the main goals of macroeconomics in an economy fiscal instruments needed for economic stability in a...

8/19/2019 THE MAIN GOALS OF MACROECONOMICS IN AN ECONOMY FISCAL INSTRUMENTS NEEDED FOR ECONOMIC STABILIT…

1/12

COURSE CODE: BEC 112

COURSE NAME: PRINCIPLES F MACROECONOMICS

THE MAIN GOALS OF MACROECONOMICS IN AN ECONOMY

FISCAL INSTRUMENTS NEEDED FOR ECONOMIC STABILITY IN A

COUNTRY

REASONS WHY THE STUDY OF ECONOMICS IS USEFUL TO

INDIVIDUALS, FIRMS AND THE COUNTRY

Table of Contents

1


2/12

THE MAIN GOALS OF MACROECONOMICS IN AN ECONOMY......................................2

FISCAL INSTRUMENTS NEEDED FOR ECONOMIC STABILITY IN A COUNTRY................3

REASONS WHY THE STUDY OF ECONOMICS IS USEFUL TO INDIVIDUALS, FIRMS AND

THE COUNTRY........................................................................................................8

2


3/12

THE MAIN GOALS OF MACROECONOMICS IN AN ECONOMY

1. Economc !"o#$%

I$ & $%' !"o#$% n $%' &(' o) $%' o*'"+ 'conom- o) + con$"-. T%' m'+&"n! &c+' o) +

con$"-/& 0'*'om'n$ & $& !"o#$% +n0 &(' o) $& 'conom-. T%' $m+$' +m o) +n- con$"-

n $%' #o"0 & $o &$"*' +n0 c"'+$' m+mm #'+$% 3- &n! mnmm "'&o"c'&. I) $%'

!"o#$% n "'+ o$$ o) + con$"- & mo"' $%+n $%' !"o#$% o) $& o+$on, $%' &$+n0+"0 o)

*n! 3'com'& %!%'".

2. M+mm 'mo-m'n$ )o" $& c$('n&

4T%' )n0+m'n$+ +m o) +n 'conomc &-&$'m & $o 'mo#'" $%' c$('n& o) + con$"- $o '+"n

+n0 c"'+$' #'+$%.5 6M+"7+n8%+n, n.0.9. On- 'mo-m'n$ $o + $%' c$('n& !*'& $%' o#'"

$o 0o $%&. I) $%' o*'"+ 'mo-m'n$ o) c$('n& & %!%, $ # "'&$ n + !"'+$'" +mon$ o)

!oo0& +n0 &'"*c'& +*++3' )o" $%' o+$on +& + #%o'. G"'+$'" 'mo-m'n$ "'&$& n

!"'+$'" mon'- )o# +n0 $"+n&+c$on& $%'"'3- "'&$n! n '*'n !"'+$'" 'mo-m'n$.

. P"c' &$+3$- 6con$"on! n)+$on9

In)+$on & 3+&c+- $%' "c' "&' o) $%' "o0c$& +n0 &'"*c'& +*++3' n + con$"-.

Inc"'+&n! n)+$on &%'& $%' 3-n! o#'" o) mon'- 0o#n#+"0&. T%& "'&$& n $%'

o+$on &'n0n! mo"' +n0 mo"' o) $%'" %+"0;'+"n'0 mon'- )o" $%' &+m' "o0c$& +n0

&'"*c'& +*++3'. In)+$on %+& + 0'$"m'n$+ '))'c$ on $%' 'conom- 3'c+&' $ nc"'+&'&

nc'"$+n$- on "'$"n& +n0 co&$& #%c% "'&$& n 0'c"'+&n! n*'&$m'n$&.


4/12

*+"o& '))o"$& $+8'n $o 3oo&$ $%' !"o#$% o) $%' 'conom- # +))'c$ $%' n)+$on +n0

n'mo-m'n$. I) no$ con$"o'0 "o'"-, %!%'" 'conomc !"o#$% # '+0 $o %!%'"

n)+$on. In $%' on! "n, %!%'" n)+$on 0o'& no$ "omo$' 'mo-m'n$ o" 'conomc

!"o#$%. P"c' &$+3$- 6o# n)+$on o" n)+$on n0'" con$"o9 "omo$'& )n+nc+ &$+3$-

+n0 'conomc !"o#$%. A n'!+$*' '$'"n+ 3++nc' # 0'&$+3(' $%' o*'"+ 'conom- o) $%'

con$"- n $%' -'+"& $o com'.

FISCAL INSTRUMENTS NEEDED FOR ECONOMIC STABILITY IN A COUNTRY

A"$%" Sm$%'& 0')n'& )&c+ oc- +& 4+ oc- n0'" #%c% $%' !o*'"nm'n$ &'& $&

''n0$"' +n0 "'*'n' "o!"+mm'& $o "o0c' 0'&"+3' '))'c$& +n0 +*o0 n0'&"+3'

'))'c$& on $%' n+$on+ ncom', "o0c$on +n0 'mo-m'n$.5 T%o!% $%' $m+$' +m o)

)&c+ oc- n $%' on!;"n &$+3(+$on o) $%' 'conom-, -'$ $ c+n 3' +c%'*'0 3-

mo0'"+$n! &%o"$;"n 'conomc )c$+$on&. In $%& con$'$, O$$o Ec8&$'n 0')n'& )&c+

oc- +& 4c%+n!'& n $+'& +n0 ''n0$"'& #%c% +m +$ &%o"$;"n !o+& o) ) 'mo-m'n$

+n0 "c';'*' &$+3$-.5 6C%+n0, 2=1>9

T%' m+n n&$"m'n$& o) )&c+ oc- +"' 0&c&&'0 3'o#:

1. T++$on

T++$on & + o#'") n&$"m'n$ o) )&c+ oc- n $%' %+n0& o) 3c +$%o"$'& #%c%

!"'+$- '))'c$ $%' c%+n!'& n 0&o&+3' ncom', con&m$on +n0 n*'&$m'n$. An +n$;

0'"'&&on $+ oc- nc"'+&'& 0&o&+3' ncom' o) $%' n0*0+, "omo$'& con&m$on

+n0 n*'&$m'n$. O3*o&-, $%'"' # 3' mo"' )n0& #$% $%' 'o' )o" con&m$on +n0

n*'&$m'n$ "o&'& +$ $%' $m' o) $+ "'0c$on.

T%& # $m+$'- "'&$ n $%' nc"'+&' n &'n0n! +c$*$'& .'. $ # $'n0 $o nc"'+&'

'))'c$*' 0'm+n0 +n0 "'0c' $%' 0')+$on+"- !+. In $%& "'!+"0, &om'$m'&, $ & &!!'&$'0 $o

2


5/12

"'0c' $%' "+$'& o) commo0$- $+'& 8' 'c&' 0$'&, &+'& $+ +n0 mo"$ 0$-. A& + "'&$

o) $%'&' $+ conc'&&on&, con&m$on & "omo$'0.

T%'"' +"' $#o $-'& o) $+'&: D"'c$ +n0 n0"'c$ $+. In0"'c$ $+'& +"' $%o&' mo&'0 3- +

!o*'"nm'n$ on !oo0& +n0 &'"*c'&, n con$"+&$ $o 0"'c$ $+'&, &c% +& ncom' +n0 co"o"+$on

$+, #%c% +"' '*'0 on ncom'& o) %o&'%o0& +n0 )"m&. In0"'c$ $+'& +"' +&o c+'0

''n0$"' $+'&.

2. P3c E'n0$"':

P3c ''n0$"' & &'n0n! m+0' 3- $%' !o*'"nm'n$ o) + con$"- on co'c$*' n''0& +n0

#+n$& &c% +& 'n&on, "o*&on, n)"+&$"c$"', '$c. 64P3c ''n0$"',5 2=1>9

T%' +c$*' +"$c+$on o) $%' !o*'"nm'n$ n 'conomc +c$*$- %+& 3"o!%$ 3c &'n0n!

$o $%' )"on$ n' +mon! $%' )&c+ $oo&. T%' +"o"+$' *+"+$on n 3c ''n0$"' c+n

%+*' mo"' 0"'c$ '))'c$ on $%' '*' o) 'conomc +c$*$- $%+n '*'n $+'&. T%' nc"'+&'0

3c &'n0n! # %+*' + m$' '))'c$ on ncom', o$$ +n0 'mo-m'n$ '+c$- n

$%' &+m' #+- +& nc"'+&'0 n*'&$m'n$ %+& $& '))'c$ on $%'m. Sm+"-, + "'0c$on n 3c

&'n0n!, c+n "'0c' $%' '*' o) 'conomc +c$*$- $%"o!% $%' "'*'"&' o'"+$on o) $%'

!o*'"nm'n$ ''n0$"' m$'".

69 P3c E'n0$"' n In)+$on:

D"n! $%' '"o0 o) n)+$on, $%' 3+&c "'+&on o) n)+$on+"- "'&&"'& & $%' 'c'&&*'

+!!"'!+$' &'n0n!. Bo$% "*+$' con&m$on +n0 n*'&$m'n$ &'n0n! +"' +3no"m+- %!%.

In $%'&' c"cm&$+nc'&, 3c &'n0n! oc- m&$ +m +$ "'0cn! $%' !o*'"nm'n$

&'n0n!. In o$%'" #o"0&, &om' &c%'m'& &%o0 3' +3+n0on'0 +n0 o$%'"& 3' o&$on'0. I$

&%o0 3' c+"')- no$'0 $%+$ !o*'"nm'n$ &'n0n! #%c% & o) "o0c$*' n+$"', &%o0 no$

3' &%'*'0, &nc' $%+$ m+- +!!"+*+$' $%' n)+$on+"- 0+n!'"& )"$%'".

3


6/12

Ho#'*'", "'0c$on n n"o0c$*' c%+nn'& m+- "o*' %') $o c"3 n)+$on+"-

"'&&"'& n $%' 'conom-. B$ &c% + 0'c&on & "'+- 0))c$ )"om 'conomc +n0 o$c+

on$ o) *'#. I$ & $"', -'$ $%' )&c+ +$%o"$- c+n *+"- $& ''n0$"' $o o*'"com'

n)+$on+"- "'&&"'& $o &om' '$'n$.

69 P3c E'n0$"' n D'"'&&on:

In 0'"'&&on, 3c &'n0n! 'm'"!'& #$% !"'+$'" &!n)c+nc'. I$ & %') $o )$ $%'

'conom- o$ o) $%' mo"+&& o) &$+!n+$on. In $%& '"o0, 0')c'nc- o) 0'm+n0 & $%' "'&$ o)

&!!&% "*+$' con&m$on +n0 n*'&$m'n$ ''n0$"'. T%'"')o"', $ c+n 3' m'$ $%"o!%

$%' +00$on+ 0o&'& o) 3c ''n0$"' '?*+'n$ $o $%' 0')+$on+"- !+. T%' m$'"

+n0 +cc''"+$on '))'c$ o) 3c &'n0n! # n'$"+(' $%' 0'"'&&n! '))'c$ o) o#'"

"*+$' &'n0n!/& +n0 &$m+$' $%' +$% o) "'co*'"-.

. P3c D'3$:

P3c ''n0$"' & &'n0n! m+0' 3- $%' !o*'"nm'n$ o) + con$"- on co'c$*' n''0& +n0

#+n$& &c% +& 'n&on, "o*&on, n)"+&$"c$"', '$c. P3c 0'3$ & + &on0 )&c+ #'+on $o

)!%$ +!+n&$ n)+$on +n0 0')+$on. I$ 3"n!& +3o$ 'conomc &$+3$- +n0 ) 'mo-m'n$

n +n 'conom-.

T%' !o*'"nm'n$ 3o""o#n! m+- +&&m' +n- o) $%' )oo#n! )o"m& m'n$on'0 +& n0'":

6+9 Bo""o#n! )"om Non;B+n8 P3c:

W%'n $%' !o*'"nm'n$ 3o""o#& )"om non;3+n8 3c $%"o!% &+' o) 3on0&, mon'- m+- )o#

'$%'" o$ o) con&m$on o" &+*n! o" "*+$' n*'&$m'n$ o" %o+"0n!. A& + "'&$, $%' '))'c$

o) 0'3$ o'"+$on& on n+$on+ ncom' # *+"- )"om &$+$on $o &$+$on. I) $%' 3on0 &'n!

4


7/12

&c%'m'& o) $%' !o*'"nm'n$ +"' +$$"+c$*', $%' 'o' n0c' $o c"$+ $%'" con&m$on, $%'

3o""o#n!& +"' 8'- $o 3' non n)+$on+"-.

W%'n $%' mon'- )o" $%' "c%+&' o) 3on0& )o#& )"om +"'+0- '&$n! &+*n!&, $%'

3o""o#n! m+- +!+n 3' non;n)+$on+"-. H+& $%' !o*'"nm'n$ no$ 3''n 3o""o#n!, $%'&'

)n0& #o0 %+*' 3''n &'0 )o" "*+$' n*'&$m'n$, #$% $%' "'&$ $%+$ $%' 0'3$ o'"+$on& 3-

$%' !o*'"nm'n$ # &m- 3"n! +3o$ + 0*'"&on o) )n0& )"om on' c%+nn' o) &'n0n! $o

+no$%'" #$% $%' &m+" ?+n$$+$*' '))'c$& on n+$on+ ncom'.

I) $%' !o*'"nm'n$ 3on0& +"' "c%+&'0 3- non 3+n8 n0*0+& +n0 n&$$$on& 3- 0"+#n!

on $%'" %o+"0'0 mon'-, $%'"' # 3' n'$ +00$on $o $%' c"c+" )o# o) &'n0n!.

Con&'?'n$-, $%' n)+$on+"- "'&&"'& +"' 8'- $o 3' c"'+$'0. B$ )n0& )"om $%& &o"c'

+"' no$ common- +*++3' n +"!'" ?+n$$-. I$& m+n mc+$on & $%+$ 3o""o#n!& )"om

non 3+n8 3c & mo"' +0*+n$+!'o& n +n n)+$on+"- '"o0 +n0 n0'&"+3' n +

0'"'&&on %+&'. In &%o"$, $%' 3o""o#n! )"om non 3+n8 3c +"' no$ o) mc% &!n)c+n$

m+!n$0' #%'$%'" $ com'& o$ o) con&m$on, &+*n!, "*+$' n*'&$m'n$ o" %o+"0n!.

639 Bo""o#n! )"om B+n8n! S-&$'m:

T%' !o*'"nm'n$ m+- +&o 3o""o# )"om $%' 3+n8n! n&$$$on&. D"n! $%' '"o0 o)

0'"'&&on, &c% 3o""o#n!& +"' %!%- '))'c$*'. In $%& '"o0, 3+n8& %+*' 'c'&&*' c+&%

"'&'"*'& +n0 $%' "*+$' 3&n'&& commn$- & no$ #n! $o 3o""o# )"om 3+n8& &nc' $%'-

con&0'" $ n"o)$+3'.

W%'n n&'0 c+&% -n! #$% 3+n8& & 'n$ o$ $o !o*'"nm'n$, $ c+&'& + n'$ +00$on $o $%'

c"c+" )o# +n0 $'n0 $o "+&' n+$on+ ncom' +n0 'mo-m'n$. T%'"')o"', 3o""o#n! )"om

3+n8n! n&$$$on %+*' 0'&"+3' +n0 )+*o"+3' '))'c$ &'c+- n $%' '"o0 o) 0'"'&&on

#%'n $%' 3o""o#'0 mon'- & &'n0 on 3c #o"8& "o!"+mm'&.

5


8/12

On $%' con$"+"-, 3o""o#n! )"om $%& &o"c' 0"- +mo&$ com'$'- n $m'& o) 3"&8

3&n'&& +c$*$'& .'. 3oom. Ac$+-, 0'm+n0 & *'"- %!% 0"n! n)+$on '"o0, &nc'

"o)$ ''c$+$on & %!% n 3&n'&&. T%' 3+n8&, 3'n! +"'+0- o+0'0 +n0 %+*n! no

'c'&& c+&% "'&'"*'&. Fn0 $ 0))c$ $o 'n0 $o $%' !o*'"nm'n$. I) $ & 0on', $ & on-

$%"o!% "'0cn! $%'" o+n& &om'#%'"' '&'.

T%& '+0& $o + )+ n "*+$' n*'&$m'n$. A& $%' !o*'"nm'n$ &'n0n! & o));&'$ 3- +

"'0c$on n "*+$' n*'&$m'n$, $%'"' # 3' no n'$ '))'c$ on n+$on+ ncom' +n0

'mo-m'n$. In n$ &%', 3o""o#n! )"om 3+n8n! n&$$$on& %+*' 0'&"+3' '))'c$ on- n

0'"'&&on +n0 & n0'&"+3' o" #$% + n'$"+ '))'c$ 0"n! n)+$on '"o0.

6c9 D"+#n! )"om T"'+&"-:

T%' !o*'"nm'n$ m+- 0"+# on $%' c+&% 3++nc'& %'0 n $%' $"'+&"- )o" )n+ncn!

30!'$+"- 0')c$. I$ 0'mon&$"+$'& 0&%o+"0n! "'&$n! n + n'$ +00$on n $%' &- o)

mon'-. I$ & 8'- $o 3' n)+$on+"- n n+$"'. B$, !'n'"+-, $%'"' +"' &m+ 3++nc'& o*'"

+n0 +3o*' #%+$ & "'?"'0 )o" no"m+ 0+- $o 0+- "'?"'m'n$&. T%&, &c% 3o""o#n!& )"om

$"'+&"- 0o no$ %+*' +n- &!n)c+n$ "'&$.

609 P"n$n! o) Mon'-:

P"n$n! o) mon'- .'. 0')c$ )n+ncn! & +no$%'" m'$%o0 o) 3c ''n0$"' )o"

mo3(n! +00$on+ "'&o"c'& n $%' %+n0& o) !o*'"nm'n$. A& n'# mon'- & "n$'0, $

"'&$& n + n'$ +00$on $o $%' c"c+" )o#. T%&, $%& )o"m o) 3c 3o""o#n! & &+0 $o 3'

%!%- n)+$on+"-.

D')c$ )n+ncn! %+& + 0'&"+3' '))'c$ 0"n! 0'"'&&on +& $ %'& $o "+&' $%' '*' o)

ncom' +n0 'mo-m'n$ 3$ o37'c$on & o)$'n "+&'0 +!+n&$ $& &' +$ $%' $m' o) n)+$on o"

6


9/12

3oom. H'"', $ m&$ 3' +00'0 $%+$ $%"o!% $%& 0'*c', $%' !o*'"nm'n$ no$ on- !'$&

+00$on+ "'&o"c'& +$ mnmm co&$ 3$ c+n +&o c"'+$' +"o"+$' mon'$+"- '))'c$& 8'

o# n$'"'&$ "+$'& +n0 '+&- mon'- &- +n0 con&'?'n$- 'conomc &-&$'m & 8'- $o

"'!&$'" + ?c8 "'**+.

REASONS WHY THE STUDY OF ECONOMICS IS USEFUL TO INDIVIDUALS, FIRMS

AND THE COUNTRY

To individuals

Economc& n*o*'& $%' &$0- o) %o# $o +oc+$' &c+"c' "'&o"c'& n o"0'" $o &+$&)- nm$'0

#+n$&. T%' &$0- o) 'conomc& $%'"')o"' %'& $%' n0*0+ m+8' c%oc'& "'!+"0n! %o# $o

+oc+$' $%' &c+"c' "'&o"c'& &o +& $o &+$&)- %& #+n$&

Economc& +&o n*o*'& $%' &$0- o) $%' $"'n0& n $%' "c'& o) !oo0& +n0 &'"*c'& n +

m+"8'$. A &$0- n 'conomc& 'n+3'& $%' n0*0+ 8n# #%'n $o 3- commo0$'& 0 $o

c%+n!'& n "c'. W%'n 0'm+n0 )o" + commo0$- & o# $%' "c'& # 3' o#. T%' n0*0+

c+n $%'"')o"' 0'c0' #%'$%'" $o 3- $%' !oo0& o" &'"*c'& 0' $o $%' )+ n "c'&.

T%' &$0- o) 'conomc& 'n+3'& $%' n0*0+ $o m+8' n*'&$m'n$ 0'c&on&. T%' &$0- o)

'conomc& # 'n+3' $%' n0*0+ m+8' 0'c&on& on #%'$%'" $o 3- &%+"'& n $%' &$oc8

'c%+n!' 0' $o )+ n $%' "c' o) &%+"'&. T%' &$&- +&o !*'& $%' n0*0+ $%' 8no#;%o#

"'?"'0 $o m+8' n)o"m'0 &'c+$on n "'!"0& $o $%' &$oc8 m+"8'$.

To firms

T%' &$0- o) 'conomc& 'n+3'& )"m& 8no# %o# $o m+m(' "o)$&. In 'conomc&, $%' )"m

n''0& $o 8no# $%' '?n3"m ?+n$$'& +n0 "c'&, $%+$ & $%' ?+n$$- $%+$ m&$ 3' &o0 $o

7


10/12

m+m(' "o)$&, +n0 $%' "c' +$ #%c% $%'&' commo0$'& m&$ 3' &o0 n o"0'" $o

m+m(' "o)$&. T%& & #%'"' $%' ?+n$$- 0'm+n0'0 & '?+ $o $%' ?+n$$- &o0.

I$ +&o 'n+3'0 $%' )"m& $o !+n + com'$$*' '0!'. T%' &$0- o) 'conomc& n*o*'& $%'

+&&'&&m'n$ o) $%' c&$om'"&/ n''0& +n0 %o# $%'- c+n 3' &+$&)'0. Fo" n&$+nc', + &$0- n $%'

c%+n!' n $+&$'& +n0 "')'"'nc'& # 'n+3' + )"m $o mo0)- $%'" "o0c$&, %'nc' #n mo"'

c&$om'"& $%+n $%'" com'$$o"&.

I$ 'n+3'& )"m& $o m+8' #&' n*'&$m'n$ 0'c&on&. I) $%' co&$ "o0cn! + commo0$-

oc+- & %!%, + )"m $%+$ %+& &$0'0 'conomc& m+- 0'c0' $o mo"$ commo0$'& +n0

"'&' $o m+8' m+mm "o)$&. I) $%' !o*'"nm'n$ o#'"& $%' $++$on o) "+# m+$'"+ n

o"0'" $o "omo$' oc+ n*'&$m'n$, $%' )o"m c+n 0'c0' $o "o0c' mo"' &o +& $o '+"n %!%'"

"o)$&

To the government.

S$0-n! 'conomc& 'n+3'& $%' !o*'"nm'n$ m+8' 'conomc oc'&. T%' &$0- o)

'conomc& "o*0'& c"c+ 0+$+ $%+$ )o"m& + 3+&& o) 3o$% )&c+ +n0 mon'$+"- oc'&. Fo"

'+m', $%' !o*'"nm'n$ c+n 0'$'"mn'& 3+n8 n$'"'&$ "+$'& &o +& $o con$"o $%' )o# o)

mon'- n $%' 'conom-

I$ %'& $%' !o*'"nm'n$ $o "omo$' oc+ n0&$"'& +n0 3&n'&&'&. T%& & m+0' o&&3' 3-

0&co"+!n! mo"$+$on 3- '*-n! %'+*- $+'& on mo"$& o) commo0$'& $%+$ c+n 3'

o3$+n'0 n $%' con$"-.

T%"o!% $%' &$0- o) 'conomc&, $%' !o*'"nm'n$ 'n&"'& '?$+3' 0&$"3$on o) "'&o"c'&

n + "'!on& o) $%' con$"-. T%' !o*'"nm'n$ 0o'& $%& 3- +oc+$n! mo"' "'&o"c'& $o

"'!on& #$% o#'" '";c+$+ ncom', +n n0c+$o" o) $%' &$+n0+"0& o) *n! o) 'o' n +

!*'n "'!on n + +"$c+" -'+".

8


11/12

I$ %'& $%' !o*'"nm'n$ 'nco"+!' $%' #';3'n! o) $& c$('n&. T%' !o*'"nm'n$ m+- #+n$

$o "omo$' $%' %'+$% o) $& c$('n& 3- 0&co"+!n! $%' con&m$on o) %+"m) &3&$+nc'&

&c% +& c!+"'$$'& +n0 +co%o. I$ +c%'*'& $%& 3- $+n! &c% commo0$'& %'+*- &o +& $o

nc"'+&' $%'" "c'&.

9


12/12

References

C%+n0, S. 62=1>9. F&c+ Poc-: M'+nn!, O37'c$*'& +n0 O$%'" In)o"m+$on @ A"$c' on

Economc&. R'$"'*'0 No*'m3'" 1, 2=1>, )"om

%$$:###.-o"+"$c'3"+"-.com'conomc&)&c+;oc-;m'+nn!;o37'c$*'&;+n0;

o$%'";n)o"m+$on;+"$c';on;'conomc&221

M+"7+n8%+n. 6n.0.9. B+&c Economc& Go+& o) + Con$"-. R'$"'*'0 )"om

%$$:'con$$o"+&.com3o!3+&c;'conomc&;!o+&;o);+;con$"-

P3c ''n0$"'. 62=1>, No*'m3'" 9. In Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. R'$"'*'0 )"om

%$$&:'n.#8'0+.o"!#n0'.%$$'P3c''n0$"'o00=>1

10

the main goals of macroeconomics in an economy fiscal instruments needed for economic stability in a...

Documents