the limbic system · 2017-12-11 · limbic system from a functional point of view the term limbic...
TRANSCRIPT
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The Limbic
System
Konstantinos Tsamis MD, PhD
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Limbic System
Limbic system was used to include a group of structures
that topographically lie between the cerebral cortex &
hypothalamus (or brainstem)
Limbic (Latin) =
margin, border, edge
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Limbic System
From a functional point of view the term limbic system
includes the structures that are involved in emotional
processing, behavioral expression, learning and memory.
Limbic (Latin) =
margin, border, edge
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• Broca’s Limbic
System (1878)
• Papez Circuit (1930)
•MacLean’s Limbic
System (1950)
• Limbic Lobe
Limbic System
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Includes:
- Cortical Structures
✓ Hippocampus
✓ Parahippocampal gyrus
✓ Cingulate gyrus
✓ Subcallosal gyrus
✓ Orbitofrontal cortex
(Prefrontal cortex)
Today’s Limbic System
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Today’s Limbic System
Includes:
- Subcortical Nuclei
✓ Amygdala
✓ Hypothalamic Nuclei
(Mammillary Bodies)
✓ Thalamic Nuclei
(Anterior nuclei)
✓ Nuclei of Septal Area
✓ Nucleus Accumbens
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Includes:
- Main Connections
✓ Fimbria – Fornix
✓ Mammillothalamic
Tract
✓ Stria Terminalis
✓ Medial Forbrain
Bundle
Today’s Limbic System
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Neuroanatomy of the Limbic System
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• Frontal Lobe
• Parietal Lobe
• Temporal Lobe
• Occipital Lobe
• Limbic Lobe
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Core Limbic Structures
Primary Functions:
Hippocampus memory
Amygdala emotional processing
Function of the Limbic System
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Hippocampal formation
✓ Hippocampus
✓ Dentate gyrus
✓ Parahippocampal
gyrus
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3,5mm
7,5mm
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It is unclear if the name
hippocampus derived from the
overall longitudinal appearance
of the structure or by it’s
appearance in coronal sections.
Hippocampus
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• located in medial temporal lobe
• C shaped
• Cornu ammonis
Hippocampus
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✓ elongated elevation of grey matter
✓ extends throughout the entire length of the floor
of the temporal horn
of the lateral ventricles
✓ terminates at splenium of corpus callosum
Hippocampus
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• medial & inferior surface of the hemisphere
• continuous with parahippocampal gyrus
Hippocampus
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• anterior end – expanded
• pes hippocampus (shallow grooves – gives paw-like appearance)
Hippocampus
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✓Cornu ammonis (CA regions - CA1, CA2, CA3 & CA4)
✓ Subiculum
Hippocampal Regions
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✓ white matter
✓ covers the ventricular surface
✓ afferent and efferent nerve fibers
of the hippocampus
Alveus
Hippocampus
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✓ nerve fibers of alveus
✓ these converge medially
& posteriorly
✓ fimbria is continuous
with crus of fornix
Fimbria
Hippocampus
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Alveus
FimbriaDentate Gyrus
CA4CA3
CA2
CA1
ParahippocampalGyrus
Hippocampal Formation
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✓ narrow band of grey matter
✓ lies between fimbria & parahippocampal gyrus
(separated by hippocampal fissure)
✓ shows notches (indentations)
Dentate Gyrus
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Dentate Gyrus
✓ extends back to the
splenium of the corpus callosum
✓ dentate gyrus, CA3 and CA2 are enclosed at the
rostral and caudal extremes by CA1 and the subiculum
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Indusium Griseum
✓ thin layer of gray matter
✓ covers superior surface of corpus callosum
✓ not clear which fields of the hippocampal formation generate it
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Hippocampus
Lateral Ventricle
- Inferior Horn
Fimbria - Fornix
Alveus
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✓ lies below body of corpus callosum
✓ connects hippocampus with diencephalon
& septal area
✓ fornix passes behind anterior commissure to reach
mammillary body
Fornix
Hippocampus
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Note:
fornix – posterior to anterior commissure – mammillary body
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▪ lies between hippocampal fissure
& collateral sulcus
▪ continuous with hippocampus
▪ entorhinal cortex - the main interface
between the hippocampus and
neocortex
Parahippocampal Gyrus
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ParahippocampalGyrus Entorhinal
Cortex
HippocampalFissure
CollateralSulcus
Parahippocampal Gyrus
PerirhinalCortex
PreSubiculum
ParaSubiculum
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Hippocampus
Inferior horn
Lateral ventricle
Fimbria - Fornix
Alveus
Dentate
gyrusSubiculum
Parahippocampal
gyrus
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Neocortex & Allocortex
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Cytoarchitecture of the Hippocampus
• parahippocampal gyrus 6 layers
• 6 layers gradually decrease to
3 layers as we move to
hippocampus
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Cytoarchitecture of the Hippocampus
• Molecular Layer
Stratum radiatum
Stratum lacunosum moleculare
• Pyramidal layer
Stratum pyramidale
Large pyramidal cells
• Polymorphic layer
Stratum oriens
Polymorphic cells
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Polymorphic layer
Pyramidal layer
Molecular Layer
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Cytoarchitecture and Connections of the Hippocampus
CA1
CA1 – Pyramidal Neuron
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Cytoarchitecture and Connections of the Hippocampus
CA3
CA3 – Pyramidal Neuron
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Dentate Gyrus
✓ Molecular Layer
superficial layer
mostly fibers
✓ Granular layer
striatum granulosum
small granular cells
mossy fibers – axons from granule cells
✓ Polymorphic layer
hilus
polymorphic cells
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Cytoarchitecture and Connections of the Hippocampus
DG
DG – Granule Neuron
Molecular Layer
Granule Cell Layer
Polymorphic Layer / Hilus
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Molecular Layer
Granular
layer
Polymorphic layer
DG – Granule Neuron
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Subiculum
✓ Molecular Layer
✓ Superficial Pyramidal
Layer
✓ Deep Pyramidal Layer
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PreSubiculum &
ParaSubiculum✓ One Layer of Modified
Pyramidal Neurons
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Entorhinal
Cortex
✓ Six Layers
✓ Cell islands in
2nd layer
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Cytoarchitecture and Connections of the Hippocampus
Hippocampal Circuitry✓ Inputs: from entorhinal cortex
(collects info from other association
areas through perirhinal cortex)
✓Outputs: to fornix &
back to entorhinal cortex
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Cytoarchitecture and Connections of the Hippocampus
Hippocampal Circuitry
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Hippocampal Circuitry
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Circuitry of the
Hippocampal Formation
Afferent
(Input)
Efferent
(Output)
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(septal-hippocampal pathway) (Hippocampal commissure)
AfferentsEfferents
HIPPOCAMPUS(Cortico-entorhinal projections)
Entorhinal cortex, subiculum, parahip gyrus
Cortex
Septal nuclei
Mammillary Body
ContralateralHippocampus
Fornix
Circuitry of the
Hippocampal Formation
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Provides a bridge between:
• endocrine
• visceral
• emotional
• voluntary
responses to environment
Papez Circuit
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Papez Circuit
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Hippocampal Formation
Functions
✓ Learning & Memory
✓ Spatial Memory &
Navigation
✓ Behavior
Alzheimer’s Disease
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Hippocampal Formation
Functions
✓ Learning & Memory
✓ Spatial Memory &
Navigation
✓ Behavior
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Amygdala
✓ Almond shape
✓ Anterior – superior to tip of temporal horn of lateral ventricle
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Parasagittal plane
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Amygdala
✓ About 27 subnuclei
✓ Major function: responding to stimuli
with an emotional component
✓ Grouped:
▪ Corticomedial nuclei
▪ Basolateral nuclei
▪ Central nucleus
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Amygdala
Basolateral nuclei
✓ Attaches emotional significance to a stimulus
✓ Receives input from sensory cortices
✓ Sends output to limbic association cortex, prefrontal cortex &
hippocampal formation
✓ Learning emotional significance
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Amygdala
Basolateral nuclei
✓ Attaches emotional significance to a stimulus
✓ Receives input from sensory cortices
✓ Sends output to limbic association cortex, prefrontal cortex &
hippocampal formation
✓ Learning emotional significance
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Amygdala
Central nucleus
✓ Mediates emotional and autonomic responses
✓ Receives input from solitary, parabrachial nuclei
✓ Sends output to dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve (X), other
parasympathetic nuclei, reticular formation & hypothalamus
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Amygdala
Corticomedial nuclei
✓ Mediates behaviors triggered by
olfactory stimuli
✓ Receives input from olfactory bulb
✓ Sends output to hypothalamus
✓ Regulates “appetitive behaviors” (eg eating in response to
smells)
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✓ Corticomedial nuclei
• Receive olfactory input
✓ Basolateral nuclei
• Receive all other inputs
• Process information
• Sends processed info to central
nucleus or back to cortex
✓ Central nucleus
• Main output nucleus to
hypothalamus & brainstem
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Amygdala Connections
Input
✓ thalamus
✓ primary
somatosensory cortex
✓ insula
✓ ant. cingulate gyrus
✓ orbitofrontal cortex
✓ hypothalamus
Somatosensory & Visceral Sensory Input From:
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Amygdala Connections
Input
✓ thalamus
✓ visual cortex
✓ ant. cingulate gyrus
✓ orbitofrontal cortex
✓ temporal lobe
Visual & Auditory Sensory Input From:
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Amygdala Connections
Input
✓ olfactory bulb
✓ primary olfactory
cortex
✓ orbitofrontal cortex
✓ hippocampus
✓ parahippocampal
gyrus
Olfactory Sensory Input From:
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Amygdala Connections
Output
✓ hypothalamus
✓ brainstem
Emotional Expression Descending Output To:
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Amygdala Connections
Output
✓ orbitofrontal cortex
✓ ant cingulate cortex
✓ insular cortex
✓ visual - auditory cortex
✓ primary olfactory cortex
✓ thalamus
✓ hippocampus
Emotional ExperienceFeedback with affective valence
Feedback Output To:
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Amygdala Connections
Output
✓ accumbens nucleus
✓ dorsomedial thalamus
✓ orbitofrontal cortex
Basal ganglia loopCodes for “rewards” & contributes to affective dimension of emotion
Feedback Output To:
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Amygdala Function
✓ Limbic neural circuit are involved
in emotion processing
✓ Amygdala now recognized as key
coordinator
✓ It links cortical processing to
hypothalamus & other subcortical
brain structures important for
emotional behavior
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Cingulate Gyrus
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Cingulate Gyrus
Anterior
Subcallosal
Middle
Posterior
Retrosplenial
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Cingulate Gyrus
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•von Economo neurons
•Detection of errors or shortfalls
•Preparation for an action
•Handling of emotions
Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC)
Anterior Cingulate Gyrus
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Afferents: Mammillary bodies, hippocampus
Efferents: Hypothalamus, cingulate gyrus
Anterior Thalamic Nucleus
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Afferents: Hippocampus
Efferents: Anterior Thalamic Nucleus
✓Mammillothalamic tract (Bundle of Vicq d’Azyr)
Mammillary Bodies
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Orbitofrontal Cortex
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Orbitofrontal Cortex
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Orbitofrontal PFC (OFC)
•Sensory integration
•Punishment
•Reward
“The what system”
Orbitofrontal Cortex
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Model for decision-making