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Name: Period: ________

India and the Pacific Key Terms and People

(Choose 3 of the four: Definition, use in a sentence, adjective, picture. Be sure to list the vocab word or term next to each number)

1.) Mauryan

2.) Asoka

3.) Tamil

4.) Religious Toleration

5.) Matriarchal

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6.) Shinto

7.) Samurai

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8.) Bushido

9.) Shogun

10.) Rowlatt Acts

11.) Amritsar Massacre

12.) Mohandas K. Gandhi

13.) Civil Disobedience

14.) Salt March

15.) Mustafa Kemal

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The Buddhism Organizer

Religions of South Asia (Fill In)

Outline where Buddhism is located today.

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What is the fundamental cause of all suffering?

(One Word)

The Four Noble Truths

#1 #2 #3 #4

Description: Description: Description: Description:

Eightfold Path(One Word)

Which is…

Types of BuddhismTherevada Buddhism Mahayana Buddhism Tibetan Buddhism Zen Buddhism

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The Hindu Organizer

Roots Hindu Beliefs Moksha Karma

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Hindu Holidays

Hindu Gods

Hindu Temples

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Map o

f India

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Cities

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States

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Key

Label all of the following Bodies of Water (you do not have to

color them).

•Arabian Sea•Indian Ocean•Bay of Bengal

Label all of the following Cities

•Shimia•Jaipur

•Bangalore •Bhopal

•Chandigarth•Delhi

•Hyderabad •Leh

Outline, color and Label the following states. Be sure to color each state a separate color

•Jamma & Kashmir•Himanchal Pradesh•Punjab•Uttaranchal•Haryana•Mizoram•Meghalaya•Goa•Kelala•Assam•Karnataka•West Bengal•Manipur•Sikkim•Rajasthan•Orrisa•Madhya Pradesh•Nagaland•Arunachal Pradesh•Bihar•Gujarat•Chhattisgarh •Uttar Pradesh •Tripura•Jharkhand

•Maharastra•Andhra Pradesh •Tamil Nadu•Pondicherry

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Planned Cities on the Indus SETTING THE STAGE The great civilizations of Mesopotamia and Egypt rose and fell. They left behind much physical

evidence about their ways of life. This is the case in what today is the area known as Pakistan and part of India where

another civilization arose about 2500 B.C. However, historians know less about its origins and the reasons for its eventual

decline than they do about the origins and decline of Mesopotamia and Egypt, because the language of the culture has

not been translated.

The Geography of the Indian Subcontinent Geographers often refer to the landmass that includes India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh as the Indian subcontinent. A

wall of the highest mountains in the world—the Hindu Kush, Karakorum, and Himalayan ranges—separates this

region from the rest of the Asian continent.

The world’s tallest mountains to the north and a large desert to the east helped protect the Indus Valley from invasion. The

mountains guard an enormous flat and fertile plain formed by two rivers—the Indus and the Ganges (GAN•jeez). Each

river is an important link from the interior of the subcontinent to the sea. The Indus River flows southwest from the

Himalayas to the Arabian Sea. Much of the lower Indus Valley is occupied by the Thar Desert. Farming is possible only

in the areas directly watered by the Indus. The Ganges drops down from the Himalayas and flows eastward across

northern India. It joins the Brahmaputra River as it flows to the Bay of Bengal. The Indus and Ganges and the lands they

water make up a large area that stretches 1,700 miles across northern India and is called the Indo-Gangetic Plain.

Like the Tigris, the Euphrates, and the Nile, these rivers carry not only water for irrigation, but also silt, which produces

rich land for agriculture. Below the Indo-Gangetic Plain, the southern part of the subcontinent is a peninsula that thrusts

south into the Indian Ocean. The center of the peninsula is a high plateau cut by twisting rivers. This region is called the

Deccan (DEK•uhn) Plateau. The plateau is framed by low mountain ranges called the Eastern and Western Ghats. These

mountains keep moist air from reaching the plateau, making it a dry region. A narrow border of lush, tropical land lies

along the coasts of southern India.

Seasonal winds called monsoons dominate India’s climate. From October to February, winter monsoons from the

northeast blow dry air westward across the country. Then, from the middle of June through October, the winds shift.

These monsoons blow eastward from the southwest, carrying moisture from the ocean in great rain clouds. The powerful

storms bring so much moisture that flooding often happens. When the summer monsoons fail to develop, drought often

causes crop disasters.

The civilization that emerged along the Indus River faced many of the same challenges as the ancient Mesopotamian and

Egyptian civilizations.

• Yearly floods spread deposits of rich soil over a wide area. However, the floods along the Indus were unpredictable.

• The rivers sometimes changed course.

• The cycle of wet and dry seasons brought by the monsoon winds was unpredictable. If there was too little rain, plants

withered in the fields and people went hungry. If there was too much rain, floods swept away whole villages.

Civilization Emerges on the Indus Historians know less about the civilization in the Indus Valley than about those to the west. They have not yet deciphered

the Indus system of writing. Evidence comes largely from archaeological digs, although many sites remain unexplored,

and floods probably washed away others long ago. At its height, however, the civilization of the Indus Valley influenced

an area much larger than did either Mesopotamia or Egypt.

No one is sure how human settlement began in the Indian subcontinent. Perhaps people who arrived by sea from Africa

settled the south. Northern migrants may have made their way through the Khyber Pass in the Hindu Kush mountains.

Archaeologists have found evidence in the highlands of agriculture and domesticated sheep and goats dating to about

7000 B.C. By about 3200 B.C., people were farming in villages along the Indus River.

Around 2500 B.C., while Egyptians were building pyramids, people in the Indus Valley were laying the bricks for India’s

first cities. They built strong levees, or earthen walls, to keep water out of their cities. When these were not enough, they

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constructed human-made islands to raise the cities above possible floodwaters. Archaeologists have found the ruins of

more than 100 settlements along the Indus and its tributaries mostly in modern-day Pakistan. The largest cities were

Kalibangan, Mohenjo-Daro, and Harappa. Indus Valley civilization is sometimes called Harappan, because of the many

archaeological discoveries made at that site. One of the most remarkable achievements of the Indus Valley people was

their sophisticated city planning. The cities of the early Mesopotamians were a jumble of buildings connected by a maze

of winding streets. In contrast, the people of the Indus laid out their cities on a precise grid system. Cities featured a

fortified area called a citadel, which contained the major buildings of the city. Buildings were constructed of oven baked

bricks cut in standard sizes, unlike the simpler, irregular, sun-dried mud bricks of the Mesopotamians.

Early engineers also created sophisticated plumbing and sewage systems. These systems could rival any urban drainage

systems built before the 19th century. The uniformity in the cities’ planning and construction suggests that the Indus

peoples had developed a strong central government.

Harappa itself is a good example of this city planning. The city was partially built on mud-brick platforms to protect it

from flooding. A thick brick wall about three and a half miles long surrounded it. Inside was a citadel, which provided

protection for the royal family and also served as a temple. The streets in its grid system were as wide as 30 feet. Walls

divided residential districts from each other. Houses varied in size. Some may have been three stories high. Narrow lanes

separated rows of houses, which were laid out in block units. Houses featured bathrooms where wastewater flowed out to

the street and then to sewage pits outside the city walls.

Harappan Culture Harappan culture spread throughout the Indus valley. Like the Egyptian and Mesopotamian civilizations you have

studied, the culture was based on agriculture. Artifacts help to explain some aspects of the culture.

Like the other two river valley civilizations, the Harappan culture developed a written language. In contrast to cuneiform

and hieroglyphics, the Harappan language has been impossible to decipher. This is because, unlike the other two

languages, linguists have not found any inscriptions that are bilingual. The Harappan language is found on stamps and

seals made of carved stone used for trading pottery and tools. About 400 symbols make up the language. Scientists believe

the symbols, like hieroglyphs, are used both to depict an object and also as phonetic sounds. Some signs stand alone and

others seem to be combined into words.

The Harappan cities show a remarkable uniformity in religion and culture. The housing suggests that social divisions in

the society were not great. Artifacts such as clay and wooden children’s toys suggest a relatively prosperous society that

could afford to produce nonessential goods. Few weapons of warfare have been found, suggesting that conflict was

limited. The presence of animal images on many types of artifacts suggests that animals were an important part of the

culture. Animals are seen on pottery, small statues, children’s toys, and seals used to mark trade items. The images

provide archaeologists with information about animals that existed in the region. However, some of the seals portray

beasts with parts of several different animals—for example, the head of a man, an elephant trunk and tusks, horns of a

bull, and the rump of a tiger. As in the case of the Harappan language, the meaning of these images has remained a

mystery.

As with other cultures, the rulers of the Harappan civilization are believed to have close ties to religion. Archaeologists

think that the culture was a theocracy. But no site of a temple has been found. Priests likely prayed for good harvests and

safety from floods. Religious artifacts reveal links to modern Hindu culture. Figures show what may be early

representations of Shiva, a major Hindu god. Other figures relate to a mother goddess, fertility images, and the worship of

the bull. All of these became part of later Indian civilization.

The Harappans conducted a thriving trade with peoples in the region. Gold and silver came from the north in Afghanistan.

Semiprecious stones from Persia and the Deccan Plateau were crafted into jewelry. The Indus River provided an excellent

means of transportation for trade goods. Brightly colored cotton cloth was a desirable trade item since few people at the

time knew how to grow cotton. Overland routes moved goods from Persia to the Caspian Sea. The Indus River provided a

link to the sea. This access allowed Indus Valley inhabitants to develop trade with distant peoples, including the

Mesopotamians. Seals probably used by Indus merchants to identify their goods have been found in Sumer. Ships used

the Persian Gulf trade routes to bring copper, lumber, precious stones, and luxury goods to Sumer. Trading began as early

as 2600 B.C. and continued until 1800 B.C.

Indus Valley Culture Ends

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Around 1750 B.C., the quality of building in the Indus Valley cities declined. Gradually, the great cities fell into decay.

The fate of the cities remained a mystery until the 1970s. Then, satellite images of the subcontinent of India

revealed evidence of shifts in tectonic plates. The plate movement probably caused earthquakes and floods and altered the

course of the Indus River. Some cities along the rivers apparently suffered through these disasters and survived. Others

were destroyed. The shifts may have caused another river, the Sarswati, to dry up. Trade on this river became impossible,

and cities began to die. Harappan agriculture, too, would have been influenced by these events. It is likely that these

environmental changes prevented production of large quantities of food. Furthermore, Harappan agriculture may have

suffered as a result of soil that was exhausted by overuse. This too, may have forced people to leave the cities in order to

survive. Other factors had an impact on the Indus subcontinent. As Chapter 3 explains, the Aryans, a nomadic people from

north of the Hindu Kush mountains, swept into the Indus Valley around 1500 B.C. Indian civilization would grow again

under the influence of these nomads. At this same time, farther to the east, another civilization was arising. It was isolated

from outside influences.

1. For each term or name, write a sentence explaining its significance: • subcontinent • monsoon • Harappan civilization 2. What problems can monsoons cause? 3. How were the planned cities of the Indus Valley different from other early cities? 4. What reasons are suggested for the disappearance of the Indus Valley civilization? 5. What evidence suggests Indus Valley cities were run by a strong central government?

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6. What skills would the construction of planned cities require? Explain. 7. How were the people of the Indus Valley connected to Mesopotamia?

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Geography Settlements/buildings/cities

Harappa: what we don’t know Harappa: what we know

Religious beliefs Economic Life

Harappa: what we hypothesize

Harappan/Early Indus Valley pgs 44-47

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The Mughal Empire in India SETTING THE STAGE The Gupta Empire, which you read about in Chapter 7, crumbled in the late 400s. First, Arabs

invaded. Then, warlike Muslim tribes from Central Asia carved northwestern India into many small kingdoms. Leaders

called rajputs, or “sons of kings,” ruled those kingdoms. The people who invaded descended from Muslim Turks and

Afghans. Their leader was a descendant of Timur the Lame and of the Mongol conqueror Genghis Khan. They called

themselves

Mughals, which means “Mongols.” The land they invaded had been through a long period of turmoil.

Early History of the Mughals The 8th century began with a long, bloody clash between Hindus and Muslims in this fragmented land. For almost 300

years, the Muslims were able to advance only as far as the Indus River valley. Starting around the year 1000, however,

well-trained Turkish armies swept into India. Led by Sultan Mahmud (muh•MOOD) of Ghazni, they devastated Indian

cities and temples in 17 brutal campaigns. These attacks left the region weakened and vulnerable to other conquerors.

Delhi eventually became the capital of a loose empire of Turkish warlords called the Delhi Sultanate. These sultans

treated the Hindus as conquered people.

Delhi Sultanate Between the 13th and 16th centuries, 33 different sultans ruled this divided territory from their seat in

Delhi. In 1398, Timur the Lame destroyed Delhi. The city was so completely devastated that according to one witness,

“for months, not a bird moved in the city.” Delhi eventually was rebuilt. But it was not until the 16th century that a leader

arose who would unify the empire.

Babur Founds an Empire In 1494, an 11-year-old boy named Babur inherited a kingdom in the area that is now

Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. It was only a tiny kingdom, and his elders soon took it away and drove him south. But Babur

built up an army. In the years that followed, he swept down into India and laid the foundation for the vast Mughal Empire.

Babur was a brilliant general. In 1526, for example, he led 12,000 troops to victory against an army of 100,000

commanded by a sultan of Delhi. A year later, Babur also defeated a massive rajput army. After Babur’s death, his

incompetent son, Humayun, lost most of the territory Babur had gained. Babur’s 13-year-old grandson took over the

throne after Humayun’s death.

Akbar’s Golden Age Babur’s grandson was called Akbar, which means “Greatest One.” Akbar certainly lived up to his name, ruling

India with wisdom and tolerance from 1556 to 1605.

A Military Conqueror Akbar recognized military power as the root of his strength. In his opinion, “A monarch

should ever be intent on conquest, otherwise his neighbors rise in arms against him.” Like the Safavids and the Ottomans,

Akbar equipped his armies with heavy artillery. Cannons enabled him to break into walled cities and extend his rule into

much of the Deccan plateau. In a brilliant move, he appointed some rajputs as officers. In this way he turned potential

enemies into allies. This combination of military power and political wisdom enabled Akbar to unify a land of at least 100

million people—more than in all of Europe put together.

A Liberal Ruler Akbar was a genius at cultural blending. He was a Muslim, and he firmly defended religious freedom. He

permitted people of other religions to practice their faiths. He proved his tolerance by marrying, among others, two

Hindus, a Christian, and a Muslim. He allowed his wives to practice their religious rituals in the palace. He proved his

tolerance again by abolishing both the tax on Hindu pilgrims and the hated jizya, or tax on non-Muslims. He even

appointed a Spanish Jesuit to tutor his second son. Akbar governed through a bureaucracy of officials. Natives and

foreigners, Hindus and Muslims, could all rise to high office. This approach contributed to the quality of his government.

Akbar’s chief finance minister, Todar Mal, a Hindu, created a clever—and effective—taxation policy. He levied a tax

similar to the present-day U.S. graduated income tax, calculating it as a percentage of the value of the peasants’ crops.

Because this tax was fair and affordable, the number of peasants who paid it increased. This payment brought in much

needed money for the empire. Akbar’s land policies had more mixed results. He gave generous land grants to his

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bureaucrats. After they died, however, he reclaimed the lands and distributed them ashe saw fit. On the positive side, this

policy prevented the growth of feudal aristocracies. On the other hand, it did not encourage dedication and hard work by

the Mughal officials. Their children would not inherit the land or benefit from their parents’work. So the officials

apparently saw no point in devoting themselves to their property.

A Flowering of Culture As Akbar extended the Mughal Empire, he welcomed influences from the many cultures in

the empire. This cultural blending affected art, education, politics, and language. Persian was the language of Akbar’s

court and of high culture. The common people, however, spoke Hindi, a mixture of Persian and a local language.

Hindi remains one of the most widely spoken languages in India today. Out of the Mughal armies, where soldiers of

many backgrounds rubbed shoulders, came yet another new language. This language was Urdu, which means “from the

soldier’s camp.” A blend of Arabic, Persian, and Hindi, Urdu is today the official language of Pakistan.

The Arts and Literature The arts flourished at the Mughal court, especially in the form of book illustrations. These

small, highly detailed, and colorful paintings were called miniatures. They were brought to a peak of perfection in the

Safavid Empire. Babur’s son, Humayun, brought two masters of this art to his court to teach it to the Mughals. Some

of the most famous Mughal miniatures adorned the Akbarnamah (“Book of Akbar”), the story of the great emperor’s

campaigns and deeds. Indian art drew from Western traditions as well. Hindu literature also enjoyed a revival in Akbar’s

time. The poet Tulsi Das, for example, was a contemporary of Akbar’s. He retold the epic love story of Rama and Sita

from the fourth century B.C. Indian poem the Ramayana (rah•MAH•yuh•nuh) in Hindi. This retelling, the Ramcaritmanas,

is now even more popular than the original.

Architecture Akbar devoted himself to architecture, too. The style developed under his reign is still known as Akbar

period architecture. Its massive but graceful structures are decorated with intricate stonework that portrays Hindu themes.

The capital city of Fatehpur Sikri is one of the most important examples of this type of architecture. Akbar had this red-

sandstone city built to thank a holy man who had predicted the birth of his first son.

Akbar’s Successors With Akbar’s death in 1605, the Mughal court changed to deal with the changing times. The next three emperors each left

his mark on the Mughal Empire.

Jahangir and Nur Jahan Akbar’s son called himself Jahangir (juh•hahn•GEER) —“Grasper of the World.” And he

certainly did hold India in a powerful grasp. It was not his hand in the iron glove, however. For most of his reign, he left

the affairs of state to his wife. Jahangir’s wife was the Persian princess Nur Jahan. She was a brilliant politician

who perfectly understood the use of power. As the real ruler of India, she installed her father as prime minister in the

Mughal court. She saw Jahangir’s son Khusrau as her ticket to future power. But when Khusrau rebelled against his

father, Nur Jahan removed him. She then shifted her favor to another son. This rejection of Khusrau affected more than

the political future of the empire. It was also the basis of a long and bitter religious conflict. Jahangir tried to promote

Islam in the Mughal state, but was tolerant of other religions. When Khusrau rebelled, he turned to the Sikhs. This was a

nonviolent religious group whose doctrines blended Buddhism, Hinduism, and Sufism (Islamic mysticism). Their

leader,Guru Arjun, sheltered Khusrau and defended him. In response, the Mughal rulers had Arjun arrested and tortured to

death. The Sikhs became the target of the Mughals’ particular hatred.

Shah Jahan Jahangir’s son and successor, Shah Jahan, could not tolerate competition and secured his throne by

assassinating all his possible rivals. He had a great passion for two things: beautiful buildings and his wife Mumtaz Mahal

(moom•TAHZ mah•HAHL). Nur Jahan had arranged this marriage between Jahangir’s son and her niece for political

reasons. Shah Jahan, however, fell genuinely in love with his Persian princess. In 1631, Mumtaz Mahal died at age 39

while giving birth to her 14th child. To enshrine his wife’s memory, he ordered that a tomb be built “as beautiful as she

was beautiful.” Fine white marble and fabulous jewels were gathered from many parts of Asia. This memorial, the Taj

Mahal, has been called one of the most beautiful buildings in the world. Its towering marble dome and slender minaret

towers look like lace and seem to change color as the sun moves across the sky.

The People Suffer But while Shah Jahan was building lovely things, his country was suffering. There was famine in the

land. Furthermore, farmers needed tools, roads, and ways of irrigating their crops and dealing with India’s harsh

environment. What they got instead were taxes and more taxes to support the building of monuments, their rulers’

extravagant living, and war. All was not well in the royal court either. When Shah Jahan became ill in 1657, his four sons

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scrambled for the throne. The third son, Aurangzeb (AWR•uhng•zehb), moved first and most decisively. In a bitter civil

war, he executed his older brother, who was his most serious rival. Then he arrested his father and put him in prison,

where he died several years later. After Shah Jahan’s death, a mirror was found in his room, angled so that he could look

out at the reflection of the Taj Mahal.

Aurangzeb’s Reign A master at military strategy and an aggressive empire builder, Aurangzeb ruled from 1658 to

1707. He expanded the Mughal holdings to their greatest size. However, the power of the empire weakened during his

reign. This loss of power was due largely to Aurangzeb’s oppression of the people. He rigidly enforced Islamic laws,

outlawing drinking, gambling, and other activities viewed as vices. He appointed censors to police his subjects’ morals

and make sure they prayed at the appointed times. He also tried to erase all the gains Hindus had made under Akbar. For

example, he brought back the hated tax on non-Muslims and dismissed Hindus from high positions in his government. He

banned the construction of new temples and had Hindu monuments destroyed. Not surprisingly, these actions outraged the

Hindus.

The Hindu rajputs, whom Akbar had converted from potential enemies to allies, rebelled. Aurangzeb defeated them

repeatedly, but never completely. In the southwest, militant Hindus called Marathas founded their own state. Aurangzeb

captured their leader but could never conquer them. Meanwhile, the Sikhs transformed themselves into a militant

brotherhood. They began building a state in the Punjab, an area in northwest India. Aurangzeb levied oppressive taxes to

pay for the wars against the increasing numbers of enemies. He had done away with all taxes not authorized by Islamic

law, so he doubled the taxes on Hindu merchants. This increased tax burden deepened the Hindus’ bitterness and led to

further rebellion. As a result, Aurangzeb needed to raise more money to increase his army. The more territory he

conquered, the more desperate his situation became.

The Empire’s Decline and Decay By the end of Aurangzeb’s reign, he had drained the empire of its resources. Over 2 million people died in a famine while

Aurangzeb was away waging war. Most of his subjects felt little or no loyalty to him. As the power of the central state

weakened, the power of local lords grew. After Aurangzeb’s death, his sons fought a war of succession. In fact, three

emperors reigned in the first 12 years after Aurangzeb died. By the end of this period, the Mughal emperor was nothing

but a wealthy figurehead. He ruled not a united empire but a patchwork of independent states.As the Mughal Empire rose

and fell, Western traders slowly built their own power in the region. The Portuguese were the first Europeans to reach

India. In fact, they arrived just before Babur did. Next came the Dutch, who in turn gave way to the French and the

English. However, the great Mughal emperors did not feel threatened by the European traders. Shah Jahan let the English

build a fortified trading post at Madras. In 1661, Aurangzeb casually handed them the port of Bombay. Aurangzeb had no

idea that he had given India’s next conquerors their first foothold in a future empire.

1. For each term or name, write a sentence explaining its significance . • Mughal • Babur • Akbar • Sikh • Shah Jahan • Taj Mahal • Aurangzeb

3. How did Akbar demonstrate tolerance in his empire?

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4. What pattern is seen in the ways individuals came to power in the Mughal Empire?

5. Why did the empire weaken under the rule of Aurangzeb?

6. CLARIFYING Why were Akbar’s tax policies so successful?

7. MAKING INFERENCES Why was Nur Jahan able to hold so much power in Jahangir’s court?

8. EVALUATING COURSES OF ACTION Why were the policies of Aurangzeb so destructive to the Mughal Empire?

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The British Emerge in India Organizer

Mughal Dynasty

(Setting the Stage)British Expand

Control over IndiaEast India Company

Dominates

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The Sepoy MutinyThe Turning PointNationalism Surfaces in

India

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Stray Thoughts Cards

Have you ever looked at a photograph or painting and wondered what people were thinking? In this

simple report you have a chance to use your imagination to enter the minds of royalty in India as well as

play with their thoughts.

Directions: Using the 4 monarchs, study their lives by reading the descriptions under their

pictures. Following this, using two blank sheets of paper draw a vertical line down the middle of each of

them. On one side of the sheets of paper write Personal Life and on the other write Public Life. Now

choose two monarchs from below that you are most interested in. Use one of your sheets for each of the

monarchs.

After you have become familiar enough with each one of your monarchs write as many personal and

public events as you can about them listing them in the proper columns on each of your pieces of paper.

Make your lists long so you have a lot of different sources to choose from.

For Example: I have chosen George Washington. One fact is that he was married to a woman named

Martha. That would go in the private column. Another is that he was the first president of the United

States. That would go in the public column. I also learned that he had false teeth made of wood (private)

and that he crossed the Potomac in a daring battle move that surprised the British general Cornwallis

(public).

Now flip your sheets over and create images of your monarch (one monarch for each sheet which is two

total). Be sure to create thoughts using your events for your monarchs. Every thought should be in the

first person and should have a cloud around it (refer to example below).

Requirement: At least 7 thoughts on each of your two sheets of paper; a drawn picture of your

monarch on each of your two sheets of paper; and last but not least color on each of your two sheets of

paper. Attach your two sheet to this page.

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Queen Victoria

Queen Victoria (24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901) was the monarch of the United Kingdom of Great Britain

and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death. From 1 May 1876, she used the additional title of Empress of

India.

Victoria was the daughter of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent (a country in southeast England) and Strathearn, the

fourth son of King George III. Both the Duke of Kent and the King died in 1820, and Victoria was raised under

close supervision by her German-born mother Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. She inherited the

throne at the age of 18 after her father's three elder brothers died. The United Kingdom was already an

established constitutional monarchy, which means all power was given to the King or Queen. Privately, she

attempted to influence government policy and ministerial appointments. Publicly, she became a national icon,

and was identified with strict standards of personal morality.

She married her first cousin, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, in 1840. Their 9 children and 26 of their

42 grandchildren married into royal and noble families across the continent. This eared her the nickname "the

grandmother of Europe". After Albert's death in 1861, Victoria plunged into deep mourning and avoided public

appearances. As a result of her sadness, republicanism (ruled by the people) temporarily gained strength, but in

the latter half of her reign, her popularity recovered. Her reign of 63 years and 7 months, which is longer than

that of any other British monarch and the longest of any female monarch in history, is known as the Victorian

era. It was a period of industrial, cultural, political, scientific, and military change within the United Kingdom,

and was marked by a great expansion of the British Empire. She was the last British monarch of the House of

Hanover; her son and successor King Edward VII belonged to the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.

King Edward VII

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Edward VII (9 November 1841 – 6 May 1910) was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

and of the British Dominions and Emperor of India from 22 January 1901 until his death. He was the first

British monarch of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, which was renamed the House of Windsor by his son,

George V.

Before taking up the throne, Edward held the title of Prince of Wales and was heir apparent to the throne for

longer than anyone after him. During the long widowhood of his mother, Queen Victoria, he was largely

excluded from political power but was one of the richest men in England.

The Edwardian era, which covered Edward's reign and was named after him, coincided with the start of a new

century and heralded significant changes in technology and society, including powered flight and the rise of

socialism and the Labor movement. Edward played a role in the modernization of the British Home Fleet, the

reform of the Army Medical Services, and the re-organization of the British army after the Second Boer War.

He fostered good relations between the UK and other European countries, especially France, for which he was

popularly called "Peacemaker". His relationship with his nephew, Wilhelm II of Germany, was poor. Edward

presciently suspected that Wilhelm would precipitate a war, and four years after Edward's death, World War I

brought an end to the Edwardian way of life.

King George V

George V (3 June 1865 – 20 January 1936) was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, and

Emperor of India, from 6 May 1910 through the First World War (1914–1918) until his death in 1936.

George was a grandson of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert and the first cousin of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia

and Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany. From 1877 until 1891 he served in the Royal Navy. On the death of

Victoria in 1901, George's father became King Edward VII, and George was made Prince of Wales. On his

father's death in 1910, he succeeded as King-Emperor of the British Empire. He was the only Emperor of India

to be present at his own Delhi Durbar (his crowning ceremony in India).

As a result of the First World War, other empires in Europe fell while his expanded to its greatest extent. In

1917, he became the first monarch of the House of Windsor, which he renamed from the House of Saxe-Coburg

and Gotha as a result of anti-German public feeling. His reign saw the rise of socialism, communism, fascism,

Irish republicanism, and the Indian independence movement, all of which radically changed the political

landscape. He appointed the first Labor ministry in 1924. In 1931, the Statute of Westminster recognized the

dominions of the empire as separate, independent kingdoms within the Commonwealth of Nations. He was

plagued by illness throughout much of his later reign, and was succeeded by his eldest son, Edward VIII.

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King George VI

George VI (14 December 1895 – 6 February 1952) was King of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the

British Commonwealth from 11 December 1936 until his death. He was the last Emperor of India (until 14

August 1947) and the first Head of the Commonwealth.

As the second son of King George V, he was not expected to inherit the throne and spent his early life in the

shadow of his elder brother, Edward. He served in the Royal Navy during World War I, and after the war took

on the usual round of public engagements. He married Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon in 1923, and they had two

daughters, Elizabeth (who succeeded him as Queen Elizabeth II) and Margaret.

George's elder brother ascended the throne as Edward VIII on the death of their father in 1936. However, less

than a year later, Edward revealed his desire to marry the American socialite (rich entertainer) Wallis Simpson.

British Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin advised Edward that, for political and religious reasons, he would not

be able to remain king if he married Simpson, who was divorced from her first husband and divorcing her

second. Thus Edward abdicated (stepped down) in order to marry, and George VI ascended the throne as the

third monarch of the House of Windsor.

Within 24 hours of his accession the Irish parliament, the Oireachtas, passed the External Relations Act, which

essentially removed the power of the monarch in the Irish Free State. Further events greatly altered the position

of the monarchy during his reign: three years after his accession, his realms, except the Irish Free State, were at

war with Nazi Germany. In the next two years, war with Italy and the Empire of Japan followed. Though

Britain and its allies were ultimately victorious, the United States and the Soviet Union rose as pre-eminent

world powers, and the British Empire declined. With the independence of India and Pakistan in 1947, and the

foundation of the Republic of Ireland in 1949, George's reign saw the acceleration of the break-up of the Empire

and its transition into the Commonwealth of Nations.

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India Pakistan Bangladesh Sri Lanka

Date:

From what country?

Leaders and what they did:

Events..causes and effects of these important events:

Freedom for IndiaUse Pgs. 997-1003 in your blue text book to fill-in

All of the below sections.

Key T

erm

s:

(you may use the back if needed)

1. Congress Party:

2. Muslim League:

3. Muhammad Ali Jinnah:

4. Partition:

5. Jawaharlal Nehru:

6. Indira Gandhi:

7. Benazir Bhutto:

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Page 2

6

Life of Gandhi OrganizerE

arly L

ife

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aw

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Racia

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Hindu-Muslim Conflict and the Partition of India (Nosotro, Rit. How to cite material from hyperhistory.net. 27 Oct. 2003. <hyperhistory.net/apwh/mast/citation.htm>)

One of the fiercest religiously motivated political rivalries existing today is between the nuclear powers India and Pakistan. Many think it began when the Indian Hindu nationalist movement of the early 1900s refused to represent the interests of Indian Muslims. It’s true that this widened a rift until, as independence from the British Empire drew near, it was impossible for them to share a single nation. Muslims had a justifiable fear of being ruled by the more numerous Hindus. Yet partition of British colonial India into the free nations of India and Pakistan did not solve the problem; Hindus and Muslims are still at loggerheads -- through their nations -- the focal point of the strife being the disputed territory of Kashmir.

Bloodshed in Kashmir is centuries old. The initial rift in Pakistan-Indian relations was created during the Islamic invasion in the 600s. Will Durant, author of The Story of Civilization, wrote, "...the Islamic conquest of India is probably the bloodiest story in history.” The Koran justifies the fanatical violence by Muslim's with, "Slay the infidels, wherever ye find them and prepare them for all kind of ambush"; and "Choose not thy friends among the infidels till they forsake their homes and the way of idolatry. If they return to paganism then take them whenever you find them and kill them." Obviously, if there is no god but Allah, then polytheistic Hinduism cannot be peacefully unified with such an aggressive and intolerant religion, despite Gandhi's dream of coexistence. British rule enforced an artificial peace that abruptly ended in August of 1947.

The freedom movement that was to result in India’s partition had its tangible start when the Englishman Allan Hume helped a group of Indians start the Indian National Congress in 1885. At first it worked as a lobbying group and did not challenge British control of the government. But in the early 1900s a more radical faction emerged within it, led by Bal Gangadhar Tilak, whose aim was independence. The Indian National Congress also had socialist leanings.

In 1906 a crucial split took place; the few Muslim delegates in the Indian National Congress left, and a group called the Muslim League was formed. There are three significant reasons why the Muslim nationalist movement emerged in 1906, later than the Hindu movement. Muslims, because they had their own religious schools, were less quickly influenced by western thought, which was an important characteristic of the leaders of the revolutionaries. Secondly, the Muslims in the Indian National League were becoming alienated by the increasing Hindu nationalism that accompanied the radicalization occurring there. Thirdly, and perhaps the catalyst that brought the others to the surface, was a dispute that occurred 1905-1911 in Bengal. In 1905, The British restructured the provincial borders in a manner that gave Muslims a majority in one of the districts, raising a great Hindu outcry that brought about a reversal of that decision in 1911.

Consequently, from 1906 there were two parties working for independence: the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League. In 1915, Mohandas Gandhi arrived in India. He had a law degree gained in England, experience in nonviolent protests gained working in South Africa, and the leadership and strength of character and morals to mobilize the general Hindu public for the independence cause. The pressure he and his followers exerted caused the British Parliament to pass the Government of India Act in 1935. It gave Indians a legislative law-making body. However, the British Viceroy had veto power and the British were still the de facto rulers of India.

The Hindus were not satisfied with this, and neither were the Muslims. In the popularly elected Indian legislature, the minority Muslims had little power or representation, and Hindu rule infuriated them. In spite of the peacemaking attempted by Gandhi, for many Hindus in the freedom movement, there was no room for Muslims, and during the period of the Indian National Congress’ limited rule, the Muslims were submitted to degradations such as being barred from building new mosques. This was the final break between Hindus and Muslims. From now on, in the negotiations with the British the Muslim League would settle for nothing less than a separate Muslim state.

In 1939 international events intervened with the start of World War II. India’s English viceroy, Victor Alexander John Hope, declared India’s entrance on the side of the Allies without consulting the Indian or Muslim political parties. The

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Indian National Congress responded by quitting its power in India’s government. They tried to use the war to force the issue with the British, demanding immediate independence. The British offered independence at the end of the war, and the Indian National Council cooperated for much of the war, perhaps seeing a worse future for India if Britain lost the war, as was looking quite likely in 1940.

After the war, the last British viceroy, Lord Mountbatten, managed to negotiate a deal whereby northwestern and the far eastern sections of India became a Muslim state – Pakistan – and the remaining territory a Hindu one. Independence day for Pakistan came on August 14, 1947, and for India August 15, the day after.

This decisive action to end the controversy threw the area into turmoil. Millions of Muslims and Hindus living on the wrong side of the newly drawn border fled their homes. Violence caused by extreme nationalists from both side was fierce and took thousands of lives. One of the victims was Mohandas Gandhi, assassinated on January 30, 1948, by a Hindu militant who opposed Gandhi’s campaign for peace and reconciliation.

Border squabbles were to be expected, and one duly came. In the province of Kashmir, the Hindu ruler had hesitated in deciding whether to join Pakistan or India, but when his Muslim-majority populace responded with violent protests, he chose India. Within a year of gaining independence, India and Pakistan were at war in Kashmir.

The first Kashmir war ended in a compromise, but the area remained fortified on both sides and extremely violent, and war sparked up again for a short time in 1965.

Strife between the two new countries was not the only result of the division of India. Both countries’ economies suffered extremely from the social upheaval. The countries were also politically unstable. The two areas of Pakistan, East Pakistan and West Pakistan, were 1,600 km separate from each other, with India in between. On top of the ethnic and cultural differences (they shared only their religion, Islam), the East Pakistanis were underrepresented in Pakistan’s government and received less development than West Pakistan did. The government was slow to send aid when East Pakistan was hit by a devastating cyclone in 1970, and in 1971, when East Pakistan (being more populous than West Pakistan) gained a majority in the National Assembly, President Yahya Khan delayed its meeting and sent troops to quell protests in East Pakistan.

In response, East Pakistan declared itself independent on March 26, 1971, and became Bangladesh. Civil war broke out, and lasted until the end of that year, when, in December, India entered the war and aided Bangladesh in freeing itself of Pakistani troops.

After the war, Indian PM Indira Gandhi and Pakistani President Zhifikar Bhutto met in 1972 and agreed to work for a peaceful solution to the Kashmir problem. But the rivalry did not decrease, and two years later, in 1974, it entered a new phase when India tested a nuclear weapon. Pakistan was not far behind, and soon had its own nuclear weapons.

One of the effects of the division was that the foreign relations of the two nations were very much defined by their conflict. After India’s border war with China in 1962, Sino-Pakistani relations greatly improved. When India signed a treaty with the Soviet Union in 1971 and began buying billions of dollars worth of military equipment from the Soviets, formerly friendly relations between Pakistan and the Soviet Union were very much cooled.

This, in turn, gave Pakistan an ally in the United States, another country hostile to the Soviet Union. The two nations worked together to aid Afghanistan, Pakistan’s neighbor to the northwest, in resisting the Soviet invasion that lasted from 1979-89. Pakistan itself received some aid from the U.S., which had cut it off earlier in 1979 due to concerns over Pakistan’s nuclear program.

The end of the Cold War in 1989 changed foreign relations again. The U.S. ended aid to both countries in 1990 and then placed sanctions after both conducted nuclear tests in 1998. History repeated itself when Pakistan again became a U.S. ally in 2002 for another operation in Afghanistan. India has been displeased at Pakistan’s increasing influence, but there have not been significant repercussions in the India-U.S. relationship yet.

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In the meantime, the Kashmir issue refuses to go away. Normally, such a border dispute could be settled by bilateral discussions and compromises from both sides. But religious pride, on both sides, makes compromise close to impossible. The armies of both countries are entrenched along the border of the area, and violence flashes out periodically.

The area has become the focal point for militants from both sides. What’s unclear is how much the activities of these militants are aided and abetted by their countries. Both countries insist innocence in the crimes of their individual citizens, but accuse the other of harboring terrorists. Both also accused each other (in 1983) of helping rebels within the others’ territory. Pakistan alleges that India aided rebels in Pakistan’s Sindh area, and India believes Pakistan aided Sikhs, a religious group that has often run up against India’s Hindu government. Two Sikhs were responsible for the assassination of India’s Prime Minister, Indira Gandhi, in 1984.

It’s difficult to predict the future of this conflict. There is no easy answer to the Kashmir deadlock, but the nuclear capabilities of each nation will hopefully continue to provide a deterrent to any aggressive action from either side. India’s treatment of its own remaining Muslims is a tension point that could see bigger developments in the near future. In 1992 Hindus destroyed a 464-year-old mosque in Ayodhya, claiming that it was the holy site of the birth of their god Ram. This set off a wave of bombings and riots. India is also dealing with a mounting struggle by the Dalits, the oppressed outcastes in the Hindu caste system, to claim their legal rights. In the past the Hindu extremists have responded with violence – like the murder of Australian Christian missionary Graham Staines by a mob in 1999.

On the other side are Muslim extremists, whose activities are mainly limited to the Kashmir area. Pakistani terrorists have occasionally targeted Christians (since 9/11 there have been two attacks on Pakistani churches), but outside of Kashmir their actions have been relatively limited. Al Quaeda may be hiding out along the Afghan border of Pakistan, but that's another issue.

These Muslim extremists are a reaction to the Hindu nationalists, who are in turn, were reacting to the encroachment of Islam. In the formative stages of this conflict, the centuries prior to independence in 1947, both the Muslims and the Hindus were obviously working for their own benefit, but the Hindus must bear the blame for escalating the competition into conflict by using their greater numbers to oppress the Muslims during the era of limited self-rule between 1935-39. Neither group could trust the other to rule over them, and the hatred that reemerged ensured that the new nations of Pakistan and India would be born enemies of each other. This analysis is demonstrated in the violence that is continuing into the 21st century.

Unless otherwise directed, use COMPLETE SENTENCES to answer the following.

Failure to answer the questions as specified will result in a lower percentage for

this assignment.

1.) According to the author, why can’t Hindu India and Muslim Pakistan become unified as a nation? According to

Ghandi as well as others, were the two nations ever at peace when separated? Explain.

2.) List the three significant reasons as to why the Muslim Nationalist Movement was formed?

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3.) After Gandhi pressured the British government into passing the “Government of India Act in 1935”, where the Indian

officials now in charge? Explain.

4.) Do Pakistanis and Eastern Indians celebrate their independence on the same day? Explain why of why not.

5.) Besides ‘strife’ between Pakistan and India, what were some of the other ways in which both countries suffered? Be

specific.

6.) During the 1970s which super power country (1st world) did India side with? Which did Pakistan side with? Why do

you suppose they sided with these countries? Use specific examples.

7.) Explain what you think the Cold War was? (Participation points only)

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8.) Compared to the Kashmir terrorist attacks, how severe have the Muslim attacks been (for example 9/11, etc.)? Are

ones attacks more severe than the others? Explain.

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KASHMIR---VIDEO Guide 1. Describe the origins of the Kashmir conflict between Pakistan and India (use your reading)

2. Describe the situation in Kashmir currently, as explained by the reporter at the start of the

video. What does she say could spark a new cycle of violence?

3. At the start of the video, there are images of the graveyards, followed by an image of the

Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front Headquarters. Why are these two images different?

What do they represent?

3. Complete the chart as you listen to each speaker. Some will appear numerous times in the

video so I have included a description)

Speaker What they said. Perspective? Details? Yasin Malik—Chairman of Kashmir

Liberation Front (sitting in front of dark

wall, he will appear again)

SM Sahai---Indian Inspector General of

the Kashmir Zone (Military uniform, will

appear again)

Khurram Parvez---Co-Founder of the

Jammu and Kashmir Coalition of Civil

Society (outside in park, he will appear

again)

Tahirih Rather---Activist

Zahid Rafiq---University Student

4. Describe the situation in Kashmir today and why this is considered so dangerous by the

international community.

These 3

appear over

and

over

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Essential Questions about Topic Answer/Significance/Analysis

Nehru’s Leadership pg 1000 Challenges after Nehru

WWII

1. How was India affected

by WWII?

2. What about WWII led to

the independence of

many nations?

Divisive India

1. How did the goals of

Nehru and Jinnah differ?

The Summer of

1947

1. What happened in

Calcutta to convince the

British to Partition

India?

2. What were the terms of

the Partition?

Partition

1. What were the problems

with Partition

Kashmir

1. Describe the causes and

effects of the conflict

2. Even today, why is Kashmir

important?

Indian Independence, Partition and Globalization

since 1947

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Crash Course Notes : Decolonization (List two facts for each of the 5 countries below beneath each country).

India Indonesia Cambodia/Vietnam Egypt Africa

Gandhi Quote: Select one of the Gandhi quotes and write a reflection which incorporates

~historical examples that relate to the quote ~personal ideas/experiences that relate to the quote

~How the ideas of Satyaraha relate to the quote

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Japanese Timeline Images

(804) Dengyo

Daishi

(1869)

Shigenobu

Okuma

(593) Prince

Shotoku

(1614)

Christianity

Banned

(794) Emperor

Kammu

(100) Rice and

Iron are Imported

into Japan

(1633) Iemitsu (2011) Earthquake(200) Sushi is

Invented

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Japanese Timeline

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8

History of Japan Dates

Using the given dates below, as well as the ‘Japanese Timeline Images’,

construct a timeline. Write out all of the dates in numerical order and either place

the images next to each necessary event, or construct a separate timeline with

just the images (you may do this on the back of your first timeline if you wish). Be

sure to layout your timeline evenly before you start plotting each event. See me if

you are confused on how to do this.

1894: China sends troops into Korea and Japan invades China (first sino-japanese war)

1895: Japan defeats China and China is forced to cede Taiwan and recognize Japanese supremacy over

Korea at the treaty of Shimonoseki

804: the Buddhist monk Saicho (Dengyo Daishi) introduces the Tendai school

806: the monk Kukai (Kobo Daishi) introduces the Shingon (Tantric) school

1940: The population of Japan is 73 million and the population of Tokyo is 6.8 million

1615: Ieyasu captures Osaka and destroys the Toyotomi clan

1650: with peace, there evolved a new kind of noble, literate warrior according to bushido ("way of the

warrior")

1820: China and India account for about half of the world's GDP

1854: the USA forces Japan to sign a trade agreement ("treaty of Kanagawa") which reopens Japan to

foreigners after two centuries

1855: Russia and Japan establish diplomatic relations

1865: Samurai of humble origins (led by Takayoshi Kido) win the civil war in Choshu

1869: Shigenobu Okuma becomes vice-minister of finance

carry swords, but are defeated by the regular army and Saigo is killed

1879: Japan holds regional elections, the first democratic elections outside of the West

1880: Eiichi Shibusawa founds the Osaka Spinning Mill

1881: Masayoshi Matsukata becomes finance minister

593: prince Shotoku of the Soga clan rules Japan and promotes Buddhism

600: prince Shotoku sends the first official Japanese mission to China

759: the poetic anthology "Man'yoshu" ("Collection of Myriad Leaves")

794: emperor Kammu moves the capital to Heian-kyo (Kyoto)

1881: Taisuke Itagaki founds the "Jiyuto/ Liberal Party"

1940: Japan bombs the Chinese city of Ningbo with fleas carrying the bubonic plague

1614: Ieyasu bans Christianity from Japan

1889: Aritomo Yamagata becomes the prime minister of Japan

1896: A law code based on the German one is adopted

1898: Matsukata resigns and Shigenobu Okuma becomes prime minister

1899: Nippon Electric Corporation (NEC) is founded specializing in communications, the first joint

venture with foreign capital (USA's Western Electric)

100 BC: rice and iron are imported into Japan by the Mongols

0 AD: shintoism becomes the national religion

57 AD: Japan is mentioned for the first time in Chinese history

200: sushi is invented

239: first visit by a Japanese envoy to China

500: Japan adopts the Chinese alphabet

1931: Tsuyoshi Inukai of Seiyukai becomes prime minister and lets the yen devalue

1933: Nissan takes control of Datsun

1934: the Japanese install former Manchu emperor Puyj as head of the puppet state of Manchukuo

1935: the Fuji Electric corporation spins off Fujitsu, specializing in telecommunications

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1939: Toshiba is founded to produce home appliances

1944: the USA drops 22,885 tons of bombs on the Tokyo-Kawasaki-Yokohama area

2006: China becomes Japan's largest trading partner

1872: Western dress is prescribed for official ceremonies

1873: Japan revokes the ban on Christianity

2007: World stock markets collapse

1633: the shogun Iemitsu forbids travelling abroad and reading foreign books

1638: the shogun Iemitsu forbids ship building

2007: Toyota passes General Motors as the world's largest car manufacturer

2007: a Japanese cabinet minister hangs himself over a corruption scandal, the first cabinet minister to

kill himself since the end of World War II

2008: Honda unveils the first mass-market hydrogen-propelled vehicle, the "FCX Clarity"

2008: Mitsubishi ships the first-ever laser TV set

2008: Yasuo Fukuda resigns and is succeeded by Taro Aso, the fourth prime minister in two years

2011: An earthquake and a tsunami kill 18,000 people and cause a nuclear disaster in Fukushima

1869: The government begins colonization of Hokkaido

1872: the first railway line between Tokyo and Yokohama is inaugurated

1875: Russia exchanges with Japan the Kurile Islands for the island of Sakhalin

1877: The samurai revolt (led by Saigo) against the emperor who has forbidden them to

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Map o

f Japan

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1

Label and Color All of the Following Below (Except the Bodies of Water) on the Map of

Japan

Cities•Niigata

•Kyushu

•Hiroshima

•Yokohama

•Tokyo

•Honshu

•Kushiro

•Nagoya

•Kobe

•Iwate

•Sapporo

•Osaka

•Ryukyu Islands

•Hakodate

•Okinawa

•Nagasaki

Bodies of Water / Other

•Pacific Ocean

•Philippine Sea

•Sea of Japan

•Sea of Okhotsk

•East China Sea

•3/11/2011 Earthquake Epicenter

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Japan Notes (Japan Presentation)

Ancient Classical: Feudal System: Tattoos: Contact With the West: 200 Years Later:

Feudal Powers in Japan SETTING THE STAGE Japan lies east of China, in the direction of the sunrise. In fact, the name Japan comes from the Chinese word ri-ben, which means “origin of the sun” or “land of the rising sun.” From ancient times, Japan had borrowed ideas, institutions, and culture from the Chinese people. Japan’s genius was its ability to take in new ideas and make them uniquely its own.

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The Growth of Japanese Civilization Japan’s island location shaped the growth of its civilization. About 120 miles of water separates Japan from its closest neighbor, Korea, and 500 miles of water separates Japan from China. The Japanese were close enough to feel the civilizing effect of China. Yet they were far enough away to be reasonably safe from invasion.

The Geography of Japan About 4,000 islands make up the Japanese archipelago (AHR•kuh•PEHL•uh•GOH), or island group, that extends in an arc more than 1,200 miles long. Historically, most Japanese people have lived on the four largest islands: Hokkaido (hah•KY•doh), Honshu (HAHN•shoo), Shikoku (shee•KAW•koo), and Kyushu (kee•OO•shoo). Japan’s geography has both advantages and disadvantages. Southern Japan enjoys a mild climate with plenty of rainfall. The country is so mountainous, however, that only about 12 percent of the land is suitable for farming. Natural resources such as coal, oil, and iron are in short supply. During the late summer and early fall, strong tropical storms called typhoons occur. Earthquakes and tidal waves are also threats. Early Japan The first historic mention of Japan comes from Chinese writings of the first century B.C. Japan at this time was not a united country. Instead, hundreds of clans controlled their own territories. Each clan worshiped its own nature gods and goddesses. In different parts of Japan, people honored thousands of local gods. Their varied customs and beliefs eventually combined to form Japan’s earliest religion. In later times, this religion was called

Shinto (SHIHN•toh), meaning “way of the gods.” Shinto was based on respect for the forces of nature and on the worship of ancestors. Shinto worshipers believed in kami, divine spirits that dwelled in nature. Any unusual or especially beautiful tree, rock, waterfall, or mountain was considered the home of a kami. The Yamato Emperors By the A.D. 400s, the Yamato clan had established itself as the leading clan. The Yamato claimed to be descended from the sun goddess Amaterasu. By the seventh century, the Yamato chiefs called themselves the emperors of Japan. The early emperors did not control the entire country, or even much of it, but the Japanese gradually accepted the idea of an emperor. Although many of the Yamato rulers lacked real power, the dynasty was never overthrown. When rival clans fought for power, the winning clan claimed control of the emperor and then ruled in the emperor’s name. Japan had both an emperor who served as a figurehead and a ruling power who reigned behind the throne. This dual structure became an enduring characteristic of Japanese government.

Japanese Culture During the 400s, the Japanese began to have more and more contact with mainland Asia. They soon came under the influence of Chinese ideas and customs, which they first learned about from Korean travelers.

Buddhism in Japan One of the most important influences brought by Korean travelers was Buddhism. In the mid-700s, the Japanese imperial court officially accepted Buddhism in Japan. By the eighth or ninth century, Buddhist ideas and worship had spread through Japanese society. The Japanese, however, did not give up their Shinto beliefs. Some Buddhist rituals became Shinto rituals, and some Shinto gods and goddesses were worshiped in Buddhist temples.

Cultural Borrowing from China Interest in Buddhist ideas at the Japanese courtsoon grew into an enthusiasm for all things Chinese. The most influential convert to Buddhism was Prince Shotoku (shoh•toh•ku), who served as regent for his aunt, the empress Suiko. (A regent is someone who rules when a monarch is absent, ill, or too young to rule.) In 607, Prince Shotoku sent the first of three missions to China. His people studied Chinese civilization firsthand. Over the next 200 years, the Japanese sent many such groups to learn about Chinese ways. The Japanese adopted the Chinese system of writing. Japanese artists painted landscapes in the Chinese manner. The Japanese also followed Chinese styles in the simple arts of everyday living, such as cooking, gardening, drinking tea, and hairdressing. For a time, Japan even modeled its government on China’s. Prince Shotoku planned a strong central government like that of the Tang rulers. He also tried to introduce China’s civil-service system. However, this attempt failed. In Japan, noble birth remained the key to winning a powerful position. Unlike China, Japan continued to be a country where a few great families held power. The Japanese adapted Chinese ways to suit their own needs. While they learned much, they still retained their own traditions. Eventually, the Japanese imperial court decided it had learned enough from Tang China. In the late ninth century, it ended formal missions to the Tang Empire, which had fallen into decline. Although Chinese cultural influence would remain strong in Japan, Japan’s own culture was about to bloom.

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Life in the Heian Period In the late 700s, the imperial court moved its capital from Nara to Heian (HAY•ahn), the modern Kyoto (kee•OH•toh). Many of Japan’s noble families also moved to Heian. Among the upper class in Heian, a highly refined court society arose. This era in Japanese history, from 794 to 1185, is called the Heian period. Gentlemen and ladies of the court filled their days with elaborate ritual and artistic pursuits. Rules dictated every aspect of court life—the length of swords, the color of official robes, forms of address, even the number of skirts a woman wore. Etiquette was also extremely important. Laughing aloud in public, for example, was frowned upon. And everyone at court was expected to write poetry and to paint. The best accounts of Heian society come from the diaries, essays, and novels written by the women of the court. One of the finest writers of the period was Lady Murasaki Shikibu. Lady Murasaki’s 11th-century masterpiece, The Tale of Genji, is an account of the life of a prince in the imperial court. This long prose narrative is considered the world’s first novel.

Feudalism Erodes Imperial Authority During the Heian period, Japan’s central government was relatively strong. However, this strength was soon to be challenged by great landowners and clan chiefs who acted more and more as independent local rulers.

Decline of Central Power For most of the Heian period, the rich Fujiwara family held the real power in Japan. By about the middle of the 11th century, however, the power of the central government and the Fujiwaras began to slip. Large landowners living away from the capital set up private armies. The countryside became lawless and dangerous. Armed soldiers on horseback preyed on farmers and travelers, and pirates took control of the seas. For safety, farmers and small landowners traded parts of their land to strong warlords in exchange for protection.With more land, the lords gained more power. This marked the beginning of a feudal system of localized rule like that of ancient China and medieval Europe. Samurai Warriors Since wars between rival lords were commonplace, each lord surrounded himself with a bodyguard of loyal warriors called samurai (SAM•uh•RY). (Samurai means “one who serves.”) Samurai lived

according to a demanding code of behavior called Bushido (BUSH•ih•DOH), or “the way of the warrior.” A samurai was expected to show reckless courage, reverence for the gods, fairness, and generosity toward those weaker than himself. Dying an honorable death was judged more important than living a long life.

The Kamakura Shogunate During the late 1100s, Japan’s two most powerful clans fought for power. After almost 30 years of war, the Minamoto family emerged victorious. In 1192, the emperor gave a Minamoto leader named Yoritomo the title of shogun, or “supreme general of the emperor’s army.” In effect, the shogun had the powers of a military dictator. Following tradition, the emperor still reigned from Kyoto. (Kyoto was rebuilt on the ruins of Heian, which had been destroyed in war.) However, the real center of power was at the shogun’s military headquarters at Kamakura (KAHM•uh•KUR•uh). The 1200s are known in Japanese history as the Kamakura shogunate. The pattern of government in which shoguns ruled through puppet emperors lasted in Japan until 1868. The Kamakura shoguns were strong enough to turn back the two naval invasions sent by the great Mongol ruler Kublai Khan in 1274 and 1281. However, the Japanese victory over the Mongols drained the shoguns’ treasury. Loyal samurai were bitter when the government failed to pay them. The Kamakura shoguns lost prestige and power. Samurai attached themselves more closely to their local lords, who soon fought one another as fiercely as they had fought the Mongols. Although feudal Japan no longer courted contact with China, it would continue to absorb Chinese ideas and shape them into the Japanese way.

1.) For each underlined term or name, write a sentence explaining its significance. 2.) Why were Japanese missions to Tang China so important?

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3.) What was life like in the Heian court? 4.) What purpose did the samurai serve? 5.) “The Japanese selectively borrowed from Chinese culture”. Use information from the text to support this statement.

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Current Event

Title of Article: _____________________________________________________________________________

Date Article was Written: ________________________________________________

Author: ______________________________________________________________

Is the article’s audience local, national, or international? _______________________________________

1.) Summarize the article in a paragraph (4 to 5 sentences) .

2.) What point was the author trying to argue in the article? Do you agree with them? Explain.

3.)What questions do you have that the article did not answer? Think about what was left out.

4.)What do you think the intent of this article is? Why was it written.

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Disaster in Japan What the deadly earthquake and tsunami mean for Japan, the global economy, and the future of nuclear power in the United States By Patricia Smith

The massive earthquake and tsunami that devastated northeastern Japan last month left that nation—and the world—with a host of troubling questions.

How is Japan, a global economic power whose economy was already struggling, going to recover from a disaster of this magnitude?

What's going to happen to Japan's critically damaged nuclear power plants—and to the nuclear power industry in general, especially in the United States, where nuclear power seemed to be on the verge of a comeback?

And is the rest of the world, including the U.S., prepared for this kind of disaster?

The 9.0-magnitude earthquake on March 11 struck off the coast of northeastern Japan. It caused a massive tsunami that slammed into the Japanese coast, killing thousands and obliterating entire villages. The quake was about 1,000 times stronger than the one that devastated Haiti last year and about 32 times stronger than the 1906 San Francisco earthquake.

The combination of earthquake and tsunami crippled a string of nuclear power plants, damaging their cooling systems and threatening catastrophic meltdowns and the release of deadly amounts of radiation into the atmosphere.

Prime Minister Naoto Kan described the triple whammy—the earthquake, tsunami, and nuclear calamity—as Japan's "worst crisis since World War II."

Economic Damage

The disaster further imperiled Japan's $5 trillion economy, which had been struggling to climb out of a two-decade-long slump. In the last year, Japan was overtaken by China as the world's second-largest economy, after the United States.

Although Japan's industrial centers in the south and west seem to have been spared the worst, the crisis at the damaged nuclear plants north of Tokyo threatened to significantly reduce the amount of electricity available, forcing automakers like Toyota and Honda, as well as electronics giants like Sony, to halt production. That could further slow down the Japanese economy.

The damage to the nuclear power plants will likely have long-term effects on the country's ability to generate enough electricity to power its high-tech economy. Japan is one of the world's top consumers of nuclear energy. The country's 17 nuclear plants—with 55 reactors—provided about 30 percent of the country's electricity needs.

The Japanese are particularly sensitive about nuclear issues, having suffered the only nuclear attacks in history when the United States dropped atomic bombs on the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 to force the end of World War II.

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The loss of several reactors means that Japan will have to import more oil, putting additional pressure on already-rising world prices and increasing the likelihood of the return of $4-a-gallon gas in the U.S.

The disaster is likely to slow American efforts to increase the use of nuclear power after decades of stagnation. In 1979, a partial meltdown at the Three Mile Island nuclear plant in Pennsylvania made the American public deeply suspicious of nuclear power. And in 1986, a much more serious accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in Ukraine (then part of the Soviet Union) seemed to confirm everyone's worst fears: An explosion, fire, and massive radiation leak killed 30 people and led to thousands of cancer deaths in the decades that followed.

Nuclear 'Brakes'?

But in the last few years, amid growing concerns about climate change and U.S. dependence on unstable sources of foreign oil, the idea of building more nuclear power facilities has become increasingly popular. President Obama, mainstream environmental groups, and large numbers of Republicans and Democrats in Congress seemed to be coming around to the idea that nuclear power should be part of the equation to satisfy America's long-term energy needs.

But that may change.

"I think it calls on us here in the U.S., naturally, not to stop building nuclear power plants but to put the brakes on right now until we understand the ramifications of what's happened in Japan," Senator Joseph Lieberman of Connecticut said last month on CBS's Face the Nation.

The situation in Japan raises troubling questions about how prepared other nations are for a disaster of this magnitude. Having spent billions of dollars developing the most advanced technology to warn and protect against earthquakes and tsunamis, Japan is considered the most prepared nation in the world for this kind of event. Its building codes are more stringent than American ones, and tsunami evacuation drills are a regular part of life.

Unlike Haiti, where shoddy construction vastly increased the death toll after last year's 7.0-magnitude quake, or China, where failure to follow construction codes worsened the death toll in the devastating 2008 Sichuan earthquake, Japan did everything "right."

All this has huge ramifications for California, which sits atop the volatile San Andreas fault and is prone to major earthquakes. The most famous is the 7.9-magnitude San Francisco quake in 1906, which destroyed the city and killed more than 3,000. The state's most recent significant quake was the 6.7-magnitude Northridge earthquake, which struck southern California in 1994.

Seismologists believe California is due for a major quake along the lines of what occurred in Japan—the so-called "big one." That has Thomas Jordan, director of the Southern California Earthquake Center, very worried.

"You get what you pay for," Jordan says. "We're not paying for very much right now in terms of earthquake preparation, especially compared to the Japanese. And we're going to get our due."

(The New York Times Upfront, Vol. 143, April 4, 2011)

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Ou

tline

Map

of K

ore

a

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Rivers

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KeyDirections: Label all of the following. Outline the rivers in blue and color North Korea one color as well as South Korea another. The Amnok (Yalu)/Tuman rivers are the rivers that make up the border between both countries

Some Major Cities

• Sonbong Najin• Namp’o• Suwon• Pusan• Mokp’o• Songnim• Hyesan• Wonsan• Seoul• Hamhung• Pukp’yongdong• Kunsan• Yosu• Masan• Kanggye• Sinuiju• P’yongyang

• Taejon

Rivers and Bodies of Water

• Yellow Sea• Korea Bay• Sea of Japan• Han River• Geum River• Taedong River• Namhan River• Nak Dong River• Imjin River• Bukhan• Tuman River• Amnok (Yalu) River

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I’m So Lonely OrganizerIn

tro

du

ctio

n

His

tory

Kim

II S

un

g

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Kim

Ju

ng-

Il

Mili

tary

Pro

pag

and

a

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North Korea Nat Geo Questions

1.) What US state is North Korea roughly the size of?

2.) Who are all the books written by in the team’s hotel?

3.) In the 1990’s natural disasters and poor management of the government was the cause of how many deaths?

4.) What is one major way that Kim Jung il has instilled fear into his people in order to have control over them?

5.) After the Korean woman gains her sight back and is able to see her father, who does her and her father thank? Who do they give the credit too?

6.) So far we have covered the Red Scare and an introduction to communism. After viewing the documentary, is there such a thing as a scare toward the United States in North Korea today?

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Samoa

Ne

w Z

eal

and

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Key

New Zealand Samoa

Cities Cities

Bodies of Water Bodies of Water

•Asau•Salamuma•Saleapaga•Tuasivi•Apia•Falealipo•Tafua•Fagamalo•Salelologa•Taga

•Pacific Ocean

•Hamilton•Auckland•Dunedin•Christchurch•Gisborne•Three Kings Islands•Tauranga•Wellington•Invercargill •New Plymouth

•Tasman Sea•South Pacific Sea

Directions: Label all of the following below on the outline maps of New Zealand and Samoa. Color New Zealand one color and Samoa another. You do not have to color the bodies of water.

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The Polynesian Cultural Organizer New Zealand

What is it?

Where is it?

When was it created?

Who were the Polynesians?

How are they defined today?

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Movie Clip 1 and 2 Questions

1.) What are the Maori people known for?

2.) What is a Hongi?

Hawaii What is it?

Where is it?

When was it created?

3.) What does the whakapapa tattoo represent?

4.) The tattoo artist from New Zealand creates a facial tattoo in the clip. What does he create it with?

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Who were the Polynesians?

How are they defined today?

Movie Clip 3 and 4 Questions

5.) How many people does Isaiah have helping him complete his tattoos?

6.) The Polynesian tattoo tradition goes back as far as _______________ years.

7.) Who did the arm belong to that Dr. Verano and the host were taking pictures of? Where were they from?

8.) Colon Ferrell, a tattoo artist, completes what type of tattoos?

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The Polynesian Element TreeDirections: Using ‘The Polynesian Graphic Organizer’ create a tree displaying what you think are the main elements that make up Polynesian culture (Next page). Be sure to follow the rubric checklist below in order to get full credit. Be sure to turn in this sheet with your tree.

Example: ‘The Tree of South African Freedom’

____/20pts At least 16 elements on your tree . For example: 1 element would be

tattoos. All elements are easy to read and pertain to the organizer.

____/15pts A creative drawn out tree (refer to the example above).

____/15pts Color

____/50pts

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India and The Pacific Check List: Unit Self Assessment

Please answer in all honesty using complete sentences

Overall this unit…..

I am most proud of……

I could’ve improved upon…..

The most interesting thing I learned…..

What really made me think….

My packet had the following items completed to the best of my ability:

Page Number Assignment Points Possible

Points Earned

Points/Teachers Initials/ Date Graded.

1-3 India and the Pacific Key Terms and People 45

2-3 The Buddhism Organizer 15

4-5 Hindu Organizer 15

6 Outline Map of India 35

7-9 India Reference Maps 0

10-13 Planned Cities On the Indus 30

14 Harappan Textbook Note Taker 20

15-18 The Mughal Empire in India Organizer 15

19-20 The British Emerge in India Organizer 15

21-24 Royalty in India Thinking Bubble 30

25-26 India’s Independence 30

27-28 Life of Ghandi Organizer 15

29-33 Hindu Muslim Conflict 25

34 KASHMIR Video Guide 20

35-36 India Since Independence Notes 25

37-38 Japanese Timeline Images 40

39-40 Japanese Timeline Events 0

41-42 Japan Map 25

43-46 Feudal Powers with Japan Note Taker 35

47 Disaster in Japan Current Event 20

48-49 Disaster in Japan Article 0

51-52 Korea Map 30

53-54 The I’m So Lonely Organizer 15

Page

55 Nat Geo Korea Clip Questions 20

56-59 Pacific Islands Map 25

60-62 The Polynesian Culture Organizer 15

63-64 Polynesian Tree Activity 40

Totals Totals 600

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