The Ministry of Higher and secondary specialization education of the Republic The Ministry of Higher and secondary specialization education of the Republic

Uzbekistan academic lyceum named by Sobir RahimovUzbekistan academic lyceum named by Sobir Rahimov

• Theme: Theme: The Past Indefinite TenseThe Past Indefinite Tense•• Checked by: Checked by: EnglishEnglish teacher teacher • Kuzgibayeva D. Kuzgibayeva D. • Done by: Done by: 303-group student 303-group student • Sattorov Sh.Sattorov Sh.

Tashkent - 2008Tashkent - 2008

The Past Indefinite TenseThe Past Indefinite Tense To beTo be

Affirmative

Interrogative

Negative

I, he, she, it

waswe, you,

they were

was

I, he, she, it?

werewe, you,

they?

I, he, she, it

was not

we, you, they

were not

• For: For: He He was there. was there. Was he there? Was he there? He was not there.He was not there.

You were there. You were there. Were you there? Were you there? They were not They were not there.there.

To haveTo have

Affirmative

Interrogative

Negative

I, he, she, it

hadwe, you,

they had

hadI, he, she,

it?had

we, you, they?

I, he, she, it

had notwe, you,

theyhad not

• For:For:

I had a big dog. I had a big dog. Had he a big dog? Had he a big dog? I had not a big I had not a big dog. dog.

They had a book. They had a book. Had they a book? Had they a book? They had not a They had not a book. book.

Can Can

Affirmative

Interrogative

Negative

I, he, she, it

couldwe, you,

they could

couldI, he, she,

it?couldwe, you,

they?

I, he, she, it

could notwe, you,

theycould not

• For:For:

• He could speak He could speak English language. English language.

• Could he speak Could he speak English language?English language?

• He could not speak He could not speak English language. English language.

Regular and irregular verbsRegular and irregular verbs

• Work – worked – worked write – wrote – Work – worked – worked write – wrote – written written

• Like – liked – liked go – went – gone Like – liked – liked go – went – gone

• Stay – stayed – stayed know – knew – Stay – stayed – stayed know – knew – known known

• Answer – answered – answered sit – sat – Answer – answered – answered sit – sat – sat sat

• Verb to dry = driedVerb to dry = dried

• Verb to worry = worriedVerb to worry = worried

The Simple Past tenseThe Simple Past tense

• I went to the wedding of my friend.I went to the wedding of my friend.• He walked to the station.He walked to the station.• The Simple Past Tense InterrogativeThe Simple Past Tense Interrogative• Shakespeare liked London Shakespeare liked London AffirmativeAffirmative• Did Shakespeare like London? Interrogative Did Shakespeare like London? Interrogative • The Simple Past Tense NegativeThe Simple Past Tense Negative• Pedro liked London Affirmative Pedro liked London Affirmative • Pedro did not like London Negative Pedro did not like London Negative • Hob went to the wedding AffirmativeHob went to the wedding Affirmative• Hob did not go to the wedding NegativeHob did not go to the wedding Negative

Simple FormsSimple Forms

• Present TensePresent Tense• Present tense expresses an unchanging, repeated, or reoccurring action or Present tense expresses an unchanging, repeated, or reoccurring action or

situation that exists only now. situation that exists only now. It can also represent a widespread truth.It can also represent a widespread truth.• ExampleMeaningExampleMeaningThe mountains The mountains areare tall and white. tall and white.Unchanging actionUnchanging actionEvery Every

year, the school council year, the school council electselects new members. new members. Recurring actionRecurring actionPb Pb isis the the chemical symbol for lead. chemical symbol for lead. Widespread truthPast TenseWidespread truthPast Tense

• Past tense expresses an action or situation that was started and finished Past tense expresses an action or situation that was started and finished in the past. Most past tense verbs end in -ed. The irregular verbs have in the past. Most past tense verbs end in -ed. The irregular verbs have special past tense forms which must be memorized.special past tense forms which must be memorized.

• ExampleFormExampleFormW.W.II W.W.II endedended in 1945. in 1945. Regular -ed pastRegular -ed pastErnest Hemmingway Ernest Hemmingway wrotewrote "The Old Man and the Sea." "The Old Man and the Sea."Irregular formFuture TenseIrregular formFuture Tense

• Future tense expresses an action or situation that will occur in the future. Future tense expresses an action or situation that will occur in the future. This tense is formed by using will/shall with the simple form of the verb.This tense is formed by using will/shall with the simple form of the verb.

• The speaker of the House The speaker of the House will finishwill finish her term in May of 1998. her term in May of 1998.• The future tense can also be expressed by using am, is, or are with going The future tense can also be expressed by using am, is, or are with going

to.to.• The surgeon The surgeon is going to performis going to perform the first bypass in Minnesota. the first bypass in Minnesota.• We can also use the present tense form with an adverb or adverbial phrase We can also use the present tense form with an adverb or adverbial phrase

to show future time.to show future time.• The president The president speaks speaks tomorrow. (Tomorrow is a future time adverb.)tomorrow. (Tomorrow is a future time adverb.)

Progressive FormsProgressive Forms

• Present Progressive TensePresent Progressive Tense• Present progressive tense describes an ongoing action that is happening at Present progressive tense describes an ongoing action that is happening at

the same time the statement is written. This tense is formed by using the same time the statement is written. This tense is formed by using amam//isis//areare with the verb form ending in with the verb form ending in -ing-ing..

• The sociologist The sociologist is examiningis examining the effects that racial discrimination has on the effects that racial discrimination has on society.society.

• Past Progressive TensePast Progressive Tense• Past progressive tense describes a past action which was happening when Past progressive tense describes a past action which was happening when

another action occurred. This tense is formed by using another action occurred. This tense is formed by using waswas//werewere with the with the verb form ending in verb form ending in -ing-ing..

• The explorer The explorer was explainingwas explaining the lastest discovery in Egypt when protests the lastest discovery in Egypt when protests began on the streets.began on the streets.

• Future Progressive TenseFuture Progressive Tense• Future progressive tense describes an ongoing or continuous action that Future progressive tense describes an ongoing or continuous action that

will take place in the future. This tense is formed by using will take place in the future. This tense is formed by using will bewill be or or shall shall bebe with the verb form ending in with the verb form ending in -ing-ing..

• Dr. Jones Dr. Jones will be presentingwill be presenting ongoing research on sexist language next ongoing research on sexist language next week.week.

Perfect FormsPerfect Forms

• Present Perfect TensePresent Perfect Tense• Present perfect tense describes an action that happened at an indefinite time Present perfect tense describes an action that happened at an indefinite time

in the past or that began in the past and continues in the present.This tense in the past or that began in the past and continues in the present.This tense is formed by using is formed by using hashas//havehave with the with the past participlepast participle of the verb. Most past of the verb. Most past participles end in participles end in -ed-ed. Irregular verbs have . Irregular verbs have special past participlesspecial past participles that that must be memorized.must be memorized.

• ExampleMeaning ExampleMeaning The researchers The researchers have traveledhave traveled to many countries in order to many countries in order to collect more significant data.to collect more significant data.At an indefinite timeAt an indefinite timeWomen Women have votedhave voted in in presidential elections since 1921. presidential elections since 1921. Continues in the presentContinues in the presentPast Perfect Past Perfect TenseTense

• Past perfect tense describes an action that took place in the past before Past perfect tense describes an action that took place in the past before another past action. This tense is formed by using another past action. This tense is formed by using hadhad with the with the past past participleparticiple of the verb. of the verb.

• By the time the troops arrived, the war By the time the troops arrived, the war had endedhad ended..• Future Perfect TenseFuture Perfect Tense• Future perfect tense describes an action that will occur in the future before Future perfect tense describes an action that will occur in the future before

some other action. This tense is formed by using some other action. This tense is formed by using will havewill have with the with the past past participleparticiple of the verb. of the verb.

• By the time the troops arrive, the combat group By the time the troops arrive, the combat group will have spentwill have spent several several weeks waiting.weeks waiting.

Perfect Progressive FormsPerfect Progressive Forms

• Present Perfect ProgressivePresent Perfect Progressive• Present perfect progressive tense describes an action that began in the past, Present perfect progressive tense describes an action that began in the past,

continues in the present, and may continue into the future. This tense is formed by continues in the present, and may continue into the future. This tense is formed by using using hashas//havehave beenbeen and the and the present participlepresent participle of the verb (the verb form ending of the verb (the verb form ending in in -ing-ing).).

• The CEO The CEO has been consideringhas been considering a transfer to the state of Texas where profits would be a transfer to the state of Texas where profits would be larger.larger.

• Past Perfect ProgressivePast Perfect Progressive• Past perfect progressive tense describes a past, ongoing action that was completed Past perfect progressive tense describes a past, ongoing action that was completed

before some other past action. This tense is formed by usingbefore some other past action. This tense is formed by using had been had been and the and the present perfectpresent perfect of the verb (the verb form ending in of the verb (the verb form ending in -ing-ing).).

• Before the budget cuts, the students Before the budget cuts, the students had been participatinghad been participating in many extracurricular in many extracurricular activities.activities.

• Future Perfect ProgressiveFuture Perfect Progressive• Future perfect progressive tense describes a future, ongoing action that will occur Future perfect progressive tense describes a future, ongoing action that will occur

before some specified future time. This tense is formed by using before some specified future time. This tense is formed by using will have beenwill have been and and the the present participlepresent participle of the verb (the verb form ending in of the verb (the verb form ending in -ing-ing).).

• By the year 2020, linguists By the year 2020, linguists will have been studyingwill have been studying and and definingdefining the Indo-European the Indo-European language family for more than 200 years.language family for more than 200 years.

Meaning of TensesMeaning of Tenses

• English and most other European languages have what is called English and most other European languages have what is called absolute tenseabsolute tense. This . This means that simply by knowing the tense form of a verb, you know the basic time of the means that simply by knowing the tense form of a verb, you know the basic time of the event. If you use a verb in event. If you use a verb in pastpast tense, the action already took place (it is tense, the action already took place (it is pastpast with with respect to the time of speaking). Likewise, respect to the time of speaking). Likewise, futurefuture tense means that the action has not tense means that the action has not begun at the time you are speaking, and begun at the time you are speaking, and presentpresent means the action is happening at the means the action is happening at the time you are speaking.time you are speaking.

• In the absence of any context to the contrary, Hausa tenses can have similar meanings In the absence of any context to the contrary, Hausa tenses can have similar meanings to those of English, e.g.to those of English, e.g.

• PastPastThey entered.Sun shiga.They entered.Sun shiga.FutureFutureThey will enter.Za su shiga.They will enter.Za su shiga.PresentPresentThey are They are entering.Suna shiga.entering.Suna shiga.But Hausa has what is called But Hausa has what is called relative tenserelative tense. This means that the . This means that the tense form tells you about the time of the event tense form tells you about the time of the event relativerelative to some time of reference. If no to some time of reference. If no time context is mentioned, the assumption is that the time of reference is the moment of time context is mentioned, the assumption is that the time of reference is the moment of speaking, as in the examples in the table above. However, if the time of reference is speaking, as in the examples in the table above. However, if the time of reference is displaced to the past or the future, English (which has displaced to the past or the future, English (which has absolute tenseabsolute tense) must change the ) must change the tense marking, whereas Hausa continues to use the same forms as in the table above.tense marking, whereas Hausa continues to use the same forms as in the table above.

• Past Past (past context)(past context)Yesterday by 3:00 they had entered.Yesterday by 3:00 they had entered.Jiya da 3:00 sun shiga.Jiya da 3:00 sun shiga.Past Past (future context)(future context)Tomorrow at 3:00 they will have entered.Tomorrow at 3:00 they will have entered.Gobe da 3:00 sun shiga.Gobe da 3:00 sun shiga.Future Future (past context)(past context)Yesterday at 3:00 they were about to enter.Jiya da 3:00 za su shiga.Yesterday at 3:00 they were about to enter.Jiya da 3:00 za su shiga.Future Future (future context)(future context)Tomorrow at 3:00 they will enter.*Gobe da 3:00 za su shiga.Tomorrow at 3:00 they will enter.*Gobe da 3:00 za su shiga.Present Present (past context)(past context)Yesterday at 3:00 they were entering.Yesterday at 3:00 they were entering.Jiya da 3:00 suna shiga.Jiya da 3:00 suna shiga.Present Present (future context)(future context)Tomorrow at 3:00 theyTomorrow at 3:00 they will be entering.will be entering.Gobe da 3:00 suna shiga.Gobe da 3:00 suna shiga.

Marking of TensesMarking of Tenses

• English marks tense by changes in the verb form (enter vs. English marks tense by changes in the verb form (enter vs. entered vs. entering) and/or addition of auxiliary verbs (have,entered vs. entering) and/or addition of auxiliary verbs (have, had,had, will,will, are,are, were, etc.). In Hausa, for the most part, the verb itself were, etc.). In Hausa, for the most part, the verb itself does not change to mark tense differences. Hausa marks tense does not change to mark tense differences. Hausa marks tense differences by different sets of differences by different sets of subject pronounssubject pronouns, sometimes with , sometimes with the pronoun combined with some additional particle, such as the pronoun combined with some additional particle, such as preceding za, which marks future (see the table above). For this preceding za, which marks future (see the table above). For this reason, reason, a subject pronoun must accompany every verb in Hausaa subject pronoun must accompany every verb in Hausa, , regardless of whether the subject is known from previous context regardless of whether the subject is known from previous context or is expressed by a noun subject. or is expressed by a noun subject. Here are some examples:Here are some examples:

• Na shiga na zauna.Na shiga na zauna.I entered and sat down.I entered and sat down.("I entered I sat down.")Yara sun shiga sun zauna.The children ("I entered I sat down.")Yara sun shiga sun zauna.The children entered and sat down.entered and sat down.("Children they entered they sat down.")("Children they entered they sat down.")Muna hira muna dariyaMuna hira muna dariyaWe We are chatting and laughing.are chatting and laughing.("We are chatting we are laughing."Yara suna hira suna dariya.The ("We are chatting we are laughing."Yara suna hira suna dariya.The children are chatting and laughing.children are chatting and laughing.("Children they are chatting they are laughing.") ("Children they are chatting they are laughing.")

"Active" vs. "Stative" verbs "Active" vs. "Stative" verbs

• Links to information on Links to information on verb tensesverb tenses • ""ActiveActive" verbs represent some kind of action, such as run, enter, eat, take--in fact the large majority of verbs." verbs represent some kind of action, such as run, enter, eat, take--in fact the large majority of verbs.• ""StativeStative" verbs represent a state of being, a mental state, or a static relationship, such as be-nice, know, see, be-older-" verbs represent a state of being, a mental state, or a static relationship, such as be-nice, know, see, be-older-

than.than.• In English, using an active or a stative verb has an effect on choice of tense.In English, using an active or a stative verb has an effect on choice of tense.• Active verbStative verbActive verbStative verbJohn is drinking tea.John sees the tea.John is drinking tea.John sees the tea.John is John is doingdoing something--he is engaged in an ongoing something--he is engaged in an ongoing

activity.The tea is in John's line of sight and is registering in his brain--he is not "doing" anything.English uses the activity.The tea is in John's line of sight and is registering in his brain--he is not "doing" anything.English uses the present progressivepresent progressive (a form of 'be' + the (a form of 'be' + the -ing-ing form of the verb).English uses the form of the verb).English uses the simple presentsimple present form of the verb. form of the verb.

• In Hausa, the "active" vs. "stative" sense also determines choice of tense.In Hausa, the "active" vs. "stative" sense also determines choice of tense.• Active verb referring to present timeStative verb referring to present timeActive verb referring to present timeStative verb referring to present timeBashir yana shan shayi.Bashir yana shan shayi.

'Bashir is drinking the tea.'Bashir ya ga shayi.'Bashir is drinking the tea.'Bashir ya ga shayi.'Bashir sees the tea.'Bashir is 'Bashir sees the tea.'Bashir is doingdoing an action.The tea is in Bashir's line of sight and is registering in his brain--he is not an action.The tea is in Bashir's line of sight and is registering in his brain--he is not "doing" anything.Hausa uses the "doing" anything.Hausa uses the ContinuativeContinuative, which shows an event that is unfolding over time.Hausa uses the , which shows an event that is unfolding over time.Hausa uses the CompletiveCompletive, which shows that the event is viewed as a "unit", i.e. the effects of the event are complete., which shows that the event is viewed as a "unit", i.e. the effects of the event are complete.English and Hausa differ, however. The Hausa English and Hausa differ, however. The Hausa CompletiveCompletive with a stative verb translates as English with a stative verb translates as English PresentPresent, but the , but the Completive Completive with an active verb usually translates as English with an active verb usually translates as English PastPast tense. This is because the base meaning of the tense. This is because the base meaning of the Completive is that the event is viewed as "complete", i.e. its effects are no longer in a state of flux.Completive is that the event is viewed as "complete", i.e. its effects are no longer in a state of flux.

• Active verb with CompletiveStative verb with CompletiveActive verb with CompletiveStative verb with CompletiveBashir ya sha shayi.Bashir ya sha shayi.'Bashir drank the tea.'Bashir ya ga shayi.'Bashir drank the tea.'Bashir ya ga shayi.'Bashir sees the tea.'Bashir has 'Bashir sees the tea.'Bashir has completedcompleted the tea drinking.Bashir's mental picture of the tea is the tea drinking.Bashir's mental picture of the tea is completecomplete--it is not --it is not evolving from one moment to the next.The translation into English uses a evolving from one moment to the next.The translation into English uses a PastPast tense, showing that the event came to tense, showing that the event came to an end at anearlier time.The translation into English uses a an end at anearlier time.The translation into English uses a Present Present tense, showing that the seeing is in effect at the tense, showing that the seeing is in effect at the present moment.present moment.

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PAST TENSE—PAST PAST TENSE—PAST PARTICIPLEPARTICIPLE

• The interchange of these two parts of the irregular or so-called The interchange of these two parts of the irregular or so-called strongstrong verbs is, perhaps, the breach oftenest committed by careless speakers and verbs is, perhaps, the breach oftenest committed by careless speakers and writers. To avoid mistakes it is requisite to know the principal parts of writers. To avoid mistakes it is requisite to know the principal parts of these verbs, and this knowledge is very easy of acquirement, as there are these verbs, and this knowledge is very easy of acquirement, as there are not more than a couple of hundred of such verbs, and of this number but a not more than a couple of hundred of such verbs, and of this number but a small part is in daily use. Here are some of the most common blunders: "I small part is in daily use. Here are some of the most common blunders: "I seen" for "I saw;" "I done it" for "I did it;" "I drunk" for "I drank;" "I begun" seen" for "I saw;" "I done it" for "I did it;" "I drunk" for "I drank;" "I begun" for "I began;" "I rung" for "I rang;" "I run" for "I ran;" "I sung" for "I sang;" "I for "I began;" "I rung" for "I rang;" "I run" for "I ran;" "I sung" for "I sang;" "I have chose" for "I have chosen;" "I have drove" for "I have driven;" "I have have chose" for "I have chosen;" "I have drove" for "I have driven;" "I have wore" for "I have worn;" "I have trod" for "I have trodden;" "I have shook" wore" for "I have worn;" "I have trod" for "I have trodden;" "I have shook" for "I have shaken;" "I have fell" for "I have fallen;" "I have drank" for "I for "I have shaken;" "I have fell" for "I have fallen;" "I have drank" for "I have drunk;" "I have began" for "I have begun;" "I have rang" for "I have have drunk;" "I have began" for "I have begun;" "I have rang" for "I have rung;" "I have rose" for "I have risen;" "I have spoke" for "I have spoken;" "I rung;" "I have rose" for "I have risen;" "I have spoke" for "I have spoken;" "I have broke" for "I have broken." "It has froze" for "It has frozen." "It has have broke" for "I have broken." "It has froze" for "It has frozen." "It has blowed" for "It has blown." "It has flowed" (of a bird) for "It has flown."blowed" for "It has blown." "It has flowed" (of a bird) for "It has flown."

• N. B.—The past tense and past participle of N. B.—The past tense and past participle of To HangTo Hang is is hangedhanged or or hunghung. . When you are talking about a man meeting death on the gallows, say "He When you are talking about a man meeting death on the gallows, say "He was hanged"; when you are talking about the carcass of an animal say, "It was hanged"; when you are talking about the carcass of an animal say, "It was hung," as "The beef was hung dry." was hung," as "The beef was hung dry." Also say your coat "Also say your coat "waswas hung on a hung on a hook."hook."

•