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The Magic of Mobile: Wireless Fundamentals

June 2014

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1 Mobile is the largest technology platform in the world

Wireless is the foundation to mobile

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Qualcomm is the leader in Mobile 3G/4G, pushing wireless boundaries to enable the best mobile experiences

4 2 Mobile connectivity is an amazing technical achievement, critical to the mobile experience

Wireless fundamentals are the foundation to mobile powered by Mobile 3G/4G technologies

Appreciating the magic of mobile requires understanding the fundamentals of wireless

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Mobile is the largest technology platform in the world

~7 Billion connections, almost as

many as people on Earth1

~8 Billion smartphones

to be shipped 2014-20182

New form factors; tablet/laptop

variants, wearables, etc. Evolving into Internet of Everything:

cars, meters, health-devices, etc.

1 GSMA Intelligence, Apr. ‘14

2 Gartner, Sep. ‘13

More prevalent than electricity

or running water in some regions

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Mobile is an amazing technical achievement

Mind-blowing Performance

with processing power greater

than the most advanced super computers

of the early 1990s1

Jaw-dropping Graphics

with capability to process several

thousand megapixels per second2

Reliable Connectivity

overcoming signal loss resulting in

receiving signal 100 trillion times weaker

than when it originated3

Broadband Speeds

with blazing fast data rates capable

of 300+ Mbps4

All in a device

that fits in

your pocket

1 Source: Charlie White, Sep. '13 & giffgaff.com, Sep’13; 2 Based on latest Qualcomm® SnapdragonTM 800 series processors; 3 Based on >140 dB path loss

typical in mobile; 4 Based on peak data rates for LTE Advanced; 5 Based on >2,000 mAh smartphone battery and >15W light-bulb

Long Battery Life

with ability to power all these amazing

experiences with less energy than it

takes to power a light bulb for 1 hour5

High Quality Multimedia2

4K UltraHD video player/recorder

HD gaming console

5.1/7.1 surround sound system

High resolution digital camera

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Connectivity is the foundation of a great mobile experience

Delivering rich mobile broadband experiences

Connect Reliably

Talk and browse without interruption

with more bars in more places Connect Real-Time

Get instant access to content with

less delay for “always-on” experience

Connect Fast

Stream, surf, upload, and download

with fast, predictable data rates

Connect On-the-Go

Talk and browse with seamless

mobility anywhere you get a signal

Connect Longer

Go longer without plugging in

with improved battery efficiency

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Coverage Spectrum

Wireless fundamentals are the foundation to mobile

Capacity

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Coverage is delivering a reliable signal to your mobile device despite harsh wireless environments, while on-the-go

Key Fundamentals

Radio Signal

Modulation

Signal-to-Noise Ratio

Range

Mobile Cell

Mobile Network

Seamless Handoff

Mobility Coverage

Radio signals are like a ripple in

the water

Analogy

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Amplitude (𝐴): Size of the ripple (energy)

Wavelength (𝜆): Distance between the ripples (meters)

Frequency (𝑓): How often the ripple goes by (hertz)

𝐴

𝜆

Water

Surface

Radio signals are like ripples in the water Radio Signal

A form of energy that radiates into

space as radio waves.

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Radio signals (ripples) are modulated with information

1 0 0 1 0

1 0 0 1 0

Data

Amplitude

Modulation (AM)

Amplitude Modulation (AM)

Alternating how big you make the ripples

Ripple Receiver

Modulation turns radio signals into information “carriers” creating a radio channel

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Radio signals (ripples) transmit in noisy environments

Signal Power

Po

we

r

Distance (from ripple source)

𝑆𝑁𝑅 =𝑆𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟

𝑁𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒 + 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟

Range

The distance the signal can travel with acceptable SNR

to be decoded by receiver

Ripple Receiver

Noise + Interference Power

Noise

Interference

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~100,000,000,000 X Amount of signal loss possible across cell

compared to original signal

Cell

Ripple Range

Operator Base Station

Ripple Source

User Equipment

Ripple Receiver

Mobile technologies provide signal quality despite harsh wireless environments

Ripple Source

(Transmitter)

Ripple Receiver

Internet

Other Users

Interference

Environment

Noise

Enabled by Mobile 3G/4G technologies

Advanced receivers and coding to detect low-power signals from noise

Multiple antenna techniques to create multiple paths to amplify signal

Telephone PSTN

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Ripple Source

Transmitter #1

Ripple Source

Transmitter #2

Requires seamless handoff between transmitters like swinging from a trapeze

Po

we

r (d

B)

Mobile technologies provide coverage beyond the cell

Ripple Receiver

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Mobile cells are networked to provide mobility

Network

Switch/Router

Internet

Telephone

Cells are designed with overlapping coverage to provide

seamless handoffs across cells

<0.01% Packet loss required for high

priority apps (e.g., video)

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Spectrum

Mobile must deliver fast data rates despite finite spectrum, the lifeblood of mobile connectivity

Key Fundamentals

Radio Frequency Spectrum

Radio Channel

Peak Data Rate

Licensed Spectrum

Unlicensed Spectrum

Time Division Duplex (TDD)

Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)

Radio channels are like

highways built on finite land

Analogy

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Spectrum is the airwaves that all wireless communications travel

UHF

Mobile,

UHF television, GPS

VLF MF HF VHF SHF EHF

Maritime navigation signals

Space and satellite communications

Radio astronomy, radar landing

systems

VHF television, FM radio, navigational

aids

AM radio maritime radio

Shortwave radio, radiotelephone

LF

Navigational aids (e.g. loran- C)

Increasing frequency, shorter range Increasing wavelength, larger antennas

100 km 10 km 1 km 100 m 10 m 1 m 10 cm 1 cm 1 mm

3 kHz 30 kHz 300 kHz 3 MHz 30 MHz 300 MHz 3 GHz 30 GHz 300 GHz

Spectrum is allocated by local governments

Spectrum is divided into frequency ranges (bands) for

different types of wireless communication

e.g., 87.5 to 108.0 MHz for FM radio

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Spectrum is like land – a finite resource; Radio channels are like highways built on this land

Radio Channel (highway): Spectrum for specific communication link

105.3 FM Radio Channel

Radio Frequency Spectrum (land):

Frequency range for different types of wireless communication

100 MHz

Mobile band

850 MHz

FM Radio

1,500 MHz

GPS

1,900 MHz

Mobile band

2,350 MHz

Satellite Radio

Data (vehicles): Bits of information carried on Radio channel

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Spectrum is the lifeblood of mobile connectivity

60 MHz

6 GHz Travels short

range

Requires large antennas

More Spectrum

More Capacity

Faster Data Rates

Mobile Licensed Spectrum Cleared spectrum for exclusive

use ensuring quality of service,

mobility, and control Operator

Evolving Mobile 3G/4G technologies maximize spectrum efficiency with:

Advanced receivers and radio link improvements to get more bits per Hz

Multiple antenna techniques to create multiple paths to carry more data

Mobile must overcome finite spectrum to deliver fast data rates

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Mobile uses different spectrum for different types of access

Licensed Spectrum Cleared spectrum for exclusive use

(Mobile 3G/4G technologies)

Predictable Performance,

Subscription-based

Ubiquitous

Coverage

Seamless

Mobility

Foundation of Mobile Broadband

Operator

Unlicensed Spectrum Spectrum shared by multiple technologies

(Wi-Fi, LTE, BT & others)

Short Range,

Local Coverage

Residential, Enterprise,

Connected Home

Foundation of Local Area Broadband

Simple

Deployment

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Mobile technologies are a two-way (duplex) radio channel

Spectrum 1

Spectrum 2

Uplink (UL)

Downlink (DL)

Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) Paired spectrum enables better coverage

Time

Spectrum UL

Time Division Duplex (TDD) Unpaired spectrum enables asymmetrical

DL/UL for more DL capacity

Time

DL UL DL

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A radio channel has a peak data rate

≈ 𝑊 ∙ 𝑛 ∙ 𝑀 − 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑∗

The number of spatially

separated paths (highway

overpasses)

Number of Antennas

The width of the radio

channel (highway) built on

spectrum (land)

Spectrum Bandwidth

Peak Data Rate Theoretical max data rate in

ideal conditions measured in

bits per second (bps) Higher Order Modulation

The number of bits

(passengers) transmitted per

signal (vehicle)

Frequency

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10 01 00

Note: Overhead is extra bits for each packet beyond the payload containing information necessary to properly transport the packet end-to-end across the network

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Evolving Mobile technologies increase peak data rate

Channel Bandwidth (𝑾) 200 kHz 5 MHz 20 + 20 MHz

# of Antennas (𝒏) 1 x 1 (n = 1) 1 x 1 (n = 1) 2 x 2 (n = 2)

Modulation (𝑴) 8-PSK (M = 3) 16-QAM (M = 4) 64-QAM (M = 6)

Peak Data Rate1 474 Kbps2 14.4 Mbps 300+ Mbps3

1 Download peak data rate; 2 Theoretical peak data rate for GSM/EDGE, latest Evolved EDGE has peak DL data rates up to 1.2 Mbps; 3 Download peak data rate with 2 x 2 MIMO, 64-QAM Modulation, and 2x 20 MHz carrier; 300 Mbps announced as of November 2013

Mobile 2G Voice plus Messaging

CDMA, GSM, GPRS/EDGE

Mobile 3G Mobile Broadband

WCDMA/HSPA, EV-DO

Mobile 3G+/4G Faster and Better

HSPA+, LTE, LTE Advanced

≈ 𝑊 ∙ 𝑛 ∙ 𝑀 − 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑

Example: LTE Peak Data Rate3

Spectrum Bandwidth (𝑊) = 20 MHz

Number of Antennas (𝑛) = 2

Bits per Symbol (𝑀) = 6

Overhead = 37.5%

Peak Data Rate = 150 Mbps

Peak Data Rate

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Capacity

Mobile must deliver fast data rates despite finite spectrum, the lifeblood of mobile connectivity

Key Fundamentals

Capacity

Multiple Access

Shannon’s Law

Spectrum Aggregation

1000x Mobile Data Challenge

Small Cells

Radio channel has a finite

capacity like a pipe

Analogy

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Radio channel capacity is like a pipe’s capacity for water

Radio channel capacity is shared amongst multiple users

Capacity Theoretical max amount of data traffic

that can be reliably transmitted over a

noisy radio channel at a given time

Single user

100% of capacity

Multiple users

Share the capacity

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Shannon’s Law

A radio channel has a finite capacity

Shared amongst multiple users

≈ 𝑊 ∙ 𝑛 ∙ log2(1 + 𝑆𝑁𝑅)

Adding antennas to create

spatially separated paths

Number of Antennas

Increasing the size of the

radio channel (bandwidth)

Mitigate Interference

Improving the quality of the

radio signal (SNR)

More Spectrum

Capacity Theoretical max amount of data traffic

that can be reliably transmitted over a

noisy radio channel at a given time

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Shared

Resources Evolving Mobile 3G/4G technologies increase capacity Enhancing user experience through faster data rates and lower latencies

Wireless fundamentals are the foundation to this evolution

𝐶 ≈ 𝑊 ∙ 𝑛 ∙ log2(1 + 𝑆𝑁𝑅)

Mitigate interference with

advanced receivers and

antenna techniques

Interference Mitigation

More Antennas

Advanced MIMO techniques

to create spatially separated

paths for more data

Wider Channels

Carrier Aggregation

Flexible support for

channels up to 20 MHz

enabled with OFDMA Aggregate more channels up

to 100 MHz for higher data

rates

Aggregated Data Pipe

Carrier #1

Carrier #2

Carrier #3

Carrier #4

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More devices everything connected

Richer content more video

~25 Billion Interconnected

devices forecast in

20203

1000x data traffic growth1

Industry preparing for

~2/3 Of mobile traffic will

be video by 20172

1 1000x would be reached if mobile data traffic doubled ten times, but Qualcomm does not make predictions when 1000x will happen, Qualcomm works on the solutions to enable 1000x 2 Source: Cisco, Feb. ’13; 3 Source: Machina Research on behalf of GSMA, Dec. ‘12

Mobile technology evolutions to increase capacity equation will not be enough

Mobile data traffic growth – industry preparing for 1000x

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Small Cell

SMALL CELL

SMALL CELL

SMALL CELL

𝐶

𝐶

𝐶

𝐶

𝐶

𝐶 ≈ 𝑛 ∙ 𝑊 ∙ log2(1 + 𝑆𝑁𝑅)

Scaling Capacity with Small Cells

Reusing Capacity (𝐶) equation everywhere

More Small Cells

The biggest gain – reuse Shannon’s Law everywhere!

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Qualcomm is the leader in seamless mobile connectivity

delivering superior performance and technology

leadership

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First LTE

World

Mode

First LTE Advanced

DL: 150 Mbps

20 MHz Carrier Aggregation

First HSDPA

DL: 1.8 Mbps

UL: 384 kbps

Higher Order Modulation

First HSUPA

DL: 7.2 Mbps

UL: 5.76 Mbps

Enhanced Uplink Channel

First Integrated

LTE

Smartphone

First HSPA+

DL: 28 Mbps

UL: 5.76 Mbps

Higher Order Modulation

2 x 2 MIMO

First DC-HSPA+

DL: 42 Mbps

UL: 11 Mbps

2 Carrier Aggregation

First Integrated LTE Multimode

DL: 100 Mbps

Higher efficiency (LTE)

2 x 2 MIMO

Support for 3G and 4G technologies

Time

Inc

rea

sin

g U

se

r E

xp

eri

en

ce

First World Mode LTE

Advanced Modem

with 40 MHz CA and CAT61

DL: 300 Mbps

40 MHz Carrier Aggregation

First 3C-HSPA+

DL: 63 Mbps

UL: 11 Mbps

3 Carrier Aggregation

Qualcomm is the leader in Mobile 3G/4G technologies Each modem generation enhances user experience and provides more capacity

Qualcomm® GobiTM is a product of Qualcomm Technologies, Inc.

1 November 20, 2013: Qualcomm Technologies Announces Fourth-Generation 3G/LTE Multimode Modem - First Commercial Solution to Offer Global 4G LTE Advanced 40 MHz Carrier Aggregation for CAT6 FDD and TDD

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700/ 850/900

2300/ 2600

1500/ 1700/1900

LTE FDD

LTE TDD

HSPA+/

WCDMA EV-DO

CDMA 1X

TD- SCDMA

GSM/ EDGE

Position Wi-Fi BT

Wi-Fi, Positioning, BT(Bluetooth)

~40 RF Bands 17 LTE Voice Modes

All major Cellular Standards +Standards Evolution

The Unique Qualcomm Advantage

Supports all technologies, bands, modes, …

Qualcomm is the leader in Mobile 3G/4G technologies Hiding the complexity underneath the most seamless mobile connectivity

Qualcomm® GobiTM is a product of Qualcomm Technologies, Inc.

1 November 20, 2013: Qualcomm Technologies Announces Fourth-Generation 3G/LTE Multimode Modem - First Commercial Solution to Offer Global 4G LTE Advanced 40 MHz Carrier Aggregation for CAT6 FDD and TDD

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Wireless is the foundation to mobile

1 Mobile is the largest technology platform in the world 3

Qualcomm is the leader in Mobile 3G/4G, pushing wireless boundaries to enable the best mobile experiences

4 2 Mobile connectivity is an amazing technical achievement, critical to the mobile experience

Wireless fundamentals are the foundation to mobile powered by Mobile 3G/4G technologies

to learn more, go to: www.qualcomm.com/wireless

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