the microscope. compound microscopes a.the eyepiece lens is the lens that you look through. b.the...
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The MicroscopeThe Microscope
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Compound MicroscopesCompound Microscopes
a.a. The The Eyepiece LensEyepiece Lens is is the lens that you look the lens that you look through.through.b.b. The The objective lensobjective lens is the is the lens that is immediately lens that is immediately above the specimen.above the specimen.
The microscopes used in our lab are called compound microscopes because they have two magnifying lens
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The Objective LensesThe Objective LensesThere are three objective lenses:There are three objective lenses:
- the scanning lens with the 4X - the scanning lens with the 4X labellabel
- the low power lens with the 10X - the low power lens with the 10X labellabel
- the high power lens with the 40X - the high power lens with the 40X labellabel
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Parts of the MicroscopeParts of the Microscope
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Parts of the MicroscopeParts of the MicroscopePartPart FunctionFunction
LensesLenses MagnificationMagnification
StageStage To place the slide onTo place the slide on
ClipsClips Hold the slide in placeHold the slide in place
DiaphragmDiaphragm To control the amount of To control the amount of lightlight
Coarse Focus Coarse Focus KnobKnob
To focus the imageTo focus the image
Fine Focus KnobFine Focus Knob To precisely focus the To precisely focus the imageimage
LightLight To supply light to the objectTo supply light to the object
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Learning CheckLearning CheckLabel the parts of the Label the parts of the
MicroscopeMicroscope
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MagnificationMagnificationMagnification = the magnifying power of the eyepiece lens
x the magnifying power of the objective lens.
Example:
Eyepiece lens = 10XObjective lens = 4X
Total magnification = 10 x 4= 40X
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Focussing The ImageFocussing The Image
The course focuscourse focus knob allows for dramatic or large movement of the objective lens.
The fine focusfine focus knob allows for very slight movement of the objective lens.
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The Stage and the The Stage and the DiaphragmDiaphragm
The stagestage has two metal clips to hold the microscope slide in place.
The diaphragmdiaphragm allows light to be focused onto the specimen through a hole in the stage.
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ELECTRON MICROSCOPEELECTRON MICROSCOPE
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Electron MicroscopeElectron Microscope
Uses Electrons instead of lightUses Electrons instead of light Electrons have much lower Electrons have much lower
wavelength than light so the wavelength than light so the resolution is much betterresolution is much better
Magnification is much greaterMagnification is much greater
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Images from Electron Images from Electron MicroscopeMicroscope
Bacteria
Cytplasm
Platelet
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The Cell
The CELL is the smallest unit of matter that can carry on all the PROCESSES OF LIFE.
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Anton von Leeuwenhoek
Anton von Leeuwenhoek with his hand-held microscope, was the first person to observe
and describe Living Cells in the early 17th century
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Robert Hooke
Robert Hooke looked a thin slices of cork under a microscope.
He thought the spaces he saw reminded him of Monks Cells –
Hence the name cells
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Plant Cell as seen under a light microscope
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Cells
All living things are composed of one or more cells.
Cells are the basic units of structure and function in an organism.
Cells come only from reproduction of existing cells.
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Organelles
Cells contain a variety of internal structures called ORGANELLES.
An organelle is a cell component that PERFORMS SPECIFIC job FOR THE CELL.
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Organelles we need to know
Cell membrane Nucleus Mitochondria Chloroplast Ribosomes DNA Cell Wall Vacuole
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Animal Cells Animal Cells contain the following structures
Cell Membranes
Mitochondria
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Only the cell membrane, the cytoplasm and the nucleus can be seen under the light microscope.
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Cell Membrane
Cell Membranes are made up of
phospholipids and proteinsThe phospholipids and proteins are in constant motion.
Membranes are said to be fluid
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Functions of Cell Membranes
Separate the cell organelles and cytoplasm from the outside
Semi permeable - allows some molecules freely into and out and others to enter
Membranes give some support to the cell
Membranes recognise molecules that touch them
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Nucleus A large organelle near the center of the cell
is the NUCLEUS.
It contains the cell's genetic information
It controls the activities of the cell.
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Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes
Organisms whose cell contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles are called eukaryotes.
Organisms whose cells never contain (or lack) a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles are called prokaryotes e.g. virus and bacteria.
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Ultra Structure of The Nucleus
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What’s in a nucleus
The nucleus is made up of a double membrane with numerous nuclear pores.
These control the movement of substances into and out of the nucleus
A nucleolus which contains RNA, DNA, and Proteins and it makes Ribosomes
Chromatin which contains DNA that is arranged into chromosomes which stores our genes
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Mitochondria
Mitochondria supply energy to the cell respiration
Cells with lots of mitochondria produce a lot of energy
The inner membranes of the mitochondria produce the energy
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The more folds a mitochondrion has the more energy it produces
Mitochondrion
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Ribosomes
Ribosomes can be seen as red dots in this cell
Their function is to make proteins
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Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm is a clear jelly like fluid that fills the cell
It contains all the organelles within the cell
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Plant Cells
Plant cells also contain other organelles
Cell walls
Chloroplasts
Large Vacuoles
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Ultra Structure of an animal cell
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Ultra structure of an plant cell
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Chloroplasts
The function of chloroplasts is Photosynthesis
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Ultra structure of the Chloroplast
The thylakoids contain the chlorophyll which traps the sun’s energy
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Cell wall The cell wall is rigid and
gives plant cells a very defined shape.
The cell wall is composed of cellulose fiber, polysaccharides, and proteins.
The function of the cell
wall is to support and strengthen the cell
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Vacuoles
Vacuoles are membrane-bound sacs within the cytoplasm of a cell
Vacuoles provide structural support, as well as serving functions such as storage, waste disposal, protection, and growth.
Plant cells have large vacuoles
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Learning check
1. What organelle carries out
photosynthesis?
2. What type of cells have large
vacuoles and cell walls?
3. What is the function of vacuoles?
4. What is the function of cell walls?
5. What makes cells walls rigid?