THE MICROBIAL WORLD AND YOU

CHAPTER 1

Dr. Reitano

Suffolk County Community College

Course DescriptionCourse Description Introduction to microbiology by a survey of Introduction to microbiology by a survey of

methods, tools, and techniques used in methods, tools, and techniques used in studying many groups of bacteria and other studying many groups of bacteria and other microorganisms and application of this microorganisms and application of this knowledge in physical and chemical knowledge in physical and chemical ____________ of microorganisms. _________ ____________ of microorganisms. _________ of microorganisms to disease of microorganisms to disease and and ___________ ___________ is discussed. is discussed.

(2.5 hours of lecture, 4 hours of lab per week)(2.5 hours of lecture, 4 hours of lab per week)

GENERAL MICROBIOLOGYGENERAL MICROBIOLOGYBio 244Bio 244

MICROBIOLOGYMICROBIOLOGY

The study of The study of microorganisms, or microorganisms, or microbesmicrobes

How microrganisms How microrganisms are related to all are related to all other ____________ other ____________ on this planet, on this planet, including humansincluding humans

MICROORGANISMSMICROORGANISMS

Minute, living organismsMinute, living organisms**

Individually________to Individually________to be seen by the unaided be seen by the unaided eyeeye**

Require special Require special techniques in order to be techniques in order to be examinedexamined**:: _________ _________ culture culture incubationincubation

Major Groups of MicroorganismsMajor Groups of Microorganisms

__________________

__________________

__________________

ProtozoaProtozoa

AlgaeAlgae

__________________

__________________

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MICROORGANISMS and MANMICROORGANISMS and MAN

HARMFUL EFFECTSHARMFUL EFFECTS DiseaseDisease

__________________________West Nile Virus*West Nile Virus*HepatitisHepatitisSwine Flu-H1N1Swine Flu-H1N1_________________________________ hemorrhagic fever*_____ hemorrhagic fever*

_________________________________ Disease___________ DiseaseMRSA*MRSA*SyphilisSyphilisEscherichiaEscherichia colicoli 0157:H7* 0157:H7*SalmonellaSalmonella food poisoning food poisoning

ThrushThrushAthletes’ FootAthletes’ Foot

Cryptosporidiosis*Cryptosporidiosis*__________________________AmebiasisAmebiasis

*EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES*EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES

______________________________Sour milkSour milkBread moldBread mold

____________________________Mold infestationMold infestation

__________________________________Bacterial and fungal Bacterial and fungal degradation of sculptures, degradation of sculptures, books, frescoes and books, frescoes and paintingspaintings

Viral

Bacterial

________

Parasitic

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MICROORGANISMS and MAN

• _____________ EFFECTS– Basis of the food chain in oceans, lakes and rivers– Recycle carbon and nitrogen in atmosphere– ______________ organic and nonorganic waste– Photosynthetic microorganisms are a major source of _________ and

organic matter– ________________ in humans and animals– Commercial production of chemicals

• Acetone• Organic acids• _________________• Alcohol• _________________

– Food production • ______________ beverages• Bread• _______________ • Yogurt

– Vectors in genetic engineering– Tools in research– Pest control

Diatom (an example of a photosynthetic microorganism)

http://www.techcommjournal.org/archive.php?articleID=33

Normal _____________Microorganisms normally present in

or on the body• Normal microbiota prevent growth of

__________

• Normal microbiota produce growth factors such as ____________________

Normal

microbiota

on ____________

BENEFITS OF MICROBES:___________________

Microbe:____________ acidophilus Acidophilus sp. bacteria break down sugars and

carbohydrates in milk,

resulting in yogurt. This process is

called fermentation.

Microbe: Xanthomonas campestris Bacterium. Produces a slimy outer

coating called xanthan.

Xanthan is used as a

thickening and stabilizing

agent in many products including

water-based paints and cosmetics.

Microbe:_____________ sp.

Soil bacterium. Produces

streptomycin, an antibiotic used to treat infections.

Fungi and bacteria produce powerful

antibiotics such as penicillin and

tetracycline. These are drugs used to fight bacteria that cause disease.

Microbe: Saccharomyces

cerevisiae Known as

Baker's Yeast because it is used to make

bread rise. This fungus also

breaks down the natural sugars in grains or other

starchy ingredients into carbon dioxide

and ethanol (called

_____________). (a..

Microbe Product:Enzymes Billions of

microbes are grown in giant

fermenting tanks. Their enzymes are used for making

hundreds of products including

soy sauce, beer, wine, cheese, chewing gum, leather goods, paper, laundry detergent, and even the stone-washed look on

blue jeans.

BENEFITS OF MICROBES:_____________________

Microbe Involved:_______________

These bacteria eat methane gas and are used to clean

up hazardous waste dumps and landfills. They make an enzyme that breaks down more than 250 pollutants into harmless molecules.

By piping methane into the soil, we can increase the

number of methanotrophs that normally live in the

polluted soil. More methanotrophs results in

less pollution.

know

Microbe Involved:Bacillus

thuringiensis Bacillus

thuringiensis is also know as "Bt." This

common soil bacterium acts as a natural pest-killer in

gardens and on crops.

?

Microbe Involved:Pseudomonas

putida This

pseudomonad cleans ________

from sewage water at water

treatment plants.

BENEFITS OF MICROBES:BENEFITS OF MICROBES:_________________ DNA TECHNOLOGY_________________ DNA TECHNOLOGY

GENETIC ENGINEERINGGENETIC ENGINEERING

Bacteria appeared approximately Bacteria appeared approximately 3.5 _____3.5 _____ years ago years ago

Cowen “Microbiology”

SCOPE of MICROORGANISMS

First living organisms on the planetLive everywhere on the planetMore numerous than any other kind of organism

__________________________ EXPERIMENTEXPERIMENT

CHARACTERISTICS ofCHARACTERISTICS of PROKARYOTICPROKARYOTIC VERSUSVERSUS EUKARYOTICEUKARYOTIC ORGANISMSORGANISMS

____KARYOTIC____KARYOTIC SimpleSimple No “true” No “true”

____________________ No membrane-No membrane-

bound organellesbound organelles Include:Include:

______________________

ARCHAEAARCHAEA

___KARYOTIC___KARYOTIC More complexMore complex _______ present_______ present Membrane-bound Membrane-bound

organellesorganelles Include:Include:

FUNGIFUNGI

___________*___________* ProtistaProtista AnimaliaAnimalia

ALGAEALGAE

PROKARYOTIC and EUKARYOTICPROKARYOTIC and EUKARYOTIC MICROORGANISMSMICROORGANISMS

Bacteriaeg.: E. coli

Archaea(in a hot spring)

Fungi:

Protozoaeg.: amoeba

Algae(algal bloom)

Yeast

MoldHelminths

CLASSIFICATION of ______________

_____________MICROORGANISMS:Kingdoms and Domains

Bacteria Archaea Eukarya

Bacteria Archaea Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia

Bacteria Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia

The three-domain system

The six-kingdom system

The traditional five-kingdom system

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF OF BACTERIABACTERIA

____________________________UnicellularUnicellularPeptidoglycanPeptidoglycan (PG) containing cell wall (PG) containing cell wallReproduce through ___________Reproduce through ___________Energy sources include:Energy sources include: ____________ compounds____________ compounds Inorganic compoundsInorganic compounds PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis

Motility commonMotility common Usually via ____________Usually via ____________

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OFOF ____________________

ProkaryoticProkaryoticCell wallCell wall Not always presentNot always present Lack peptidoglycanLack peptidoglycan

Found in extreme environmentsFound in extreme environments MethanogensMethanogens

found in swamps and bogsfound in swamps and bogs ______philes______philes

live in environments with high salt concentrationslive in environments with high salt concentrations _________philes_________philes

live in hot, sulfurous springs (Yellowstone National live in hot, sulfurous springs (Yellowstone National Park hot springs)Park hot springs)

GENERAL CHARACTERISTS OF GENERAL CHARACTERISTS OF __________________

__________________________

Cell walls contain _________Cell walls contain _________

Reproduce sexually or asexuallyReproduce sexually or asexually

Examples:Examples: Unicellular ______Unicellular ______

Small, oval cellsSmall, oval cells

Larger than bacteriaLarger than bacteria Multicellular ________Multicellular ________

Mycelia – cotton-like growth or massMycelia – cotton-like growth or mass

Hyphae – long filaments making up myceliaHyphae – long filaments making up mycelia

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICSGENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OFOF __________ __________::

________________________________________________Reproduce sexually or asexuallyReproduce sexually or asexuallyMotile via: (not all)Motile via: (not all)

Pseudopods – extensions of cytoplasmPseudopods – extensions of cytoplasm Flagella – long whip-like structuresFlagella – long whip-like structures ____ – numerous, short, hair-like structures____ – numerous, short, hair-like structures

General Characteristis of _________General Characteristis of _________MulticellularMulticellularNot microscopic (except pinworms Not microscopic (except pinworms

and larval forms)and larval forms)Medically significantMedically significantInclude roundworms and flatwormsInclude roundworms and flatworms

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICSGENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OFOF ________________

EukaryoticEukaryotic

Unicellular or multicellularUnicellular or multicellular

______________________________ Major source of oxygen in the environmentMajor source of oxygen in the environment

Cell walls made of celluloseCell walls made of cellulose

Reproduce sexually or asexuallyReproduce sexually or asexually

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICSGENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OFOF ____________________

Smallest of the microorganismsSmallest of the microorganisms

________________________________

Reproduction through multiplication in Reproduction through multiplication in

__________ host cells__________ host cells

Important in disease and molecular Important in disease and molecular

researchresearch

NOMENCLATURENOMENCLATURE::The __________of OrganismsThe __________of Organisms

Established by Established by Carolus _________Carolus _________ in 1735 in 1735

Each organism is assigned two names:Each organism is assigned two names: GenusGenus

First nameFirst name

First letter is capitalizedFirst letter is capitalized

All letters are underlined All letters are underlined

speciesspeciesSecond nameSecond name

All letters are lowercaseAll letters are lowercase

All letters are underlinedAll letters are underlined

Names may be based on:Names may be based on: Morphology – color, shape, size, arrangementMorphology – color, shape, size, arrangement Discoverer – scientist Discoverer – scientist

Examples: Examples: StaphylococcusStaphylococcus aureusaureus EscherichiaEscherichia colicoli

‘‘EARLY HISTORY’EARLY HISTORY’ of MICROBIOLOGYof MICROBIOLOGY

1665: 1665: Robert _________ - Robert _________ - described cells. described cells.

1668: 1668: __________ - disproved the theory of - disproved the theory of spontaneous generationspontaneous generation

1673: 1673: van Leeuwenhoek-van Leeuwenhoek- observed observed bacteria through simple, bacteria through simple, single single lens microscopelens microscope

1735: 1735: LinnaeusLinnaeus - developed system of - developed system of nomenclature nomenclature

1798: 1798: ____________ - developed first vaccine - developed first vaccine

1857: 1857: ______________ -fermentation -fermentation

1861: 1861: PasteurPasteur -disproved -disproved

spontaneous generationspontaneous generation

1862: 1862: pasteurizationpasteurization

1867: 1867: ____________-aseptic surgery-aseptic surgery

1876: 1876: Robert Koch-Robert Koch- identified a bacterium as identified a bacterium as the cause of anthrax, thereby the cause of anthrax, thereby

validating validating Germ Theory of DiseaseGerm Theory of Disease

1884: 1884: GramGram – Gram Stain – Gram Stain

1887: 1887: PetriPetri – Petri dish – Petri dish

1890: 1890: ______ -______ - theory of immunity theory of immunity

‘‘GOLDEN AGE’GOLDEN AGE’ of MICROBIOLOGYof MICROBIOLOGY

KOCH’S __________________KOCH’S __________________

KOCH’S POSTULATESKOCH’S POSTULATES 1. 1. The same pathogen must be present in The same pathogen must be present in

all cases of disease.all cases of disease. 2. The pathogen must be isolated from a 2. The pathogen must be isolated from a

diseased host and grown in pure culture in diseased host and grown in pure culture in the laboratory.the laboratory.

3. The pathogen from the pure culture, 3. The pathogen from the pure culture, when innoculated into a healthy laboratory when innoculated into a healthy laboratory animal, must cause the same disease.animal, must cause the same disease.

4. The pathogen must be re-isolated from 4. The pathogen must be re-isolated from the experimentally infected animal.the experimentally infected animal.

MILESTONES in 20MILESTONES in 20thth CENTURY CENTURY MICROBIOLOGYMICROBIOLOGY

1912: 1912: Paul __________Paul __________ - discovered effective - discovered effective cure for syphilis. Salvarsan is the first cure for syphilis. Salvarsan is the first specific chemotherapeutic agent for a specific chemotherapeutic agent for a bacterial disease. bacterial disease.

19281928: : Alexander ________Alexander ________ - discovered penicillin - discovered penicillin produced by the produced by the Penicillium Penicillium mold and mold and

described its effect described its effect on gram-positive on gram-positive bacteria.bacteria. • 1940s: “Antibiotics Era” is launched with a major 1940s: “Antibiotics Era” is launched with a major

revolution in public health revolution in public health and medicine. With ______ and ______, and medicine. With ______ and ______, Fleming was awarded the Nobel Prize Fleming was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology in 1945. in Medicine and Physiology in 1945.

http://www.microbeworld.org/microbes/timeline3.aspx

MILESTONES in 20MILESTONES in 20thth/21/21stst CENTURY MICROBIOLOGYCENTURY MICROBIOLOGY

1960s: 1960s: Paul ____Paul ____: Recombinant DNA - animal : Recombinant DNA - animal DNA was inserted into bacterial DNA, DNA was inserted into bacterial DNA,

and the bacteria produced an animal and the bacteria produced an animal protein.protein.

1969: 1969: Delbrück, Hershey, Luria -Delbrück, Hershey, Luria - Viral Viral ____________________________________

19771977: Hastings and Nealson : Hastings and Nealson – intercellular – intercellular communication(quorem sensing) in communication(quorem sensing) in bacteriabacteria

1997: 1997: PrusinerPrusiner – ____________ – ____________ 2005: 2005: Marshall and Warren Marshall and Warren – – Helicobacter Helicobacter

pyloripylori and ulcers and ulcers