the medieval city: city air makes one free –––––––––– the baroque city the...
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The Medieval City:The Medieval City:City Air Makes One FreeCity Air Makes One Free
––––––––––––––––––––The Baroque CityThe Baroque City
The Culture of CitiesThe Culture of Cities
Wednesday, March 1/2006Wednesday, March 1/2006
SOSC 2730SOSC 2730
Selected CivilizationsSelected Civilizations
The The Black DeathBlack Death(Bubonic Plague)(Bubonic Plague)
1346-511346-51
150
125
100
75
50
25
0ca. 1050 ca. 1200 ca. 1330 ca. 1500
Cologne
Florence
Genoa
Granada
Seville
Venice
Social Instability & Social MobilitySocial Instability & Social Mobility
ConsequencesConsequences
• labour shortageslabour shortages–beakdown of feudalismbeakdown of feudalism
• beginnings of Western beginnings of Western capitalismcapitalism–accumulation of wealthaccumulation of wealth
• weakening of the Churchweakening of the Church• the role of cities strengthenedthe role of cities strengthened
Florence, ItalyFlorence, Italy
Palazzo Palazzo VecchioVecchio(1299)(1299)•a building for a building for the Priors –– the the Priors –– the representatives representatives of the guilds –– of the guilds –– who governed who governed the Republic of the Republic of FlorenceFlorence
Preindustrial CityPreindustrial City
• SjobergSjoberg• walled citywalled city• pedestrianpedestrian• high densityhigh density• commerce & manufacturingcommerce & manufacturing
• accessibilityaccessibility
Why the focus on Florence?Why the focus on Florence?
FlorenceFlorence
a flowering ofa flowering ofthe visual arts, literature,the visual arts, literature,
natural sciences, etc.natural sciences, etc.
rediscovery ofrediscovery ofclassical civilizationclassical civilization
medievalmedievalurbanizationurbanization
innovation ininnovation intrade & bankingtrade & banking
FlorenceFlorence
a flowering ofa flowering ofthe visual arts, literature,the visual arts, literature,
natural sciences, etc.natural sciences, etc.
rediscovery ofrediscovery ofclassical classical
civilizationcivilization
medievalmedievalurbanizationurbanization
innovation ininnovation intrade & bankingtrade & banking
FlorenceFlorence
a flowering ofa flowering ofthe visual arts, literature,the visual arts, literature,
natural sciences, etc.natural sciences, etc.
rediscovery ofrediscovery ofclassical civilizationclassical civilization
medievalmedievalurbanizationurbanization
innovation ininnovation intrade & bankingtrade & banking
FlorenceFlorence
a flowering ofa flowering ofthe visual arts, literature,the visual arts, literature,
natural sciences, etc.natural sciences, etc.
rediscovery ofrediscovery ofclassical civilizationclassical civilization
medievalmedievalurbanizationurbanization
innovation ininnovation intrade & bankingtrade & banking
FlorenceFlorence
a flowering ofa flowering ofthe visual arts, literature,the visual arts, literature,
natural sciences, etc.natural sciences, etc.
CreativityCreativity
• aware of achievementsaware of achievements
• very proud of their very proud of their achievementsachievements
LinkLink
GreeceGreece ––> ––> Rome Rome ––> ––> FlorenceFlorence
––––> > France, England, Germany, SpainFrance, England, Germany, Spain
CreativityCreativity
• moral confusionmoral confusion– decline of religiondecline of religion
• abandonment of “natural” abandonment of “natural” religion (Voltaire)religion (Voltaire)– violent family feuds, political violent family feuds, political
divisions, warfare, patrician wealth, divisions, warfare, patrician wealth, piety, republican government, piety, republican government, creativitycreativity
AchievementsAchievements
• linkage to the pastlinkage to the past
• rediscovery of “nature”rediscovery of “nature”
• art came to reflect realismart came to reflect realism
EconomyEconomy
• wealthwealth• wool textiles, wood carving & wool textiles, wood carving &
wood inlay work, silk textiles, wood inlay work, silk textiles, goldsmithing, stone dressing, goldsmithing, stone dressing, bankingbanking
• most notable: textile trade, most notable: textile trade, textile manufacturing, bankingtextile manufacturing, banking
• could not rely on agriculturecould not rely on agriculture
Economic RevolutionEconomic Revolution
• organizationorganization–rationalrational
–calculatingcalculating
– long-term planninglong-term planning
–knowledge gatheringknowledge gathering
–knowledge organizationknowledge organization
The Medici The Medici FamilyFamily
• Salvestro de’Medici Salvestro de’Medici led the common led the common people in the revolt of people in the revolt of the the ciompiciompi (small (small artisans)artisans)• family members family members continued to dominate continued to dominate the city –– politically & the city –– politically & economically for the economically for the next couple of next couple of centuriescenturies
RenaissanceRenaissance
• breakdown of medieval waysbreakdown of medieval ways–mercantilist capitalismmercantilist capitalism
–new political frameworknew political framework
–new ideological formnew ideological form
Renaissance CityRenaissance City
• MumfordMumford– until 1600s form rather confuseduntil 1600s form rather confused
– breakdown of authority of Churchbreakdown of authority of Church
– religionreligion
– tradetrade
– politicspolitics
MumfordMumford
• importance of the importance of the Black Black DeathDeath–collective exhaustioncollective exhaustion
–social disorganizationsocial disorganization
–shifting power relationshipsshifting power relationships
– limits on freedomlimits on freedom
BaroqueBaroque
• uniformityuniformity
• centralizationcentralization
• absolutism of Church absolutism of Church ––>––> absolutism of the monarchabsolutism of the monarch–supremacy of the emerging supremacy of the emerging
nation statenation state
CitiesCities
• king-centred by 1600sking-centred by 1600s
• opening up of the cityopening up of the city
• scale increasesscale increases
• Baroque city an outgrowth of Baroque city an outgrowth of political & economic changepolitical & economic change
ImpactImpact
• different in different parts of Europedifferent in different parts of Europe– EnglandEngland– ItalyItaly
• loss of democracyloss of democracy• centralized statecentralized state– permanent bureaucracy, courts of permanent bureaucracy, courts of
justice, archives & records, buildings justice, archives & records, buildings for official business (office buildings)for official business (office buildings)
––––> capital city needed> capital city needed
Scale of Cities Increases Scale of Cities Increases (1650)(1650)• ParisParis 400,000400,000• LondonLondon 350,000350,000• NaplesNaples 300,000300,000• LisbonLisbon 150,000150,000• VeniceVenice 140,000140,000• MilanMilan 120,000120,000• AmsterdamAmsterdam 120,000120,000• RomeRome 110,000110,000• PalermoPalermo 100,000100,000• MadridMadrid 100,000100,000• SevilleSeville 80,000 80,000• FlorenceFlorence 74,000 74,000
PowerPower
• kings absolutekings absolute–armies & naviesarmies & navies
–gunpowdergunpowder
––––>> impact on city impact on city