The Mouth• Roof- covered by _____________ membranes

– Front part is a _________ portion= ________ palate– __________ ________ part= _______ palate

• Purpose: – the _______ palate divides the __________ and the

__________ passages above– the __________ palate acts as a curtain between the

__________ and the __________

Tongue• Made up of many different

muscles• Needed for:

–Chewing–Swallowing –Talking

Papillae• Upper surface is covered by ____________

(containing __________ buds)–sweet, salty, sour & bitter

_____________________

___________

___________

Papilla- Cone Shaped Protuberance

Salivary Glands• Three pairs

– Saliva contains a ___________ __________ called _____________• Amylase breaks down __________

1. __________ Gland2. __________ Gland3. __________ Gland

Lips• Covered w/ ________

on the outside & _________ _______on the inside

• Major lip muscle = ___________ _______

• Inside portion of both lips are connected to the ___________

Orbicularis Oris

Teeth!

_________ Teeth __________ Teeth• Also known as baby

teeth, ______teeth, or ___________ teeth

• Children have ____

• Adult or ____________ teeth

• Adults have _____ permanent teeth

Types of Teeth1. ________- chisel shaped to ______ into

food

2. ___________- “cusp” means _________; next to incisors; ________ food

3. ______________- tear and _______; total of _____

4. ___________- grind and mash food; have ______ cusps; ______total

Incisors

Canine/Cuspid

Bicuspid/ Premolar

Molars

Wisdom Teeth (aka third molars)• May grow

___________, partially emerging from the gum– If partially erupted,

_________ grow around the tooth opening infection

– Embedded= _____________

Tissue of the Teeth1. _______- blood ________/ __________;

______

2. _____________- ____________ tissue surrounding the pulp

3. ___________- non-living _________ ______________ and ______________ surrounding the dentin

Teeth Security• _____________- tooth socket• _____________- mucosal tissue covering

the alveolar processes• ______________ ligaments- attaches

tooth to the ___________ ________; __________ teeth

• _____________ - the __________ part of a tooth. • ___________ - soft tissue surrounding the base of the teeth. • ___________ – anchor extending to the ___________

(range= 1-4)

Periodontal Disease• def: the ____________________ of

periodontal ligaments, gingiva, & alveolar bone

• Affects:– Gums & bones supporting the teeth

Cont…• Cause:

– ______________ _________ tarter buildup

– Result of inadequate ___________ & ______________

• Most common disease= ____________– Gingivitis Periodontal Disease

Gingivitis- ______________ of the gums caused by bacteria in plaque

Moderate Periodontal Disease- Low grade _____________ of the gums

Periodontal pocket (5mm) Tartar Buildup

Advanced Periodontal Disease- destroys the ___________ ___________ that holds the

teeth

Periodontal pocket (+6 mm)

Cavities• Cause:

– _____________ & food particles stick to teeth _____________

– Bacteria digests _______ in food _______• w/o treatment:

– Destroys __________ & decay progresses to ____________

• Treatment: – filling, root canal, capping, removal

Plaque

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Toothdecay.png

Malocclusion• The failure of the teeth to _________ properly

– Ie. overbite, underbite, and crowding• Treatment: Braces

Halitosis (aka ______ breath)• Cause:

– ____________ produced when bacteria break down food

– Smoking, ___________ ___________or gum ______________, diet or ___________ mouth

– _____________or ____________ failure

Beyond the Mouth…

-Food down the ___________

- Down the ___________

- To the Stomach

Anatomy• Gastroesophageal/

_____________ Opening- opening of ____________ into ____________

• Lower Esophageal Sphincter/_______________________- muscle surrounding the cardiac opening

Cardiac Sphincter

Cardiac Opening

• Fundus- left of & _________ to cardiac _________

• Body- largest ______ – Greater Curvature– Lesser Curvature

Fundus

Body

Grea

ter C

urva

tureLesser Curvature

• Pyloric Part– Pyloric Antrum= wider

part of funnel– Pyloric Canal-=narrow

part of funnel

• Pyloric __________= where pyloric canal opens into ________ ____________

• Pyloric Sphincter (Pylorus)= ring of __________ _________(regulates gastric movement into small intestine)

Pyloric SphincterPyloric Orifice

Pyloric Antrum

Pyloric Canal

Histology• ___________- outermost layer of the stomach

– ___________ ___________epithelium & inner CT• _____________

– Three layers: longitudinal, circular, inner oblique• Submucosa & Mucosa

– ___________- large folds that allow the mucosa & submucosa to _____________

• Lined w/ simple columnar epithelium• Epithelium forms tube-like gastric pits=

openings for gastric glands

• Epithelial Cells (5 types)– Surface Mucous Cells: produce

mucous on cell surface; lines gastric pit

– In the gastric gland:• Mucous Neck Cells: produce

_____________ (protects stomach wall from chyme and pepsin)

• Parietal Cells: produce ________ (breaks down protein and food microbes) & ___________ _________(absorption of vitamins)

• Chief Cells: produce ____________ (activated by HCl which becomes pepsin which breaks down protein)

• Endocrine Cells: produce regulatory _______________

Surface Mucous Cells

Mucous Neck Cells

Parietal Cells

Endocrine Cell

Chief Cells

Stomach• Functions:

–Storage–Mixing & Propulsion–Digestion–Absorption

Not so much

Mixing & Storage

• Chyme- mixture of _________ & ___________ secretion

• Stomach Secretions= mucus, hydrochloric acid, gastrin, histamine, intrinsic factor, & pepsinogen

Stomach MovementFood Enters

Rugae flatten & volume increases

Mixing waves & Peristaltic Contractions

Peristaltic waves- force chyme near pyloric sphincter

Food is mixed w/ secretions= chyme

Peristaltic contractions force chyme through pyloric opening

Chyme enters the duodenum

Waves

• ____________ Waves- contractions occurring every ______ s, proceeding from the body to the pyloric sphincter.

• _____________ Waves- occur less frequently, more powerful, force ____________ towards the pyloric sphincter.

Heartburn (Pyrosis)

• Painful/burning sensation in the chest– Reflux of __________ into the esophagus

• Pain may be confused w/ an ulcer or heart attack

• Cause: overeating _________ foods, ___________ down after a meal, too much ____________ or ___________, & _______________

Stomach Ulcer (Gastric Ulcer)• Cause:

– Destruction of the ____________ lining of the stomach by ______

• Symptoms:– Burning/gnawing feeling in the stomach (30 min- 3

hrs.)• May be interpreted as heartburn, indigestion or hunger

– Relieved by drinking ___________, ___________, resting, or ______________

– _________ stool, vomiting, ___________ in the stool, anemia

The Small Intestine• Three Parts:

– _________________ (25 cm)– _________________ (2.5m)– _________________ (3.5m)

• Two _______________ Glands– Liver– Pancreas Associated w/ _______________

Where the greatest amount of __________ and ____________ occur!

Duodenum Anatomy• Curves within the

_____________ cavity– Head of ___________ is

within the ______

• Beginning: _________/_________ part exiting the ___________ of the stomach

• Ending: sharp bend joining the ____________

• Two mounds within the __________ (2/3 the way down)– Ducts from the

_________ &/or the __________ open here

Other Digestive Organs

• Pancreas- helps control __________ sugar levels

• Liver- produces _________ to break down ________

• Gallbladder- stores __________

Villi- projections of the ___________ _____________of the intestine

• Covered by ____________ ________________ epithelium

Microvilli• ___________________ extensions of _______• Increase _________• _____________ _______________- combined microvilli of

the epithelial surface

Jejunum & Ileum

• Structure similar to duodenum– Gradual

______________ in __________, intestinal wall ____________, & _____ of villi

• Jejunum- major site of __________________

• Illeum- some ________________

Digestion in the Small Intestine

· Pancreatic ___________ play the major _______________ function· Complete digestion of __________ into

simple sugars(___________ __________)· Carry out about ______ of all ___________

____________ (__________, ___________)

· Responsible for ______ digestion (_______)

· Digest _________ ________(___________)

· Alkaline content ____________ acidic _______

Large Intestine

Functions of the Large Intestine

· Absorption of __________

· Eliminates ____________ ________ from the body as _________

· Does not ___________ in digestion of food

· ____________ cells produce mucus to act as a _______________

Structures of the Large Intestine

· Cecum – ____________ _________ part of the large intestine

· Appendix

· Accumulation of __________ tissue that sometimes becomes ___________(_________________)

· Hangs from the ______________

Structures of the Large Intestine

· Colon· _________________· _________________· _________________· _________________

· Rectum· Anus – external body opening

Food Breakdown and Absorption in the Large Intestine

· No digestive enzymes are ____________· Resident bacteria digest remaining

__________· Produce some _____________________· Release _____________

· Water and vitamins K and B are absorbed· Remaining materials are eliminated via

_____________

Propulsion in the Large Intestine· Sluggish ______________· ___________ movements

· ________, _____________ movements· Occur _______ to _______ times per day

· Presence of feces in the rectum causes a _____________ __________· ___________ ________ _________is relaxed· Defecation occurs with relaxation of the

____________ (__________) anal sphincter