i& gro'p! E,ery ,erb belonging "o "he gro'p 'nder s"'dy &ombines

(i"h &er"$in le3i&$l 'ni"s &re$"ing $ &er"$in si"'$"ion re,e$ling differen"

$spe&"s< sh$des $nd ,$ri$"ions of "he s$me phenomenon!


49/67

&., The emot!o"(l 'olo)r!"+ of the le5!'o3#em("t!' +ro)p of erb# for

!ffere"t #ort# of l!+ht.

5ynonyms m$y differ in emo"ion$l &olo'ring "h$" m$y be presen" in one

,erb of "he gro'p $nd $bsen" in "he o"her!3onely $s &omp$red (i"h alone is emo"ion$l $s i" is e$sily seen from "he

follo(ing e3$mples!!!

E!g! !!! a very lonely boy lost between them and aware at ten that his

mother had no interest in him, and that his father was a stranger.

>Aldridge@!

E!g!& shall be alone as my secretary doesn+t come today.

>M!Di&.ens@!

0o"h (ords deno"e being $p$r" from o"hers< b'" lonely besides "he

gener$l me$ning implies longing for &omp$ny< s$d feeling be&$'se of l$&. of

symp$"hy $nd &omp$nionship! Alone does no" ne&ess$rily s'gges" $ny

s$dness $" being by oneself!

In "he gro'p to tremble 5 to shiver 5 to shudder 5 to shake, "he ,erb to

shudder is fre'en"ly $sso&i$"ed (i"h "he emo"ion of fe$r< horror or disg's"

$nd "herefore &$n be s$id "o h$,e $n emo"i,e &onno"$"ion!

5pe$.ing $bo'" "he le3i&o2sem$n"i& gro'p of ,erbs for differen" sor"s of

ligh" "he emo"ion$l &olo'ring is presen" in some of "he ,erbs of "he gro'p!

The ,erbs to sparkle $nd to glitter $re &lose synonyms $nd migh" (ell be

f$,o'red by "he s'ppor"ers of "he in"er&h$nge$bili"y &ri"erion!

I" (o'ld be in"eres"ing "o &omp$re "he follo(ing se"s of e3$mples b$sed

on "he ,erbs to sparkle $nd to glitter.

E!g!*er eyes sparkled with excitement.

>P$in"! +eil p! *6@

E!g!*is blue eyes sparkled and he was once more his gay and ovial self.

>P$in"!,eil p! 6)@

E!g! The eyes were sparkling with amusement.


50/67

E!g!*er eyes sparkled with merriment.

E!g! %he was excited and her fine eyes sparkled.

>Pr!Pre9! p!#1@

>?!Eyre p! 6)@

>B!Berh!p! #1@

The le3i&$l &ombin$bili"y of "his ,erb sho(s "h$" $" le$s"< (hen i" is 'sed

"o des&ribe "he e3pression of h'm$n eyes< i" h$s emo"i,e &onno"$"ion< b'"

one+s eyes sparkle (i"h posi"i,e emo"ions!

E!g!*e fixed his unfathomable gray eyes that were glittering with greed.

>Li"! Dor! p! )#@

E!g!Angry sparks of light glittered in his eyes.

>orn! hi"e p! 1%@

E!g! !!! his eyes were glittering with fear.

>Ligh" f$il< p!)@

E!g!*er eyes coldly glittering with anger.

>Pr!Pre9! P! 14@

E!g!And how strangely your eyes glitter;

>B!Berh! p! 1*6@

The le3i&$l &ombin$bili"y of "he ,erb to glitter sho(s "h$" (hen i" is 'sed

"o des&ribe "he e3pression of h'm$n eyes< i" h$s emo"i,e &onno"$"ion< b'"

one+s eyes glitter (i"h neg$"i,e emo"ions!The ,erbs to twinkle $nd to gleam $lso s'gges" some emo"ion$l

&olo'ring!

To twinkle 's'$lly implies posi"i,e emo"ions!

E!g!*er eyes twinkled with amusement.

>P$in"!,eil p! #/@

E!g!*e was standing over her and his eyes twinkled with satisfaction.>P$in"!,eil p! 46@


51/67

E!g!*er eyes twinkled with supernatural intelligence.


52/67

>Li"! Dor! p! 14@

The ,erb to gleam is fre'en"ly $sso&i$"ed (i"h "he emo"ion of f'ryneg$"i,e emo"ions@!

E!g!*is eyes gleamed with fury.>B!Berh! p! 16)@

E!g!*er eyes gleamed with malice.

>P$in"< ,eil p! )@

E!g! %he was surprised to see that his eyes gleamed with mockery.

>P$in"!,eil p! 4@

E!g! 8addington +s maliciuos eyes gleamed, but he held his tongue.

>P$in"< ,eil p! /@


>P$in"< ,eil p! 16@

I" sho'ld be poin"ed o'" "h$" "he emo"ion$l &olo'ring or emo"i,e

&onno"$"ion seems "o $ppe$r only in "he p$""ern!

)yes B %parkle62litter62leam6Twinkle.

I" (o'ld be of gre$" impor"$n&e "o single o'" "he f$&" "h$" (hile

des&ribing "he emo"ion$l &olo'ring of "he ,erbs of ligh" "he righ" 2 h$nd

,$len&y is in,es"ig$"ed! The righ" 2 h$nd ,$len&y of "he ,erb to glitter $nd to

gleam in&l'des s'&h $bs"r$&" no'ns $s fear, greed, fury, anger, malice,

mockery, dislike, (hi&h le$d 's "o "he &on&l'sion "h$" one+s eyes glitter6gleam

(i"h neg$"i,e emo"ions!

5ome"imes "he neg$"i,e emo"ions &$n be e3pressed by $d,erbs or

$d9e&"i,es "h$" &$rry neg$"i,e me$ning s'&h $s= oddly, strangely, malicious,

angry, coldly.

The $n$lysis of "he ,erbs to sparkle6to twinklepro,es "h$" one+s eyes

sparkle6twinkle (i"h posi"i,e emo"ions be&$'se "he righ" 2 h$nd ,$len&y

in&l'des s'&h $bs"r$&" no'ns< $d9e&"i,es s'&h $s= excitement, merriment, gay,

amusement, satisfaction, excited.


53/67

&.1 The *($# of tr("#l(t!o" of the le5!'o3#em("t!' +ro)p of erb# for

!ffere"t #ort# of l!+ht from E"+l!#h !"to Rom("!("

I" is (idely .no(n "h$" &omp$r$"i,e ling'is"i&s pl$ys $ signifi&$n" role in

l$ng'$ge rese$r&hes! Con"r$s"i,e $n$lysis in no longer $ no,el"y! In "hem$9ori"y of &$ses "he ob9e&" of &onfron"$"ion is pi&.ed o'" $f"er "he sep$r$"e

s"'dy of "(o or more l$ng'$ges $nd $f"er finding simil$r phenomen$ in "hem!

In "his &$se "he 'ni"s 'nder &onfron"$"ion $re $lre$dy e3"r$&"ed from "e3"s!

L$ng'$ge phenomen$ $re of"en s"'died from "he poin" of ,ie( of

"r$nsl$"ion from one l$ng'$ge in"o $no"her 2 so'r&e l$ng'$ge >5L< English in

o'r &$se@ $nd "$rge" l$ng'$ge >TL< Rom$ni$n in o'r &$se@!A" presen" more $nd more ling'is"s 'se "r$nsl$"ion $s $ so'r&e of

ling'is"i& in,es"ig$"ion $nd $ me"hod of &on"r$s"i,e s"'dy of l$ng'$ges!

Tr$nsl$"ion in,es"ig$"ions imply "he &on"r$s"i,e s"'dy of "he origin$l

(ord $nd "r$nsl$"ion "e3"s< (hi&h m$.es i" possible "o find some rel$"ions

be"(een i"ems of &on"r$s"ed l$ng'$ges!

As $ m$""er of f$&"< "he 'se of "r$nsl$"ion $s $ so'r&e of ling'is"i& s"'dy

does no" me$n "he p're &onfron"$"ion of 5L $nd TL< sys"ems< b'" i" ser,es "he

be""er des&rip"ion of 5L in "erms $nd by me$ns of TL!

I" is "r'e "h$" "he Fres'l" of "he &on"r$s"i,e $n$lysis of "he origin$l L

"r$nsl$"ion "e3"s is $ .ind of "r$nsl$"ion des&rip"ion of "he ,o&$b'l$ryp!

1*#@

omnul

!umb

le

lovin

d de

citeva

ori cu

basto

nul in

teghe

a,

insd

nimeni nu

apdru

, dor

4drin

d o

lumin

d

care

strdlu

ceea

prin

geam

ul

usii.

>p! 1*6@

In * &$ses "he $'"hor h$s 'sed "he &orresponding Rom$ni$n e'i,$len"

for "he English ,erb< b'" (i"h some gr$mm$"i&$l "r$nsform$"ion

E!g! would recall the tones of that clear laugh and conure up the

sympathising tear that glistened in the soft blue eyes.

>p! 1/6@

1i-as aminti risul cristalin si a-si invia lacrima de duiosie, ce strdluceste

in ochii blin4i, albastri.

>p! 1/@

In "his e3$mple "he "r$nsl$"or h$s 'sed "he Presen" 5imple ins"e$d of P$s"

5imple!

E!g! ...lights gleamed before his eyes.

>p! )6@

!!! lumini strdluceau infafa ochilor sdi.

>P! )4@

E!g!Another morning, the sun shone brightly as brightly as if it looked

upon no misery or care.

>p! 46@

%oarele strdlucea puternic, atit deputernic ca si cum n-arfi vd4ut nici o

nenorocire sau suferinfd.

>P2 4/@

Here "he in"erpre"or h$s 'sed "he Presen" Con"m'o's ins"e$d of "he P$s"

5imple!

E!g! !!! and through dirt, and beard, and whisker there still shone,

unimpaired the self- satisfied smirk of flash Toby $rackit.

>p! 1*6@


57/67

!!! in ciuda murddrii ce-i acopereafafa era luminatd de vesnicul lui

4imbet trufaC siprostesc 5 4imbetul lui Toby $rackit.

>p! 14%@

In "he $bo,e e3$mple "he "r$nsl$"or h$s 'sed "he P$ssi,e +oi&e ins"e$d of"he A&"i,e +oi&e!

E!g! There were tears in the eyes of the gentle girl as these words were

spoken and when one fell upon the flower over which she bent, and glistened

brightly in its cup.

>p! #/@

=chiifetei se implurd de lacrimi, iar cindo lacrima cd4upe una din

florile asupra cdrora ea era aplecatd, strdlucind in cupa petalelor.

>p! #)@

Here "he in"erpre"or h$s 'sed Ber'nd ins"e$d of "he ,erb in "he P$s" 5imple!

The sem$n"i& s"r'&"'re of "he ,erbs of ligh" is h$rd "o be "horo'ghly

re,e$led by me$ns of "he Rom$ni$n l$ng'$ge $nd< "h's presen"s $ gre$"

in"eres" for "r$nsl$"ion rese$r&h! In m$ny &$ses "he "r$nsl$"ion of "he ,erbs of

ligh" is s'b9e&"ed "o "he "r$nsform$"ion of "he le3i&$l $nd gr$mm$"i&$l

en,ironmen" "o $ gre$"er e3"en"!

Moreo,er< i" fre'en"ly h$ppens "h$" "he in,$ri$n" me$ning $&'ires

$n e3"r$ &on"e3"'$l &olo'ring $nd i"s rendering in"o TL depends m$inly on

$ bro$der &on"e3"! Di&"ion$ries< (hi&h $re "o be of prin&iple help for "he

in"erpre"er< gi,e ye" $ ,$g'e represen"$"ion of "he sem$n"i& s"r'&"'re of "he

,erbs of ligh"< $nd i" h$ppens ,ery of"en "h$" one &$nno" find $ proper

&orresponding (ord in "hem!

In &$ses "he "r$nsl$"or does no" $ppe$l "o "he &orresponding Rom$ni$n

e'i,$len"s< b'" 'ses "he (ords &lose in me$ning "o "he ,erbs of ligh"! Eg!A

dim light shone at intervals from some bedroom window.

>p! 6*@

Dnde Ei unde pilpiia cite o luminare in fereastra unui dormitor.


58/67

>p! 6@

Al"ho'gh "he "r$nsl$"ion of "he ,erb to shine does no" in&l'de "he ,erb apilpii,

"he "r$nsl$"or &onsidered ne&ess$ry "o 'se "his ,ery ,erb in order "o &on,ey "he

ide$ of dim ligh"!

E!g!The husband carried a lantern, from which however, no light

yet shone.

>P2)@

>P2 @ >p! 1)@

>p! 1*@

In "he $bo,e "(o e3$mples "he "r$nsl$"or h$s 'sed "he ,erb a aprinde for "he

English ,erbs to glisten $nd to shine. The ,erb a aprinde is no" men"ioned in "he

"r$nsl$"ion of "hese "(o ,erbs< b'" i" is possible "o 'se i"< be&$'se i" $lso implies "he

ide$ of emi""ing ligh"!

In * &$ses "he ,erbs of ligh" $re omi""ed in "r$nsl$"ion $nd "he "r$nsl$"or h$s

'sed o"her &orresponding (ords (i"h $nd (i"ho'" gr$mm$"i&$l "r$nsform$"ion!

E!g! !!! and where no ray of sun ever shone in the summer.

>p! 1*6@ !!!

nici chiar vara nupatrundeau ra4ele soarelui.

>p! 14%@

In "he $bo,e e3$mple "he in"epre"or did no" 'se "he ,erb a straluci in order "o $,oid

"he repe"i"ion of "he ide$ of emi""ing ligh"!

E!g!ragging an old chair to the table, he sat down, and took from it a

magnificent gold watch, that sparkled with ewels.

%oful ducea unfelinar, care ins a nu era aprins.

E!g!*is eyes glistened as she raised the lid, and looked.

$ind ridica capacul Ei se uita, ochii se aprinserd.


59/67

>p! 1*6@

Trase un scaunerpelit mai aproape de masd, se ase4a si scoase din

ladia un ceas minunat de aur, impodobit cu nestemate.

>p! 14%@

E!g! The air became more sharp and piercing as its first dull hue 5 the

death of night rather than the birth of day - glimmered faintly in the sky.6p.&7,8

Aerul deveni mai patrun4ator Ci mai rece, cind4orile -patrunse mai

degrabd de suflul mort al nopfii decit de acela viu al inceputului 4ilei

-incepura a mii slab pe cer.

>p!#6@

The &on"r$s"i,e $n$lysis &le$rly sho(s "h$" "he ,erbs deno"ing ligh" m$y

be e3pl$ined (i"h "he help of e$&h o"her< b'" "he &on"e3"'$l pe&'li$ri"ies $nd

deno"$"ion sh$des m$y be los" if (e f$&e "o &hoose "he righ" synonym! All

me"hods $nd de,i&es of rendering "he ,erbs of ligh" in"o Rom$ni$n m$y be

s'mmed 'p in "he follo(ing "$ble=

Metho# ("B$ 'orre#po"!"+

Rom("!(" e9)!(3

Le"t

: ,7; < ,=;


60/67

B$ om!tt!"+ the

-erb !"

tr("#l(t!o"


61/67

The s"$"is"i&$l $n$lysis h$s re,e$led "he fre'en&y of o&&'ren&e of "he

,erbs of ligh" "h$" &$n be seen in "he follo(ing "$ble=

To

#h!"e

To

+l!mmer

To

+l!tter

To+l!#te"

To

t*!"0le

To

+le(m

To

fl!'0erTo

(>>le

To

#p(r0le

/ 1 % * # # % 1 #

As i" &$n be seen from "he "$ble "he mos" fre'en"ly 'sed ,erb from

"he gro'p reg$rded $bo,e is "he ,erb F"o shineF< (hi&h defini"ely &$n be

reg$rded $s "he domin$n" synonym of "he gro'p!

The ,erbs to flicker, to glitterpossess "he lo(es" fre'en&y of 's$ge?! Eyre@

Coll!"# 2. The om$n in hi"e >om!h!@

D!'0e"# Ch. Oli,er T(is" >Ol!T(!@D!'0e"# Ch. Li""le Dorri" >Li"!Dor!@

D!'0e"# Ch. 0$rn$by R'dge >0$rn!R'dge@

Dre!#er Th. ?ennie Berh$rd >?!Berh!@

!pl!"+ R. Ameri&$n No"es >Am!No"!@

!pl!"+ R. The ligh" "h$" f$iled >Ligh" 7$il!@

M()+h(m 2. 5! The P$in"ed +eil >P$in"! +eil@


67/67

the lexico – semantic group of verbs for different sorts of light

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