the modern theory of atomic structure. atoms can be broken down into smaller particles. this was...
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The Modern Theory of
Atomic Structure
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Atoms can be broken down into smaller particles. This was first done with a Crooke’s Tube.
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Particles which make up the atom are called subatomic particles.
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Protons
Positively charged particles in
the nucleus
Neutrons - Neutral particles in the nucleus
Electrons
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Particle Mass
(P = 1)
Charge Location
Proton
Neutron
Electron
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Do “Instant Practice” on top of page 170
Element Symbol Atomic Number
Number of Protons
Hydrogen 1
Beryllium 4
Carbon
Cobalt
Krypton 36
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Hydrogen-1 Hydrogen-2 Hydrogen-3
Isotopes of Hydrogen
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Isotopes are:Different forms of the same element with the SAME # of Protons but with DIFFERENT #’s of Neutrons
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Hydrogen-1 Hydrogen-2 Hydrogen-3
Isotopes of Hydrogen
1H 2H 3H
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Mass Number = Total Protons + Neutrons
in an isotope of an element
3HMass Number
P + N1 P + 2 N’s
Also called “Hydrogen – 3”
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3H
Called the “Nuclear Notation”
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To find P’s and N’s from Nuclear Notation
41CaCalcium’s atomic Number = 20
So it has 20 Protons
To find # of Neutrons, put Atomic Number Here: 20
Mass # = P + N
Subtract to get # of Neutrons
21
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Find the # of Protons and # of Neutrons in Each of the Following Isotopes:
Isotope Mass # Atomic # # of Protons
# of Neutrons
54Fe
56Mn
237Np
12C
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Now try the other way!Isotope Mass # Atomic # # of
Protons# of
Neutrons
55 78
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Radioactive Isotopes
-Isotopes that have unstable nuclei-They “fall apart” giving off radiation
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Cobalt – 60 or 60Co -Is used to kill cancer cells in radiation therapy
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Uranium-235 or 235U is used to make atomic bombs!
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Radiation from atomic bombs can cause severe radiation burns to the skin!
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Hydrogen-2 or 2H is called deuterium.
Deuterium oxide 2H2O is also called “Heavy Water”
It is used in Canadian (CANDU) nuclear power plants.
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Lithium on Earth is about 7% 6Li and 93% 7Li.
Total Mass of 6Li= 7 x 6 = 42
7 7 7 7 6 7 7 7 7 7
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
7 7 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
7 7 7 7 7 7 6 7 7 7
7 7 7 7 6 7 7 7 7 7
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 6 7
7 7 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
7 7 7 7 7 7 6 7 7 7
Total Mass of 7Li= 93 x 7 = 651
Total Mass of 100 Lithium Atoms= 42 + 651 = 693
Average Mass of 1 Li Atom = 693/100 = 6.93
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The “weighted average” mass of isotopes of an element is called it’s Atomic Mass
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The “weighted average” mass of isotopes of an element is called it’s Atomic Mass
It is shown underneath the symbol on the Periodic Table
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Element
Atomic Number
Number of Protons Atomic Mass
Ag
Se
Bh
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In a Neutral Atom of an Element:
The # of Electrons(-) = The # of Protons(+)
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In a Neutral Atom of an Element:
The # of Electrons(-) = The # of Protons(+)
Neutral Carbon has ____ Protons
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When white light is shone through a prism, it is separated into different colours.
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The Pattern of Colours is called a SPECTRUM
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If a single element is subjected to a high voltage, it has a spectrum too, but it is different!
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If a single element is subjected to a high voltage, it has a spectrum too, but it is different!
The spectrum of Hydrogen only has a few “lines”
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Niels Bohr
A Danish Physicist
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Bohr said the atom has different “Energy Levels” or “Orbits” or “Shells” which the electrons could inhabit.
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When energy is added to an atom, the electron “jumps” to a higher orbit (the atom is then in an “excited state”)
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When electrons jump from higher orbits back to lower orbits, they “give off” energy in the form of light.
Different “jumps” give different colours.
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Since atoms of different elements have different electron arrangements, each element has its own unique spectrum!
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Spectra can be used to “identify” an unknown element – like a fingerprint!
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Bohr’s Orbits
First Orbit
Second Orbit
Third Orbit
Maximum # of
Electrons
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Bohr Models:
Element
Atomic Number
Total # of Electrons
Electrons in First Orbit
Electrons in Second
Orbit
Electrons in Third
Orbit
He
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Bohr Models:
Element
Atomic Number
Total # of Electrons
Electrons in First Orbit
Electrons in Second
Orbit
Electrons in Third
Orbit
C
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Bohr Models:
Element
Atomic Number
Total # of Electrons
Electrons in First Orbit
Electrons in Second
Orbit
Electrons in Third
Orbit
N
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Bohr Models:
Element
Atomic Number
Total # of Electrons
Electrons in First Orbit
Electrons in Second
Orbit
Electrons in Third
Orbit
Cl