the market revolution, women, & work
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The Market Revolution, Women, & Work. Transformation of the American Economy, 1815 – 1848 . Transformation in technology, transportation, communications, & agriculture Psychological & ideological revolution in the meaning of work Loss of social status for skilled workers. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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The Market Revolution, Women, & Work
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Transformation of the American Economy, 1815 – 1848
• Transformation in technology, transportation, communications, & agriculture
• Psychological & ideological revolution in the meaning of work
• Loss of social status for skilled workers
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Differences in North vs. South• North = free labor economy
with industry, urbanization, and immigration
• South = cash crops, slave labor, less manufacturing
• “Competence” vs. surplus• Cotton Gin = 1 pound
cotton/1 day vs. 50 pounds/1 day
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Transportation• 4,000 miles of roads in Northeast by 1820• Steamboat• Canals• Railroads
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Erie Canal, NY• Completed in 1825• $7 million• 350 miles between
Albany & Buffalo• Led to construction of
3,300 miles of canals between 1825 – 1845
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Railroads• 1829 = Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 13 miles• 1830s = 20 – 100 miles, 15 – 20 mph
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Access to Print• 1801 = 200 newspapers vs. 1,200 in 1835• Magazines vs. almanacs• Catalogs• 1834 = Currier lithographs
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Changes in the Meaning of Work• Rise of small factories• De-skilling of production• Women and the “putting out system,” 60 – 70
hours/week• Owners, managers, wage workers replaced
artisans• Workplace discipline & industrial time• North = Wage labor replaced bound labor
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Emergence of Class-consciousness
• Antebellum America a classless society?
• Middling sort• Salary vs. wage, skilled vs.
unskilled• Working class trade unions
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Lowell Mill System• 1st fully-integrated
textile factory• Water-powered
machinery• Peaked in New England,
1830s & 1840s• 1825 = 22 mills in
Lowell vs. 1850 = 50 mills
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Life of the Mill Girls
• Company-owned boardinghouses
• $2 - $3 for a 75 hour/week
• Hazardous work conditions
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• “The Lowell Offering”
• Benefits?• 1835 = General
strike for a 10 hour day
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Women & the Law• Femme Covert vs. Femme
Sole• Preacher Jemima Wilkinson,
“The Publick Universal Friend”
• New Jerusalem, Western NY• 2nd Great Awakening
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Female Academies
• Growth of public schools for white children, ages 6 – 11
• 1830 = Male and female literacy rates near equal in North
• 1830 = 75 colleges open for men in U.S., 0 for women
• 1790 = 10 female academies vs. 1830 = 200• 3 years of general education + “feminine
subjects”
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Bluestockings
“When girls become scholars who is to make the puddings and pies?”
--1840s reaction to female academies
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Emma Willard
• Born in 1787, Connecticut
• 1821 = Opened Troy Female Seminary, NY
• 1821 – 1871 = 12,000 graduates
• Graduates became teachers, writers, school superintendents