The Middle Ages

The Middle Ages• After the fall of Rome, Europe was in a state of

chaos with no government• Also known as the Medieval Period or the Dark

Ages because of the lack of learning• Lasted from about 500 to 1000BCE in Europe

Europe in the 6cEurope in the 6c (500s) (500s)Europe in the 6cEurope in the 6c (500s) (500s)Visigoths- Spain

Ostrogoths, then Lombards- Italy

Burgundians- Border areas of now France and Germany

Angles and Saxons- Britain

Celts- Ireland, Scotland

Franks- North and West France

The Middle Ages

• Waves of invaders terrorized people

• Trades slowed, towns emptied, learning ceased

The Middle Ages

• Germanic tribes & Muslim armies fought for control

• Two forces rose to maintain order: feudalism & the Catholic Church

Romanesque Architectural Romanesque Architectural StyleStyle

Romanesque Architectural Romanesque Architectural StyleStyle Rounded Arches.

Barrel vaults.

Thick walls.

Darker, simplistic interiors.

Small windows, usually at the top of the wall.

Gothic Architectural StyleGothic Architectural StyleGothic Architectural StyleGothic Architectural Style

Pointed arches.

High, narrow vaults.

Thinner walls.

Flying buttresses.

Elaborate, ornate, airier interiors.

Stained-glass windows.

“Flying” Buttresses

Parts of a Medieval Parts of a Medieval CastleCastle

Parts of a Medieval Parts of a Medieval CastleCastle

Feudalism

• Gov’t organized to protect territories from invaders

• Kings, lords exchanged land for military service from thousands; knights fought for lords

• Created social system with kings, nobles on top, merchants & soldiers in the middle & peasants on the bottom

FeudalismFeudalismFeudalismFeudalismA political, economic, and social system based on loyalty and military service.

Vassal- person pledged to you

Many in between

Feudalism

• People left cities to live on manors (the lord’s estate) in order to grow food to live

• Self-sufficient communities where people produced everything they needed

Feudalism

• Peasants paid taxes on milling grains, marriages, rents

• Serfs: could not leave without permission; treated like slaves; children born into serfdom

The Roman Catholic Church• Based in the Vatican in Rome• After the fall of Roman Empire,

people turned to Christianity for guidance & strength

• The Church provided food, shelter, clothing to poor, orphans

• Organized centers for learning; sent out missionaries to recruit new members

Great Schism 1054: Separate Roman Catholic (west) and Eastern Orthodox churches

A Medieval A Medieval Monastery: The Monastery: The

ScriptoriumScriptorium

A Medieval A Medieval Monastery: The Monastery: The

ScriptoriumScriptorium

The Catholic Church• Forced people to pay tithes to the Church• Built cathedrals, ordered works of art • Could excommunicate members or kick them

out of the church• Sold indulgences, simony

Catholic Church organization• Pope: head of Catholic Church; makes Church

law• Cardinals: chooses new pope • Archbishops: govern areas; enforce church law• Bishops: assist Archbishops; also deliver

sermons, raise money for Church• Priests: preach the word of God to the people;

performed sacraments

Catholic Church organization

Pope

Cardinals

Archbishops

Bishops

Priests

The Franks

Most successful of Germanic tribes• Clovis I: established Merovingian dynasty• Do Nothing Kings: Clovis’ descendent were

weak rulers; power passed to Major Domo (Mayor of Palace)

The Franks

Charles Martel: powerful Major Domo• 732BCE: defeated Muslims at Battle of Tours• saved Christian Europe from Muslim conquest

The FranksPepin the Short: Major Domo, son of Charles

Martel• “Gift of Pepin”: Pepin defeated the Lombards &

gave conquered lands to the Pope (land became Papal States)

• The Pope crowned Pepin king of the Franks in return

The Franks

Charlemagne: son of Pepin• created empire that included

France, Northern Italy, Northeast Spain (Spanish March), Germany

• 800: crowned 1st Holy Roman Emperor by Pope

Treaty of VerdunDivided Charlemagne’s empire

between his three grandsons• Charles the Bald: got Frankish

kingdom (France)• Lothair: got Central kingdom

(area between France & Germany; site of many wars)

• Louis the German: got East Frankish kingdom (Germany)

Centralized rule weakened by invasion:

Umayyad (Islam) in Spain

Magyars from Hungary

Vikings from northern Europe

The High Middle Ages

The High Middle AgesLasted from 1100 to 1300 CE; during this period,

Europe developed nation states with populations identifying national unity:

• Nations led by kings, princes as rulers• Made war against others to obtain territory• Trade rose and towns developed• Catholic Church led wars for Christian

domination

Medieval GuildsMedieval GuildsMedieval GuildsMedieval Guilds

Guild Guild HallHall

Guild Guild HallHall

Commercial Monopoly:

Controlled membership apprentice journeyman master craftsman

Controlled quality of the product [masterpiece].

Controlled prices

A guild is an association of craftspeople in a particular trade

Def: exclusive right or ability to provide a service or product

Medieval UniversitiesMedieval UniversitiesMedieval UniversitiesMedieval Universities

1st Universities began

Religion most ‘popular’ subject

Rise of Nation States

• England

• France

• Holy Roman Empire

• Spain

England• Angles, Celts, Jutes, Picts (local tribes) fought

for control of islands• Alfred the Great: king of England who united

British Islands as a kingdom • 1066: Battle of Hastings--• William the Conqueror led Norman Conquest

of England; set up feudal gov’t & efficient tax collection system with the Domesday Book

Evolution of England’s Evolution of England’s Political SystemPolitical System

Evolution of England’s Evolution of England’s Political SystemPolitical System

Henry I:

William’s son.

set up a court system.

Exchequer dept. of royal finances.

Henry II:

established the principle of common law throughout the kingdom.

grand jury.

trial by jury.

England• Richard I (the Lion Heart): led Crusades• John I: forced to sign Magna Carta at

Runnymede (1215); the document made king subject to laws – King needed permission of the nobles to raise taxes– Helped establish Parliament to advise king

The Beginnings of the British The Beginnings of the British ParliamentParliament

The Beginnings of the British The Beginnings of the British ParliamentParliament

Great Council:

middle class merchants, townspeople [burgesses in Eng., bourgeoisie in Fr., burghers in Ger.] were added at the end of the 13c.

eventually called Parliament.

by 1400, two chambers evolved:

o House of Lords nobles & clergy.

o House of Commons knights and burgesses.

France• Hugh Capet seized Paris; established Capetian

dynasty– Created central gov’t in France– Collected taxes & added territory to kingdom

France• Philip II (Augustus): acquired lands in France

belonging to England; more powerful than vassals• Louis IX (St. Louis): created appeals court that

could overturn decisions of lower courts• Philip IV ( the Fair): increased royal power over the

Church; created Estates-General to advise king

Holy Roman Empire

• Located in Germany, central Europe

• Otto I: made alliance with Church; defeated local princes to increase territory

• 1122: Concordat of Worms-only the Church could grant church offices

Holy Roman Empire

• Frederick I (Barbarossa): increased wealth by invading Italian cities; drowned during a crusade

• German states did not unite into a single kingdom

Spain

• large kingdoms of Aragon & Castile spent most of 15th century fighting the Muslims in the “La Reconquista” or the reconquest of Spain

The CrusadesHoly wars to regain Jerusalem from the

Muslims; first called by Pope Urban II who promised:

• Forgiveness for sins• Cancellation of debts• Protection for families

and property• Cancellation of

criminal charges• Land and wealth

(from the Turks)

The Crusades

1st crusade: 3 groups marched to Holy Land• Most successful; crusaders captured Jerusalem

& Antioch; massacred thousands of Muslims• Problems: heat, supplies, disunity

The Crusades

• 2nd: Turks had retaken Jerusalem; group sent to take the city was defeated at Damascus

• 3rd (King’s Crusade): led by kings; Frederick I fell from horse & drowned; Philip II fell ill and returned to France; led by Saladin, Turks kept lands

The Crusades• 4th: crusaders sacked

city of Zara for rival Venetians; excommunicated after they conquered Christian Constantinople; never reconquered Holy Land

• Children’s Crusade - Army made up of children hoped Turks would give up Holy land; children enslaved

Results of the Crusades• Discovery of new ideas, inventions,

weapons

• Kings gained power

• Status of women increased

• Revival of trade between Europe & Middle East

The Famine of 1315-The Famine of 1315-13171317 By 1300 Europeans were farming By 1300 Europeans were farming

almost all the land they could cultivate.almost all the land they could cultivate. A population crisis developed.A population crisis developed. Climate changesClimate changes in Europe produced in Europe produced

three years of cold, heavy rainthree years of cold, heavy rain Crop failures between 1315-17Crop failures between 1315-17 As many as 15% of the peasants in As many as 15% of the peasants in

some English villages died.some English villages died. One consequence ofOne consequence of

starvation & povertystarvation & povertywas susceptibility towas susceptibility todisease.disease.

THE PLAGUE

The The SymptomsSymptoms

Bulbous

Septicemic Form:

almost 100% mortality rate.

From the From the Toggenburg Toggenburg BibleBible, 1411, 1411

The Disease The Disease CycleCycle

Flea drinks rat blood that carries the

bacteria.

Flea drinks rat blood that carries the

bacteria.

Flea’s gut cloggedwith bacteria.

Flea’s gut cloggedwith bacteria.

Bacteriamultiply inflea’s gut.

Bacteriamultiply inflea’s gut.

Flea bites human and regurgitates blood into human wound.

Flea bites human and regurgitates blood into human wound.

Human is infected!Human is infected!

Medieval Art & the Medieval Art & the PlaguePlague

Bring out your dead!

An obsession An obsession with death.with death.

Death Triumphant !:Death Triumphant !:A Major Artistic A Major Artistic

ThemeTheme

Panic sets in

Attempts to Stop the Attempts to Stop the PlaguePlague

A Doctor’s Robe

“Leeching”

Also, tried containment and quarantine but often too late or not enough places participate

Attempts to Stop the Attempts to Stop the PlaguePlague

Flagellanti:Self-inflicted “penance” for our

sins!

Attempts to Stop the Attempts to Stop the PlaguePlagueBlame the Jews

“Jew” hat

“Golden Circle” obligatory badge

A Little Macabre A Little Macabre DittyDitty“A sickly season,” the merchant

said,“The town I left was filled with dead,and everywhere these queer red fliescrawled upon the corpses’ eyes,eating them away.”

“Fair make you sick,” the merchant said,“They crawled upon the wine and bread.Pale priests with oil and books,bulging eyes and crazy looks,dropping like the flies.”

A Little Macabre A Little Macabre DittyDitty (2)(2)“I had to laugh,” the merchant said,

“The doctors purged, and dosed, and bled;“And proved through solemn disputation“The cause lay in some constellation.“Then they began to die.”

“First they sneezed,” the merchant said,“And then they turned the brightest red,Begged for water, then fell back.With bulging eyes and face turned black,they waited for the flies.”

A Little Macabre A Little Macabre Ditty Ditty (3)(3)“I came away,” the merchant

said,“You can’t do business with the dead.“So I’ve come here to ply my trade.“You’ll find this to be a fine brocade…”

And then he sneezed……….!

The Mortality

Rate35% - 70%

25,000,000 dead !!!

In the Year 2007• One third of the world’s population are

infected with …

• Each year, nearly 9 million people around the world become sick with …..

• Each year, there are almost 2 million …-related deaths worldwide. 

What is it?

Source: CDC, WHO

The ThreatTB Spreads through the air

Causes chest pain, cough, cough up blood

If not treated can infect ~10-15 people a year

If not treated it kills 2/3rds affected

If treated less than 5% die

Most US cases are immigrants, minorities, or inmate populations

TB rates in US have been falling

World Health Organization classifies as a disease of povertySource:

CDC, WHO

Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR TB)

– MDR TB is active TB disease caused by bacteria that are resistant to the two drugs most commonly used for treatment

– Forty-seven states and the District of Columbia have reported diagnosing and caring for persons with MDR TB.

– It has been estimated that one MDR TB case can cost as much as $1.5 million

(direct medical expenses and productivity losses).

Source: CDC, WHO

Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis (XDR TB)

– There has been a global emergence of XDR TB, a rare type of MDR TB. 

– XDR TB is resistant to almost all drugs used to treat TB, raising concerns of an epidemic of virtually untreatable TB.

– XDR TB has been found in every region of the world, including the United States. 

– XDR TB is much more expensive to treat (two times that of MDR TB)

• more side effects from the medications• more likely to die.

Source: CDC, WHO

WHO Goals• WHO wants to reduce prevalence and death rates

by 50% in next 5 years…• Could be done for $57 billion• Need $31 billion more

• For perspective: NASA budget 2007: $16 Billion

Total Cost of Iraq War: $450 Billion (as of today not tomorrow or next week)

Cost per Week: $2 billion (according to congress)

What are the consequences of refusing medical care to poor, indigent, jailed, or immigrant classes?