1

THE MULTIWIRE CHAMBER REVOLUTION (Georges Charpak, 1968)

LARGE MWPC

SPLIT FIELD MAGNET DETECTOR (CERN ISR, 1972)

2

ARRAY OF THIN ANODE WIRES

BETWEEN TWO CATHODES

RATE CAPABILITY ~ 10 kHz/mm2

POSITION ACCURACY ~ 1-2 mm

2-TRACK RESOLUTION ~ 5 mm

G. Charpak et al,

Nucl. Instr. and Meth. 62(1968)262

NOBEL LAUREATE 1992

3 THE MULTI-DRIFT MODULE (1988)

30 mm

…G. Charpak, …..F. Sauli,

Nucl. Instr. and Meth. 265(1988)78

FIRST MULTIDRIFT MODULE PROTOTYPE (1989)

4 LAA – ELOISATRON VERTEX DETECTOR

MDM TUBES: 70 DRIFT CELLS, 80 cm LONG, 30 mm Ø

• RADIAL COORDINATE FROM DRIFT TIME

• LONGITUDINAL COORDINATE FROM CURRENT DIVISION

5 LAA VERTEX DETECTOR (1989)

48 MDM MODULES ARRAY

G. Charpak, F. Sauli et al

SINGLE MDM BEAM TRACK:

A. Oed,

Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A263(1988)351

THIN METAL STRIPS ETCHED ON GLASS SUBSTRATE

RATE CAPABILITY ~ 1 MHz/mm2

POSITION ACCURACY ~ 50 µm

2-TRACK RESOLUTION ~ 500 µm

LIGHT AND COMPACT DETECTOR CONSTRUCTION

THE MICRO-STRIP GAS CHAMBER (MSGC, 1988) 6

500 µm

7

CMS BARREL TRACKER

~ 5000 MSGC MODULES

HERA-B INNER TRACKER

~ 200 MSGC MODULES

MSGC-BASED LARGE EXPERIMENTS (~1998-2000)

MSGC: MILD OR FATAL DISCHARGE PROBLEMS! 8

CMS MSGC TRACKER

HERA-B TRACKER: 200 MSGC ALREADY BUILT!

HIGH VOLTAGE BREAKDOWN DUE TO DEFECTS OR LARGE ENERGY LOSSES

THE MULTI-STEP AVALANCHE CHAMBER CONCEPT (1978):

G. Charpak and F. Sauli, Phys. Lett. 78B(1978)723

9 MULTI-STEP CHAMBER

VERY HIGH GAINS:

SINGLE PHOTOELECTRON ELECTRON DETECTION

RING IMAGING CHERENKOV CHAMBERS

(E605 EXPERIMENT AT FERMILAB)

10

GAS ELECTRON MULTIPLIER (GEM, 1997)

F. Sauli, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A386(1997)531

ELECTRONS

PREAMPLIFICATION AND

TRANSFER:

140 µm

70 µm

GEM: 50 µm METAL-CLAD POLYMER FOIL WITH ~ 100 HOLES / mm2

GAS ELECTRON MULTIPLIER (GEM, 1997)

11 HERA-B MSGC + GEM

~ 200 MSGC+GEM DETECTORS BUILT AND OPERATED AT DESY (2000-2010)

A. Gandi and R. De Oliveira (CERN)

12

SINGLE GEM DETECTOR

2-DIMENSIONAL READOUT

MULTI-GEM:

VERY HIGH GAINS

NO DISCHARGES

SINGLE- AND MULTI-GEM DETECTORS

13

LARGE (30x30 cm2) GEMs FOR THE COMPASS TRACKER AT CERN

COMPASS TRIPLE-GEM PROTOTYPE

~ 20 CHAMBERS BUILT AND OPERATED

(2002 TO PRESENT)

COMPASS GEM TRACKER

10-GEM FORWARD SECTOR (2010)

14

HALF-MOON SHAPE GEM FOR TOTEM (CERN-CMS, 2005)

“TAYLOR” GEM DETECTORS

KLOE-2 INNER TRACKER

A. Balla et al, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A732(2013)221

15 CYLINDRICAL GEM DETECTORS

CERN-GDD

GAS DETECTORS DEVELOPMENT

GEM MODULES: 100-120 cm x 22-45 cm

36 SUPERCHAMBERS IN EACH ENDCAP

LARGE GEM CONSTRUTION: 16

D. Abbaneo et al, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A732 (2013) 203

CMS HIGH-h MUON DETECTOR UPGRADE

ALICE TIME PROJECTION CHAMBER

QUAD-GEM WITH STAGGERED HOLES:

STRONG REDUCTION OF IONS BACKFLOW

17

P. Gasik, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A845(2017)222

GEM-TPC UPGRADE

18 UV PHOTON DETECTORS

GEM WITH PHOTOSENSITIVE COATING (CsI)

T. Meinschad, L. Ropelewski and F. Sauli,

Nucl. Instr. And Meth. 535(2004)324

M. Alexeev et al, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A732(2013)264

COMPASS RING IMAGING CHERENKOV

9-PHOTONS EVENT (6 GeV p- BEAM)

19

A. Bressan et al,

Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A425(1999)254

6 keV RADIOGRAPHY OF A SMALL BAT

GEM APPLICATIONS: X-RAY RADIOGRAPHY

SINGLE GEM WITH 2-DIMENSIONAL READOUT

20 GEM APPLICATIONS: NEUTRON DETECTORS

CASCADE: 10B-COATED GEM ELECTRODES

M. Klein and Ch. Schmidt, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A628(2011)9

THERMAL NEUTRON RADIOGRAPHY

21 GEM APPLICATIONS: X-RAY POLARIMETRY

R. Bellazzini et al, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A720(2013)173

5.9 keV PHOTOELECTRON (80 µm pixels pitch): SOFT X-RAY POLARIMETER

MEASURED ANGULAR MODULATION:

22

28x28 mm2 MICRO-HOLE AND STRIP PLATE (MHSP)

WITH RESISTIVE LINES 2-D READOUT

A.L.M. Silva et al, Spectrochimica Acta B86(2013)115

X-RAY TRANSMISSION IMAGE:

ENERGY-RESOLVED X-RAY FLUORESCENCE ANALYSIS

23 APPLICATIONS IN CULTURAL HERITAGE

24 OPTICAL IMAGING CHAMBERS (1987)

G. Charpak, J.-P. Fabre, F. Sauli and M. Suzuki,

Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A258(1987)177

RADIOCHROMATOGRAPHY

TRIETHYLAMINE (TEA):

INTERNAL WAVELENGTH SHIFTER

COSMIC RAYS

25

TRIPLE GEM WITH Ar-CF4 GAS FILLING a FROM 220Rn-216Po DECAY

HADRONIC SHOWER

OPTICAL GEM READOUT

GDD

GAS DETECTORS DEVELOPMENT CERN-GDD

26 ENERGY RESOLVED FLUORESCENCE ANALYSIS

Red Green Blue

X-ray tube

target

pin-hole

GEMs

Camera and lens

GDD F. Resnati, MPGD Workshop (Aveiro, 2016)

27 OPTICAL X-RAY IMAGING

JUMPING DRONE RADIOGRAPHY (30 keV)

GDD

F. Resnati, MPGD Workshop (Aveiro, 2016)

28 X-RAY TOMOGRAPHY

IMAGE -> SINOGRAMS -> FILTERED BACK PROJECTION -> 3D IMAGE

GDD F. Resnati, MPGD Workshop (Aveiro, 2016)

29

RADIAL CONVERSION AND DRIFT:

DRIFT

GEM 1

GEM 2

CATHODE

PLANSPHERICAL GEM:

CONCENTRIC GRADED POTENTIAL RINGS

ON CATHODE AND GEM ELECTRODES

F. Sauli, PCT Patent WO99/21211

THICK CONVERSION FOR

HIGH DETECTION EFFICIENCY

PARALLAX ERROR

PLANISPHERICAL GEM

PINHOLE X-RAY CAMERA:

X-RAY CRISTALLOGRAPHY

FLUORESCENCE ANALYSIS

……

30

UNIFORM DRIFT FIELD

PLANISPHERICAL GEM IMAGER

PINHOLE IMAGE OF HOLE PATTERN

PARALLEL CONVERSION FIELD RADIAL CONVERSION FIELD

31