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Instructions for online accessTitle pageTable of ContentsCopyrightPrefaceContributorsAcknowledgmentsFigure Courtesy LinesIntroduction1. OrbitTraumaGlobe SubluxationCarotidCavernous and Dural Sinus FistulasInfectionsInflammationCongenital AnomaliesPediatric Orbital TumorsAdult Orbital TumorsAcquired AnophthalmiaAtrophia Bulbi and Phthisis Bulbi2. Ocular Motility and Cranial NervesStrabismusHorizontal StrabismusVertical StrabismusMiscellaneous StrabismusNystagmusThird Cranial Nerve PalsyFourth Cranial Nerve PalsySixth Cranial Nerve PalsyMultiple Cranial Nerve PalsiesChronic Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia (CPEO)Horizontal Motility DisordersVertical Motility DisordersMyasthenia Gravis3. Lids, Lashes, and Lacrimal SystemEyelid TraumaEyelid InfectionsEyelid InflammationsEyelid MalpositionsBlepharospasmBells PalsyFloppy Eyelid SyndromeTrichiasisCongenital Eyelid AnomaliesBenign Eyelid TumorsMalignant Eyelid TumorsSystemic DiseasesCanaliculitisDacryocystitisNasolacrimal Duct ObstructionDacryoadenitisLacrimal Gland Tumors4. Conjunctiva and ScleraTraumaTelangiectasiaMicroaneurysmDry Eye Disease (Dry Eye Syndrome, Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca)InflammationConjunctivitisDegenerationsOcular Cicatricial PemphigoidStevensJohnson Syndrome )TumorsEpiscleritisScleritisScleral Discoloration5. CorneaTraumaPeripheral Ulcerative KeratitisContact-Lens-Related ProblemsMiscellaneousCorneal EdemaGraft Rejection or FailureInfectious Keratitis (Corneal Ulcer)Interstitial KeratitisPannusDegenerationsEctasiasCongenital AnomaliesDystrophiesMetabolic DiseasesDepositsEnlarged Corneal NervesTumors6. Anterior ChamberPrimary Angle-Closure GlaucomaSecondary Angle-Closure GlaucomaHypotonyHyphemaCells and FlareHypopyonEndophthalmitisAnterior Uveitis (Iritis, Iridocyclitis)UveitisGlaucomaHyphema Syndrome7. Iris and PupilsTraumaCorectopiaSeclusio PupillaePeripheral Anterior SynechiaeRubeosis IridisNeovascular GlaucomaPigment Dispersion SyndromePigmentary GlaucomaIris HeterochromiaAnisocoriaAdies Tonic PupilArgyll Robertson PupilHorners SyndromeRelative Afferent Pupillary Defect (Marcus Gunn Pupil)LeukocoriaCongenital AnomaliesMesodermal Dysgenesis SyndromesIridocorneal Endothelial SyndromesTumors8. LensCongenital AnomaliesCongenital CataractAcquired CataractPosterior Capsular OpacificationAphakiaPseudophakiaExfoliationPseudoexfoliation SyndromePseudoexfoliation GlaucomaLens-Induced GlaucomaDislocated Lens (Ectopia Lentis)9. VitreousAmyloidosisAsteroid HyalosisPersistent Hyperplastic Primary Vitreous (Persistent Fetal Vasculature Syndrome)Posterior Vitreous DetachmentSynchesis ScintillansVitreous HemorrhageVitritis10. Retina and ChoroidTraumaHemorrhagesCotton-Wool SpotBranch Retinal Artery OcclusionCentral Retinal Artery OcclusionOphthalmic Artery OcclusionBranch Retinal Vein OcclusionCentral/Hemiretinal Vein OcclusionVenous Stasis RetinopathyOcular Ischemic SyndromeRetinopathy of PrematurityCoats Disease/Lebers Miliary AneurysmsFamilial Exudative Vitreoretinopathy and Norries Disease )Incontinentia Pigmenti (X-Linked Dominant)Eales DiseaseMacular Telangiectasia (Idiopathic Juxtafoveal/Perifoveal Telangiectasia)Retinopathies Associated with Blood AbnormalitiesDiabetic RetinopathyHypertensive RetinopathyToxemia of PregnancyAcquired Retinal Arterial MacroaneurysmRadiation RetinopathyAge-Related Macular DegenerationRetinal Angiomatous ProliferationPolypoidal Choroidal VasculopathyMyopic Degeneration/Pathologic MyopiaAngioid StreaksCentral Serous ChorioretinopathyCystoid Macular EdemaMacular HoleVitreomacular Adhesion and TractionEpiretinal Membrane/Macular PuckerMyelinated Nerve FibersSolar/Photic RetinopathyToxic (Drug) MaculopathiesLipid Storage DiseasesPeripheral Retinal DegenerationsRetinoschisisRetinal DetachmentChoroidal DetachmentChorioretinal FoldsChorioretinal ColobomaProliferative VitreoretinopathyIntermediate Uveitis/Pars PlanitisNeuroretinitis )Posterior Uveitis: InfectionsPosterior Uveitis: White Dot SyndromesPosterior Uveitis: Other Inflammatory DisordersPosterior Uveitis: Evaluation/ManagementHereditary Chorioretinal DystrophiesHereditary Macular DystrophiesHereditary Vitreoretinal DegenerationsLebers Congenital AmaurosisRetinitis Pigmentosa (RP)AlbinismPhakomatosesTumorsParaneoplastic Syndromes11. Optic Nerve and GlaucomaPapilledemaIdiopathic Intracranial Hypertension (Pseudotumor Cerebri)Optic NeuritisAnterior Ischemic Optic NeuropathyTraumatic Optic NeuropathyOther Optic NeuropathiesCongenital AnomaliesTumorsChiasmal SyndromesCongenital GlaucomaPrimary Open-Angle Glaucoma (POAG)Secondary Open-Angle GlaucomaNormal (Low)-Tension Glaucoma12. Visual Acuity, Refractive Procedures, and Sudden Vision LossRefractive ErrorRefractive Surgery ComplicationsRefractive Surgery Complications: Evaluation/ManagementVertebrobasilar Insufficiency (Vertebrobasilar Atherothrombotic Disease)MigraineConvergence InsufficiencyAccommodative Excess (Accommodative Spasm)Functional Visual LossTransient Visual Loss (Amaurosis Fugax)AmblyopiaCortical Blindness (Cortical Visual Impairment)Visual Pathway LesionsAppendixOphthalmic History and ExaminationReferenceAAO Suggested Routine Eye Examination GuidelinesDifferential Diagnosis of Common Ocular SymptomsCommon Ophthalmic MedicationsColor Codes for Topical Ocular Medication CapsOcular ToxicologyList of Important Ocular MeasurementsList of EponymsCommon Ophthalmic Abbreviations (How to Read an Ophthalmology Chart)Common Spanish PhrasesIndexABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXZ