TheMarshmallowTest:WhataretheNon-Cogni6veSkills

thatDriveSuccess?

§  Changingeduca6onal,economic,andpsychologicalbackgrounds

§  CSSfundamentalassump6onsandourworkasaschool

§  Whatdoestheresearchsay?§  Howcanwe(asparentsandeducators)influencenon-

cogni6veskills?§  HowdotheseideasguideourprogramatCSS?

YongZhao

YongZhao

Mul6pleIntelligences

Mul6pleIntelligences

Atheoryofmo+va+onbyStevenReiss

1.  Acceptance-theneedtobeappreciated

2.  Curiosity,theneedtogainknowledge

3.  Ea6ng,theneedforfood4.  Family,theneedtotakecareof

one’soffspring5.  Honor,theneedtobefaithfultothe

customaryvaluesofanindividual’sethnicgroup,familyorclan

6.  Idealism,theneedforsocialjus6ce7.  Independence,theneedtobe

dis6nctandself-reliant

8.Order,theneedforprepared,established,andconven6onalenvironments9.Physicalac6vity,theneedforworkoutofthebody10.Power,theneedforcontrolofwill11.Romance,theneedforma6ngorsex12.Saving,theneedtoaccumulatesomething13.Socialcontact,theneedforrela6onshipwithothers14.Socialstatus,theneedforsocialsignificance15.Tranquility,theneedtobesecureandprotected

RearWheelSkills:Technicalknowledgeandexperience(the“whatyoucando”),usuallymeasurableandquan6fiableGradesScoresTitlesAwardsAc6vi6esAccomplishments

NACACStateofCollegeAdmissions2011Na6onalAssocia6onforCollegeAdmissionCounseling

1.  GradesinCollegePrep 83.4%2.  StrengthofCurriculum 65.7%3.  AdmissionsTestScores 59.3%4.  GradesinAllCourses 46.2%5.  Essay 26.6%6.  DemonstratedInterest 23.0%7.  ClassRank 21.8%8.  CounselorLeger 19.4%9.  TeacherRec(s) 19.0%10.  AP/IBScores 9.6%11.  Interview 9.2%12.  ExtracurricularAc6vi6es 7.4%

Recenttrends

•  AccordingtoresearchersatUCLA,whichhasbeensurveyingfreshmanclassesforfivedecades,theemo6onalhealthofincomingstudentsisatitslowestpointin30years.

•  Fortheir2014study,researchersaskedmorethan153,000firstyearstudentstoassesstheiroverallmentalhealth—andpar6cipantsrateditatthelowestlevelthatUCLAhaseverrecorded.Nearlyonein10studentssaidtheyfrequentlyfeltdepressed.

Recenttrends

•  Nearlyoneinsixcollegestudentshasbeendiagnosedwithortreatedforanxietywithinthelast12months,accordingtotheannualna6onalsurveybytheAmericanCollegeHealthAssocia6on.

•  Millennialsfacehigheruniversitytui6onsandstudentloandebtthaneverbefore,aswellass6ffercompe66onwhentheyentertheworkforce.

FrontWheelSkills:Abilitytosteerandnavigate(the“Howareyougoingtoaccomplishthings”),intangiblequali>esandbehaviors• Ini6a6ve• Communica6onskills• Leadership• Willingnesstobeled• Collabora6veskills• Personality• PersonalEnergy• Respectfromothers

WalterMischel’sMarshmallowTest

MarshmallowTest

•  Intheearly1960satStanfordUniversity’sBingNurserySchool,Mischelandhisgraduatestudentsgavechildrenthechoicebetweenonereward(likeamarshmallow,pretzel,ormint)theycouldeatimmediately,andalargerreward(twomarshmallows)forwhichtheywouldhavetowaitalone,forupto20minutes.

MarshmallowTest

30yearslater,MischelandhisteamfollowedupwiththeBingpreschoolersandfoundthatchildrenwhohadwaitedforthesecondmarshmallowgenerallyfaredbegerinlife.Forexample,studiesshowedthatachild’sabilitytodelayea6ngthefirsttreatpredicted•  higherSATscores•  lowerbodymass

MythoftheMarshmallow?

Buttherehasbeencri6cismofMischel’sfindings,too,specifically:•  thathissamplesaretoosmall/homogenoustosupportsweepingscien6ficconclusions.

•  thattheMarshmallowTestactuallymeasurestrustinauthority,not,asitclaims,theabilitytositinaseatandreachagoal,despiteobstacles.

Sources•  PaulToughHowChildrenSucceed

PaulTough

Cogni+vehypothesisValuestheintelligencethatismeasuredonI.Q.tests,includingtheabili6esto•  recognizelegersandwords•  calculate•  detectpagernsandbelievesthatthebestwaytodeveloptheseskillsistoprac6cethemasmuchaspossible,beginningasearlyaspossible.

Characterhypothesis•  persistence•  self-control•  curiosity•  conscien6ousness•  gritandself-confidence

AngelaDuckworth-UPenn

Carol Dweck-Stanford University

Dweck’sfindings:TwoMindsets

Fixedmindset:•  Intelligenceandtalent-

fixed•  Innatetalentcreates

success•  Effortwillnotmakea

difference•  Youeithergetitoryou

don’t

Growthmindset:•  Intelligencecanbe

developed•  Brainsandtalentare

justthestar6ngpoint•  Enjoyeffortandthe

processoflearning•  Youcanalwaysgrow

andlearn

FixedMindsetResponse:HelplessWhenfacedwithfailureorchallenge,peoplewithaFIXED

mindset:

•  Donotpayagen6ontolearninginforma6on•  Getdepressed,loseself-esteem•  Saytothemselves“Iamstupid”•  Under-representpastsuccessesandover-representfailures(I

neverdothingsright)•  Explainthecauseofeventsassomethingstableaboutthem

(IamALWAYSthisway!)

GrowthMindsetResponse:Mastery

Whenfacedwithfailureorchallenge,peoplewithaGROWTHmindset:•  Payagen6ontolearninginforma6on,andsodo

begeronfuturetests•  Focusonwhattheyarelearning,ratherthan

focusingonhowtheyfeel•  Tryoutnewwaysofdoingthings•  Useself-mo6va6ngstatements,suchas“the

harderitgets,theharderItry”•  Whenfacedwithtestswhichareimpossibleto

pass,theywillfactorinotherreasonsandnotblametheirintellecti.e.thistestwasbeyondmyabilityfornow.

ResearchIndicatesthatParentsCanGivetheirChildrenMathAnxiety

•  AteamofresearchersledbyUniversityofChicagopsychologicalscien6stsSianBeilockandSusanLevinefoundthatchildrenofmath-anxiousparentslearnedlessmathovertheschoolyearandweremorelikelytobemath-anxiousthemselves—butonlywhentheseparentsprovidedfrequenthelponthechild’smathhomework.

Op6mismPessimism

WienerandSeligman–locusofcontrol

Experien6alEduca6onatCSSThreethingsneededforlearning

•  Agen6on•  Memory(encodingorretrieval)

•  Mo6va6on

•  (connec6onwithteacher,peersandtask)

•  (researchbasedprac6ce)

•  (relevancetorealwork)

pursuitofpersonalpurpose

physicaldistancefromhome

levelofimmersion

knowledgeofself

levelofselfsufficiency

levelofcomplexity

levelofexternalcontribu6on

distancefromcomfortzone

K

Globalreach

levelofini6a6ve

Apprecia6onoflandscapesandcultures

lengthofreflec6onandstandardofwrigen/verbalexpressions

CSSSeminarGoals

Experien6alEduca6onatCSSandtheBagleofBritain

•  J.T.MacCurdyTheStructureofMorale,inves6gatespsychologicalresponsestothebombingofLondon

•  Threecategories:– Fatali6es– Nearmisses(deeplytrauma6zed)– Remotemisses(foundtheirexperiencesempowering;arenolongerafraidoftheirreac6onstonewevents–inocluatedagainstfear)

HowdoesthisworkatCSS?

•  “Crucible”andreflec6oncycles– Adventures– Expedi6ons– Seminars– ECSs– Fineandperformingarts– Athle6cs

TheNeuroscienceofMemory

TheNeuroscienceofMemory

HowdoesthisworkatCSS?Differen6atedCurriculaandRelevantWork1.  Analy6calandCrea6veThinkingandProblem-

solving2.  ComplexCommunica6on—OralandWrigen3.  LeadershipandTeamwork4.  DigitalandQuan6ta6veLiteracy5.  GlobalPerspec6ve6.  Adaptability,Ini6a6ve,andRisk-taking7.  IntegrityandEthicalDecision-making8.  Servicetoothers

HowdoesthisworkatCSS?

•  Internal,unstableandcontrollableloca6onsofcontrol

•  Praiseeffortnotability•  Remotemissempowerment–anxietyinocula6on

•  Mo6va6on—comesfromrelevancetothefutureself,notfromothers

•  Agen6on–emo6onalarousal

References

•  hgp://thinkprogress.org/health/2015/02/19/3624730/mental-health-college/

•  hgp://well.blogs.ny6mes.com/2015/05/27/anxious-students-strain-college-mental-health-centers/?_r=0

•  hgp://www.ny6mes.com/2015/08/02/educa6on/edlife/stress-social-media-and-suicide-on-campus.html

•  hgp://www.newsweek.com/2015/06/05/millennial-college-graduates-young-educated-jobless-335821.html

References•  hgp://www.theatlan6c.com/health/archive/2014/09/what-the-marshmallow-test-really-teaches-about-self-control/380673/

•  hgps://www.ted.com/talks/angela_lee_duckworth_the_key_to_success_grit?language=en#t-356413

•  hgp://www.psychologicalscience.org/index.php/news/releases/parents-math-anxiety-can-undermine-childrens-math-achievement.html

•  Havrilesky,H.(2015).HOWTORAISEANADULTBreakFreeoftheOverparen6ngTrapandPrepareYourKidforSuccess.