The Murray, Sutherland and Douglas families:were they related and were they Flemish?

Genetic genealogical analysis has developed rapidly in recent years with newtechniques being applied to an ever increasing volume of data from samples ofDNA taken from individuals, much of it pertaining to Y-DNA passed down throughthe male line. This posting reports on innovative work being undertaken byAlexandrina Murray on the Murray family and two other families – Douglas andSutherland – that are believed to be closely related to it.

As discussed in an earlier blog posting: (1) heraldic, documentary and conveyancingland record evidence held within Scottish archives point to a familial relationshipduring the medieval period in Scotland between certain members of the Murray;Sutherland & Douglas families.(2) This descent was assumed to be via a commondescent from a Flemish warrior knight: Fresechinus (3), residing near Wiston inPembroke Wales in the year 1130. (4) This progenitor was referred to later as Freskinor Freskyn of Moray- or de Moravia, son of Ollec. See the extract from the Great Rollof the Exchequer below .

Walt filius Witson & Freskin ‘son of’ |Ollec |resident in Pembroke 1130 (5)(6)

Whether this shared genetic relationship was via paternal vs maternal lines is a matterfor further research. Heraldic evidence alone is generally not deemed sufficient toestablish a basis for arguing direct paternal line relationships between members offamilies granted the same or similar heraldic ordinaries. Historically, armorial bearingsand titles were sometimes evidenced to have been granted within non paternallydescending land owning families.(7) (ie: land that was not passed down from father toson).

~ We know Freskin was resident in Pembroke Wales in 1130 (8)(9)at the timeSaint David’s Cathedral Pembroke (see below) was built and consecrated~.

Saint David’s Cathedral Pembroke. Consecrated 1130c (10)

The Douglas & Sutherland relationship.

In order to test whether the Douglas and Sutherland families had a commonancestor, a potential genetic link between Morton Earls Douglas (11 & 12) & Sutherlandof Moray Firth (13) members within their respective Y-DNA surname projects at FamilyTree DNA were investigated by this writer during May of 2013. In facilitating thisinvestigation, respective Y-DNA Allele STR marker values were organized on spread-sheets then sorted according to similarity of their values within apparently similarhaplotype groupings. At that stage not many of these men had undertaken advancedSNP nor Big Y testing.(14) (Those that have now done so have been included in theanalysis below.) These results were further sorted into modal values and compared toeach other.

The analysis of the data pointed to an apparently close genetic relationship between allof the Moray Firth Sutherland men & the Douglas Earls of Morton membershipcohort. These findings were reported to the respective Project group administratorsMessrs Mark Sutherland-Fisher of Ross Shire & his Douglas Project colleagues- FrancisDouglas QC and Belinda Dettman.(15) The general consensus was that this group ofDouglas and Sutherland members 'may' represent the Y-DNA profile of thepotentially Flemish Ollec and his son Freskin Moray (or: de Moravia (16) progenitors ofthe Douglas, Sutherland and Murray Clans.

The Murray relationship with Sutherland & Douglas

As at February 2016 , almost 3 years after initial analysis, no substantial genetic link hasbeen found between relevant groups of Murray project members and the Sutherland-Douglas matching Haplotype: sub group SNP = DF27 R- FGC23066]. (17) There ishowever finally, one sole Murray member of our project whose lineage has testedpositive for the same relatively common(18) upstream sub-clade of R1b-DF27 and istightly related via STR (19) analysis to the Sutherland-Douglas men. Further advancedSNP (20) testing should determine if this inter-relatedness will remain common throughto the time-frame under discussion: approx 1200c.

This individual Murray member’s STR values though, do definitely result in a verypromising genetic distance of approx 2 mutations over 67 markers = 67/2 to theSutherland-Douglas modal , which in general terms would usually indicate a very closefamilial relationship.

One would expect to find many more STR mutations than this over an 820+ year time-frame relating to their common ancestor .The Murray member will examine his familytree to determine whether it contains previously unknown connections with theDouglas or Sutherland families in recent times (this would distort the findings). TheSutherland-Douglas group also correlate extremely closely to each other and again wesee surprisingly few mutations within the modal which would generally be consideredunusual if the shared common ancestor were living around the year 1200 . On rareoccasions, the genetic distance between some father and son participants, and firstcousins within Y-DNA projects, has been from 1 to 5 STR mutations over 37 or 67markers. (21)

GENETIC Y-DNA MUTATION RATES -Father-Son Transmission.

For evidence pertaining to potential mutation rates between some Father/Son pairsplease see Kit Numbers 214235 (son) & 289366 (father) members of Murray Projectlocated within Group 1:01 (Teal Blue Header) Y-DNA RESULTS PAGE

Genetic Distance of 2 over 37 markers between father and son within the Falahill -Cockpool Murray ; Morrow ; Waldron related group 1:01 of the Murray Clan DNAResearch Project at Family Tree DNA. (22)

Note: Genetic distances of 4 or even 5 over 67 STR Markers have been reported onoccasion between fathers & sons. This is very rare however. The usual pattern is zeromutations between father-son pairs over 12 ; 25; 37; 67 and 111 STR markers.

See FTDNA Forum. (23) (Links in end-notes below)

After a decade of Y-DNA testing analysis; if this Murray match to Sutherland Douglasis an outlier then possibly one lineage within these three families of Douglas, Murray &Sutherland, was related through intermarriage rather than via direct patrilineal descent,and research into this possibility is ongoing. On the other hand we have not yetknowingly analysed any Y-DNA results from our senior Murray line of Tullibardine.

However the Y-DNA evidence to date is relatively clear: the Sutherland & Douglasmembers referred to previously are certainly descended from the same progenitor andthe question is whether or not this progenitor was common to both groups approx-imately 820 years ago, versus during a later time-frame. To date though, as previouslymentioned, only the one Murray member has also tested as DF27 positive and has asimilar Y-DNA profile to the above Douglas-Sutherland men.

This is important because the Murray Clan DNA Research Project (24) is now enteringthe 10th year since inception, whereby a small group of Murray families initially testedthe waters of the then unique Y-DNA Test offerings by Family Tree DNA facilitatedby scientists from the University of Arizona. Since that exploratory time our project hasblossomed into one of the larger surname projects at FTDNA, with approximately 600members plus another 200 within the Morrow surname project.(25) These membersrepresent many thousands of Murray- Morrow – MacMurray & related lineages today.

The Murray & Morrow surname conundrum.Although some Morrows are descended from men named Murray, not all are, hencethe dual Y-DNA projects, and some of these Murray-Morrows are members of bothprojects at Family Tree DNA accordingly.

There are many derivations of surnames that have been shown after Y-DNA analysis tohave been written incorrectly after mispronunciation or clerical misunderstandings, andthese newly acquired surnames have just 'stuck' with the families concerned. In othercases, avoidance of usage of the original surname was deliberately adopted in order todifferentiate the family from others using the same name whilst residing within closelocational proximity.

Morrow is written as pronounced, especially in the 'Border Lowlands' whereby Murrayoften sounded more like Moroh-and was often then written as Morrow accordingly.(26)

The Irish Murray & Morrow families

Murray is generally speaking, a surname acquired by residents originally dwellingwithin the northerly lands of Morayshire. However there is a very large cohort ofrelated Irish Murrays and Morrows within the DNA project that appear to descend fromthe Uí Néill (Nine Hostage fame) lineage (27) (28) The ancestors of the members ofthis cohort resided in Ireland and not Scotland. By far the greatest number ofindividual Murray lineages within our surname project to date belong to theirHaplogroup, designated as M222 and are accordingly of earlier Irish descent withshared progenitor dating back to the year 378 and arguably not of more recentFlemish-Scottish descent.

As this Irish cohort may not have decended from the Flemish immigrants to Scotland,they may not be relevant to the current topic under discussion here. It is interestinghowever that the arms of the O’Neil bear three mullets in chief (29) which coincides inpart with those of Murray, Sutherland & Douglas who use three stars. (30)

TYPICAL Y-DNA SIGNATURE FOR Uí Néill MURRAYS

These linguistic splits in the written form of the surname then appear to divide therelated families of later generations, whereby those living in close proximity oftenconsidered their individual families to be non related. The same can be said for thesurname MacMurray in all of the written forms, as this Mac prefix (son of) has alsobeen shown via Y-DNA evidence to often derive from Murray (Moray), as has Morrey,Morah and a variety of other similar sounding surnames.(31) To date there are a largenumber of totally unrelated family groups of Murrays & Morrows within our surnameproject, giving credence to the locational provenance of the Murray surname.

Was Freskin Flemish?

Freskin, as noted above, was resident in Pembroke prior to the David I incursions intoMoray. He appears to have been an adult paying an exchequer debt by 1130, sopossibly born in Pembroke to Ollec by 1100 circa.(32) Arguably his grand-father mayhave arrived with Ollec as a teenager in 1066 with the Norman invasion.

Who are the descendants of Freskin of Moray then? ; he died before 1166, (someargue 1171 c), 33) and was granted large tracts of land by David I. These lands weresubsequently bequethed to William de Moravia and Hugo of Sutherland .(34) Anotherissue is whether Y-DNA studies today can shed any light on the genetic background ofthese men during the middle ages. Although this is possible, it is also important tounderstand that such studies have limitations. To date there is no solid proof that Ollecand Freskin were actually Flemish, merely circumstantial evidence.(35) Then there isthe difficult question of which DNA Haplogroup/s designate Flemish Y-DNA.

Arguably, he should be referred to as Freskin of Pembroc rather than Freskin ofMoray as he was resident there, perhaps since childhood, if not born there. The debtreferred to above was a 20 shilling amount Fresechinus owed to the Exchequerwhich was– “Et Quietus est”–and fully paid by September 1130. Freskin was residentin Pembroke with other notable Flemish families and their descendants previouslyremoved to the unruly Southern Welsh plantations by Henry I during the 1100-1104period.

Only a handful of men appeared to have had dealings with the Exchequer at that timein Pembroke and all were seemingly Flemish. Witso (36) has been referred to asFlemish in the literature and conveyancing documents support this designation.

By further researching the same Exchequer Roll , this time for London, Witso (Wyzo)son of Leuestani was found residing there in 1130.(37)Afterwhich more in depth specificresearch pertaining to the descendants of Leuestani (Leofstan) resulted in determininghis occupation as being a goldsmith (aurifaber): Witso was also a craftsman goldsmith.He, along with possible father Leuestani, son Walter, and also Fresechin(us), are notreferred to as being Flemish at all within the 1129-1130 Exchequer pipe rolls. This mayindicate that they were all born locally and were perhaps sons and/or grandsons of theoriginal Flemish immigrants 1066 or a short while later.

Great Roll of the Exchequer: 1129-30. r.Henry I- London.(38)

Both Witso (referred to also as Wizo and Withsonis & Withsone)(39) along withgoldsmith father Leuestani (Leuestanus) (40) were members of the Cnihtengild (Guild ofKnights) in London in 1125 (41) This Guild held extensive lands around Aldgate, (42)indicating they were men of some importance there during that era.(43) Freskin (or hisson William) was, as some commentators believe, rewarded with Scottish lands forKnights’ service. If therefore, Freskin accompanied David III to Scotland to quellMorayshire disturbances during the same era recorded in the Pipe Roll (1129-1130),this must have been immediately prior or subsequent to Michaelmas in September1130 when these Rolls had been completed.(44) Both Witso and his father werereferred to as goldsmith, and that would have been a comparatively lucrative professionduring this era. This profession may certainly be in keeping with those of other FlemishKnight-Craftsmen in England during the period under discussion. Based upon the

above analysis of his residence in Pembroke, along with other Flemish in close

proximity,(notably Wiston Castle)—it would appear that Freskin was of Flemish stock,albeit born in Wales or England around the year 1100c.

Murrays descending from Flemish stock

There are many potential candidates in our Y-DNA project whose Haplotypes concurwith those known to arise in Flanders and surrounding regions. In fact most, (excludingthe Irish Uí Néill group previously discussed, and perhaps some R1a1 and othermembers) would fall into this category . Genealogical charts and family trees of YDNAproject member participants are helpful, however the question needs to be asked- aretheir submitted trees genuine?(45) Even if lineages are precise, accurate and detailed thatis no guarantee that the male contributing his YDNA to a project is definitely lineallydescended from his listed progenitor .

He might be related in other ways, for instance maternally descended from a Murrayfemale whose son adopted the surname of Murray in order to acquire lands and/ortitles. A husband having adopted the surname of Murray in order to continue familytraditions and acquire inheritances after a line has 'daughtered out' has been proven inquite a number of Murray lineages, even some very elite ones.(46) This circuitous routeto acquiring ones’ surname, including that of Murray has come to light within many alineage, even very noble ones, (47)(48) (49) underlying the vitally important need to testliving descendants of these lineages prior to making assumptions based upon heraldry,the peerage, rumour, online ancestral services, or the paper trail alone.(50)

Flemish -Possibly?

Group 7 in our Project are Haplogoup I2a3 (I-L233) West and Western Isles Group.Germanic-Saxon Dutch-Flemish? (51)

Group 2:D Murray lineages belonging to Haplogroup R-U106 >Z381 which theyshare with the Royal Houses of Bourbon & Wettin. (52 ) (53) (54)

Group 1:01 descend from Archibald de Moravia alive 1290, who signed theRagman roll and was the progenitor of the Falahill Murrays along with William deMoravia alive during the same era who was the progenitor of the Murrays ofCockpool. Both of these men were believed to have been Flemish. (55)

Other factors may interrupt the genetic lineage of a surname apart from formal orinformal adoption of the Murray surname: For instance orphan children, stepchildren,natural children, adopted or fostered children all have the potential to descend from aprogenitor who was not of any Murray paternal lineage. These issues can occur nomatter how elite or famous the lineage under consideration might appear. (56) So this isanother obstacle to identifying the chief line of Ollec & Freskin.

Finally there can be distortions to the typical father to son or grandson inheritancepattern. In some cases the Latin term filius (son of) is used in documentation, othertimes not , yet sons of ones' daughter/s may also be argued to be entitled to use thesame locational surname —of Moray—if they were also resident in that area, in this casethe area around Duffus Morayshire. Lands could easily have been conveyed in this wayduring earlier periods with latter day antiquarians none the wiser unless historicalrecords to the contrary remained extant.

Do Murray, Douglas & Sutherland men all descend from Freskin?

The Bothwell Murray line, and the Earls’ Sutherland line descended from the samefamily are both now extinct in the senior lines. So why is there such a strong geneticlink between the Earls’ Morton Douglas lineage and Moray Firth Sutherland lineage?And why, in juxtaposition, is there not the same strong evidence regarding a matchingMurray lineage to date if these three families do all arise from the same progenitoraround 1200 ? Is there evidence that the Douglas & Sutherland Earls descend fromFreskin de Moravia while Murrays of Morayshire do not ? Or is it the other wayaround?

Do the Murrays descend from Freskin, and the Douglas Sutherland members from adaughter line? Perhaps none of the members descend from the elusive Freskinbecause the direct male lines of all three lineages ceased to exist ! Arguably, it is morelikely however that Scottish and/or other immigrant Murray males from this noblelineage have not yet undertaken DNA testing for genetic purposes.(57) If the Y-DNAMoray Firth Sutherland group descend from Freskin paternally then of course so dotheir Earl of Morton Douglas Y-DNA cousins according to the DNA evidence to date.The Earls of Queensberry Douglas lineage on the other hand, is not a Y-DNA matchto the above mentioned Douglas or Sutherland cohort.(58) This finding needs furtherthorough investigation

The one Murray member matching the Morton Earls of Douglas/ Moray FirthSutherland lineage is undertaking further testing during February 2016. If his deeperhaplogroup sub clade result continues to match the Sutherland & Douglas lines underdiscussion then we will be one step closer to possibly proving a more recently sharedpaternal descent. Moreover, without results from a larger lineally diverse but relatedcohort of Murrays along this member's deeper lineage, it could be argued that oneMurray lineage match alone will not provide researchers with enough solid evidenceyet, to point to a strong, indisputable genetic link between these three chief lineages.

Given that two of these families — Earls’ Sutherland and Bothwell Murray—werebelieved to have become potentially extinct in the male chief lines, genetic evidencerelies upon Y-DNA from their probable descendants. These comprise unrecordedsons of earlier Earls Sutherland within Moray Firth Sutherland cohort, and welldocumented Earls of Morton Douglas lineages. If any Murray member with a provenlineal provenance to noble Murray lineages were to match the Douglas-Sutherlandcohort & their singular Murray match, this would be quite an historic finding.

Douglas Castle 1900 circa- demolished 1938. (59 )

Although the Bothwell Murray chief line led to extinction along the male lineaccording to existing documentation, other probable descendants of this line arebelieved to be represented within the Murray of Tullibardine ranks. These ranksinclude the Dukes of Atholl and Earls of Dunmore, along with Viscounts Stormont(Earls’ Mansfield) and other elite Murray lineages. In order to ascertain if our Y-DNASutherland-Douglas cohort are in fact descended from the same paternal lineage as thepotential Murray of Bothwell line of Atholl ( Dunmore, Stormont et al and cadets,Touchadam-Polmaise along with Abercairney Murrays),various Murray men known tobe descended from the senior lines have been approached to undertake Y- DNApaternal line testing, but without success. Some members of this family are howeverwithin our Family Finder autosomal DNA project.

The Abercairney Murrays’ in our Murray Y-DNA project descend paternally fromHome-Drummond relatively recently and as such are senior clan maternal linedescendants of Freskin, not paternal.

Conclusion

The Murray Clan worldwide encompasses all of those bearing the surname Murrayand derivatives and Septs, as well as their descendants. Our Murray DNA Project hasproven a genetic link between many surname holders including Morrow, who did notrealise previously that they were descended from a common Murray ancestor withintheir specific lines. However only one lineage can be directly patrilinially descendedfrom Freskin if his paternal line did not become extinct.

To date due to lack of access to proven in depth lineage analysis of members andsparsity of members from proven Tullibardine Murray lineages it is not possibleascertain if that line relates in any way to the matching Douglas-Sutherland Y-DNAproject members discussed above.

Fresechinus of Wiston (Whitson) in Pembroke and later of Duffus Moray withextensive lands conveyed to son William de Moravia, certainly appears to havedescended from Flemish ancestral lines. However so have other founding ancestorswithin our project not known to be descended from him : Murrays of Cockpool andMurrays of Falahill & Blackbarony and cadets are merely three such Y-DNA cousinlines which have been argued to be descended from Flemish progenitors. TheseMurrays do not relate paternally to the Douglas Sutherland men under discussion, norwere they ever believed to descend in any way from Murray of Tullibardine.(60) (61)

If we were to recruit a number of Murray men descended from proven TullibardineTouchadam -Polmaise and cadet Murray progenitors then, and only then would we beable to potentially answer the question as to whether a Murray-Sutherland-Douglasshared genetic Y-DNA paternal line inheritance from Freskin de Moravia is potentiallyfeasible. Until then though, this question remains mute.

WISTON CASTLE PEMBROKE.(62)

Nearby to Freskin’s abode in 1130.

Alexandrina MurrayFebruary 2016

Alexandrina Murray is an Australian & British citizen. Her parents—bothScottish, met during WW2 after they both volunteered for service within the RoyalAustralian Airforce. She is the Administrator for the Murray Clan DNA researchProject at Family Tree DNA, and also the Administrator for the Noble SurnameDNA Project. Her qualifications are B.A. & M.A., in Modern History. Alexandrinais retired as Manager; Distance Education Student Services at MacquarieUniversity in Sydney Australia. Married to Paul Starling from a Stirling of Stirlingfamily; they have one daughter -Alexandra.

References and Notes1 M. Sutherland Fisher., J.B. Sutherland : See Blog Posting November 2014 Refer to discussion The

Flemish in Scotland: Exploring the Relationships Between Some Key Flemish Families University of StAndrews.http://flemish.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/2014/11/21/exploring-the-relationships-among-some-key-flemish-families/#_edn2 Viewed November 2014.

2 Ibid.,3 G. W. S. Barrow., The Kingdom of the Scots Government, church and society from the eleventh to the

fourteenth century. (London, 1973) p.p. 52-53 . Barrow determines that Freskin’s extensive lands weregranted in recognition of Knight service.

4 Great Roll of the Exchequer., 1129-1130 E 372/1 31 Hen I. 1129 Mich-1130 Mich (printed by Rec Comm,1833; reprinted by PRS, 1929) p.136. See Barrow- . Image courtesy of National Archives Kew, per Dr J.Nelson to James Brown Sutherland of Council: Clan Sutherland Society. 18 Sept 2014- via email.(Hereafter: Pipe Rolls Exchequer) Online version available:https://archive.org/stream/magnumrotulumsc01huntgoog#page/n174/mode/2up

5 Pipe Rolls Exchequer., Ibid.6 Note the presence of Walter son of Witz-Witson (Flandrensis) in the entry directly above Fresechin

-Freskin yr 1130, Pembroke. as discussed by Sutherland & Fisher, (2014) op. cit., lending weight to theirdiscussion regarding Witzo’s Flemish community comradeships and conveyancing trends later inScotland. Identification of Witzo as Witson (Wiston) with son Walt(s) is central to linking Freskin withWizo, the leader of the Flemish community in Pembrokeshire. Wizo Flandrensis de Castellum Witz.Walterus filius Witz was in possession of his father’s lands and ‘Castle Wiston-Witz in 1130, and Freskin(Fresechin) is listed directly under this entry seemingly living within the Flemish community at this time.This Castle passed from Walter Fitz Wizo to William Fitz Gerald in 1147. Walter & Freskin arguably ofthe same generation, possibly related with fathers’ also of the same generation.A Wizo of Wiston was also prominent in Clydesdale and Kelso during the reign of Malcolm iv. Wizoin circa 1112 Wizo held the lordship of Daugleddau in Pembroke, which appears to be a name similarphoenetically to Douglas Dale.

7 Earls of Annandale line is just one such example whereby the Crichton inheritor assumed the surnameMurray. See: W.M. Morison., Ed: Decisions of the Court of Session, Vol. 6. Forum Competins Sir RobertMurray vs Murray of Bruchton (Broughton, ed. ) Feb 12th 1679 p.4803.

8 Pipe Rolls Exchequer 1129-1130 Pembroke Wales. Op. Cit.,9 Also see: Lauran Toorians ., Revue belge de philologie de histoire, Annee (1996) Vol 74 No.3.

pp.659- 693 Flemish Settlements in Twelfth-Century Scotland. p.663. PDF10 St David’s Cathedral was under construction and consecrated 1130c when Freskyn was in residence at

Pembroke. Photographer Nigel Swales: Wiki Commons, Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.0

11 Douglas Surname DNA Project at Family Tree DNA. Accessed 27 Jan 2017 at :https://www.familytreedna.com/public/Douglas/default.aspx?section=yresults

12 Ibid., Members state progenitor is Willem de Douglas 1174c.13 Sutherland DNA Research Project at Family Tree Dna. Accessed 27 Jan 2016 at:

https://www.familytreedna.com/public/Sutherland/default.aspx?section=yresults14 Advanced Single Nucleotide Polymorphism analysis via Family Tree DNA, Houston Texas USA.15 Alexandrina Murray : to Mark Sutherland Fisher., Belinda Dettman., Francis Douglas., by Email 18 May

2013. DOUGLAS MATCHES SUTHERLAND GROUP 0.316 Also de Murreff.17 There is however one Murray project member who appears to belong to the same upstream clade of

DF27 . Further SNP testing to be undertaken February-March should provide verification that his terminalsub clade will match that of the Douglas Sutherland group under discussion.

18 Within European populations, however uncommon within the Murray Clan DNA Research Project.19 STR: Short Tandem Repeat DYS analysis.20 Single Neucleotide Polymorphism analysis.21 FTDNA Forum: Customer :Prarielad. Differs 4 mutations to 1st cousin. 67/4 reported 18 Sept 2015.

http://forums.familytreedna.com/showthread.php?t=38515 Customer: Chills reports differs 2 markersfrom his father. 67/2 Reported: 6 Feb 2015. http://forums.familytreedna.com/showthread.php?t=36922Customer Stevo: reports 2 mutations to his son. 67/2http://forums.familytreedna.com/showthread.php?t=35648 reported 13/8/2014.Murray DNA Project Group 1:01 Cockpool Murray Philiphaugh Murray group report father son 2mutations over 37 markers: 37/2 . See Family Tree DNA Father-Son-Brother Project.https://www.familytreedna.com/groups/father-son-brother/about/backgroundResults here. Ignore 1st group AAA. https://www.familytreedna.com/public/Father-Son-Brother?iframe=ycolorized

22 Murray Clan DNA Research Project at Family Tree DNA: Accessed 27 Jan 2016 at :https://www.familytreedna.com/public/murray/default.aspx?section=yresults

23 FTDNA Forum: Op. Cit., https://www.familytreedna.com/public/Father-Son-Brother?iframe=ycolorized24 Murray DNA FTDNA Op. Cit25 Morrow DNA Project at Family Tree DNA . Accessed 27 Jan 2016 at:

https://www.familytreedna.com/public/morrowdna/default.aspx?section=yresults26 William Murray of Murraythwaite., cited in Scots Lore, Proceedings of Society of Antiquaries of

Scotland, vol. ii. p. 166. . 1856.27 Matching Niall of the Nine Hostages Project at Family Tree DNA. Accessed 27 Jan 2017 at:

https://www.familytreedna.com/landing/matching-niall.aspx28 Michael Maglio., Identifying Y-Chromosome Dynastic Haplotypes: The High Kings of Ireland Revisited

(2015) LINK http://originhunters.blogspot.com.au/2015/01/ghosts-of-dna-past-irish-kings.html PDF29 See: http://www.heraldry.ws/html/oneill-sept-arms.html30 Mullets are pierced however stars are not.31 Murraythwaite, Op. Cit., In many parts of Scotland — in Roxburghshire, in Perthshire, and else- where

— Morow is still the local pronunciation for Murray or Moray. Many ways of spelling the name arepreserved in old documents. It appears as Mwrray, Murrai, Murra, Murry, Mwry, Murrave, Murref,Muref, MurreflF, Murrefe, Morye,* Mowrrey,' or Murrafe

32 Arguably it was Father of Ollec who arrived with William the Conqueror in 1066 and Freskin was notreferred to as ‘Flandrensis’ because he was actually native born 1100 circa. Flemish residents in Welshareas and Pembroke by 1127 are discussed in depth in: Royal Commission on the Ancient and HistoricalMonuments of Wales and.Monmouthshire: VII - County of Pembroke.(1925) . See online version:http://tiny.cc/sz588x By Royal Warrant.

33 Sir James Paul., (1909). The Scots Peerage 2. Edinburgh: David Douglas. p. 121.34 A.A.M. Duncan (1975 ) Scotland: The Making of the Kingdom. p.189.35 Ibid., See Note 6 above.36 This unusual fore-name may have been unique to this Flemish family.37 Pipe Roll Exchequer , Op. Cit., p145.38 Ibid.,39 All forms of this name have may have been unique to this Flemish family in both Scotland and Wales.40 Round., The Antiquary. See in depth discussion pp.109-111. Op. Cit.,41 Ibid.,42 C, Nugent; L, Brooke; G, Keir: London, 800-1216 : The Shaping of a City. pp. 98-9943 Round, Op. Cit., The Antiquary argues that there were at least 4 men with the forename Leuestani

(Leofstan) in London during this era and warns readers not to confuse these four families.44 Michaelmas: Feast of Saint Michael. 29 September .45 In consideration of the proliferation of Ancestry dot com trees whereby some members there attach their

ancestors to those of others via “shaky green leaf hints” without due diligence and research, hasdisseminated enormous numbers of false ancestral trees worldwide. I argue,perhaps hundreds ofthousands.

46 Murray of Abercairney is merely one elite line of Murray (Moray) with solid descent from Freskin whoare recently descended as Moray from their maternal Moray line , after Son In Law- male Home-Drummond descendant assumption of the surname of Moray to become Home-Drummond Moray. SeeCharles Stirling- Home- Drummond born 1814 married Christian Moray 18th of Abercairney. Charlesthen assumed the surname of Moray.See: The Peerage online- http://www.thepeerage.com/p5240.htm#i52398

47 An example of this is currently found within the Pringill of Stitchill Baronetcy succession dispute .Whereby the Queen has intervened in order to determine if Y-DNA test results should be provided to ajudicial enquiry as evidence in this case after FTDNA Pringle project members of the Stitchill family didnot match re: Y-DNA STR results. See: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3267859/Queen-demands-DNA-test-court-settle-dispute-330-year-old-baronet-title-ruling-mean-Utah-Mormon-king.htmlAccessed February 2016.

48 Identification of the Remains of King Richard III (2014) in Nature Communications . PDFhttp://www.nature.com/ncomms/2014/141202/ncomms6631/full/ncomms6631.html Viewed Jan 2016.

49 Also see evidence regarding skeletal remains of King Richard III whose Y-DNA does not match hisapparent paternal descendant line relations of the Dukes of Beaufort-|Somerset lineage. LeicesterUniversity: http://www.le.ac.uk/richardiii/science/resultsofdna.html Viewed January 2016.

50 J.J. Cassiman (Prof) 2013. New research robs French King Henry IV of his head. At Kueleven.comhttps://www.kuleuven.be/english/news/2013/new-research-robs-henry-iv-of-head Viewed February 2016.

51 See Group 7. Murray Clan DNA Results Family Tree DNA Op. Cit.,https://www.familytreedna.com/public/murray/default.aspx?section=yresults

52 Ibid., Maarten H.D. Larmuseau et al., 2013 House of Bourbon belonged to Y-haplogroupR1b1b2a1a1b* (R-Z381*). European Journal of Human Genetics advance online publication 9 October2013; doi: 10.1038/ejhg.2013.211 Viewed at Dienekes Blogspot:http://dienekes.blogspot.com.au/2013/10/house-of-bourbon-belonged-to-y.html

53 Eupedia.com Genetics. Viewed at : http://www.eupedia.com/genetics/famous_y-dna_by_haplogroup.shtml#R1b-U106 . Accessed 28 Jan 2016. See: https://yhrd.org/tools/branch/R1b1a-Z381 for Haplo-Map

54 See Group 2:D. Murray Clan DNA Results Family Tree DNA Op. Cit.,https://www.familytreedna.com/public/murray/default.aspx?section=yresults

55 See Group 1:01. Murray Clan DNA Results Family Tree DNA Op. Cit.,https://www.familytreedna.com/public/murray/default.aspx?section=yresults

56 Ibid., All three projects: Murray: Douglas and Sutherland have enlisted members whose paper trail andpublished lineages place them as members within senior or well known clan lineages, yet who do notmatch any other members Y-DNA from within those projects. Relationship to their ancestral progenitorcannot be discounted however based solely on DNA Project membership numbers alone. Dozens ofmembers of one family line may in fact be the outliers, having joined the project en-mass, and the lonemember who does not match the others could theoretically be the genuine paternal line descendant.

57 If they have done so, and are not aware of their distant provenance and the relationship to TullibardineMurray, they are NOT be matching the Douglas-Sutherland group.

58 Douglas Earls Queensberry belong to Haplogroup R1a1 see: Surname DNA Project at Family Tree DNA.Op.Cit., https://www.familytreedna.com/public/Douglas/default.aspx?section=yresults

59 Douglas Castle from Old Postcard. 1900 circa. Demolished 1938. Photo in public domain.60 Sir Walter Scott , a descendant of the Murrays of Falahill argued that his Murray of Philiphaugh relative

and neighbour, was adamant that their line was unique and not related to any other Murrays. Heespecially referred to Murray of Atholl. This does not determine though that they did not also descendfrom the Bothwell-Tullibardine lineage during the medieval period.

61 Group 1:01 within the Murray DNA Project are to date: the only group apart from the Sutherland-Douglas men, to have a well defined line to medieval ancestors. The related Murrays of Falahill &Murrays of Cockpool and cadets are believed to have descended from Archibald & William de Moravia.Recently, a member related to Sir James Augustus Henry Murray , (Lexicographer of Oxford dictionaryfame) and believed to descend from Murray of Blackbarony, matched the Falahill & Cockpool Murraygroup. Their haplogroup is U152> L20. La Tene Celt. Other members of various groups unrelated to eachother believe they are descended from the Tullibardine line. Most of these members descend fromimmigrants to U.S.A & Canada. These include men in Groups: 1:03:A; / 1:A5:2 /& 1:A5:3 ; / 1:A8:1 ;/2:D ; /4:0 & 7:0 /. See: https://www.familytreedna.com/public/murray/default.aspx?section=yresults

62 Wiston Castle ruin Pembrokeshire Wales. Est date of initial construction 1110 circa. Situated in thevicinity of a dwelling inhabited by Fresechin (Freskin) during 1130, afterwards of Moray Scotland. Photocopyright by Deborah Tilley November 2015. Available for publication under Creative CommonsLicence :© Copyright: Deborah Tilley and licensed for reuse under this Creative Commons Licence