the muscular system...the muscular system ... the nervous system which is either voluntary or...
TRANSCRIPT
The Muscular System
Muscles are organs
They provide tone, move body fluids &
food, provide the heartbeat & distribute
heat.
There are 3 types of muscle:
1. Skeletal Muscle
2. Smooth Muscle
3. Cardiac Muscle
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/images/ency/fullsize/19917.jpg
Types of Muscle:
Attached to bones
Voluntary
Allow movement
Striated (striped)
Enclosed in endomysium (connective tissue)
which forms fibers called fascicles.
The fascicles collectively form
aponeuroses, tendon-like structures which
attach to bones.
http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/labs/skeleta
l_muscle.jpg
Smooth Muscle Cardiac Muscle
No striations
Involuntary
Located in CVS and
hollow organs
(stomach, bladder,
etc.)
Striated
Involuntary
Located only in the
heart (pump blood)
http://www.victoriacollege.edu/dept/bio/Belltutorials/Histology%20Tutor
ial/Basic%20Tissues/imageFLL.JPG
http://www.mccc.edu/~falkow/images/cardiac_001.jpg
Movement (contraction &
relaxation)
Posture
Joint stabilization
Heat generation
http://chanteur.net/contribu/index.htm#http://chanteur.net/contribu/cJMdiaph.htm
Muscle type and innervation of the diaphragm Type musculaire et innervation du diaphragme
© John Messmer 1998
[Re: Involuntary Diaphragm???]
There are three types of muscle in the body: skeletal, smooth and cardiac. Skeletal contracts in response to a nerve impulse at the individual muscle cell's neural plate. It is not propogated to other muscles. Smooth muscle also uses a stimulus to contract, though its type of contraction is less forceful than skeletal muscle and can propogate to other smooth muscle cells. Smooth muscle is in intestines, for example. Cardiac muscle contracts spontaneously, but that's a separate topic.
The diaphragm has ONLY skeletal muscle, not smooth muscle - none. It will not contract spontaneously as cardiac muscle. It MUST have an impulse delivered to contract. That impulse can originate in the higher brain centers as when we voluntarily inhale and exhale or in the lower brain as when low oxygen levels or high levels of acid or carbon dioxide are present in the cerebrospinal fluid or blood. There are MANY sites of modulation of breathing in the brain too complicated for this forum.
I will repeat what I have said before: the diaphragm muscle is skeletal and *not considered voluntary or involuntary* - it is the NERVOUS SYSTEM which is either voluntary or involuntary depending on whether we are consciously or unconsciously breathing. The phrenic nerve carries motor fibers that originate in the upper brain - the cortex which serves voluntary actions, and lower brain - brainstem which serves involuntary actions. There are NO SYMPATHETIC OR PARASYMPATHETIC nerves to the diaphragm. (Lungs, yes; diaphragm, no.)
We determine whether our diaphragms are at rest, contracted or forced up into our thoraces by the proprioceptive (position) sensation in our abdominal and chest walls and the nociceptive (bad feeling) fibers in our intestines and lungs. When it is contracted, our abdominal organs are pushed down and our abdominal walls are pushed out. When relaxed, this reverses. To exhale fully, it requires us to contract the abdominal wall muscles and the intercostal muscles (between the ribs) since our diaphragms can not move any higher than fully relaxed.
I hope this clears it up.
John
John Messmer, MD, Medical Director
Penn State Geisinger Health Group, Palmyra, PA
Sarcolemma is the plasma membrane.
The contractile unit in the muscle is the
sarcomere.
Myofibrils are the organelles.
Myofilaments are the proteins found
within the sarcomeres. These form
striations.
Actin are thin filaments.
Myosin are thick filaments.
Skeletal Muscle:
http://www.ivy-rose.co.uk/Topics/Muscles/Muscle_Cell_Close-up_1.jpg
These striations have a pattern with 2 parts:
1. I bands (light) have actin attached to Z lines.
2. A bands (dark) are myosin overlapping actin, contain an H zone (central thick region) and a M line.
Within the sarcoplasm is the sarcoplasmic reticulum (just like the ER of other cells). These are membranous channels.
Skeletal Muscle Fiber:
http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/sciences/LifeScience/GeneralBiology/Physiology/Muscular/SkeletalMuscle/muscle2.gif
http://www.ks.uiuc.edu/Research/telethonin/MuscleL1-t.jpg
http://www.easttroy.k12.wi.us/hs/dept/science/bottum/Adv
%20Biology/muscular/manatomy/images/muscle2.gif
Motor neurons (nervous system) connect to
each & every skeletal muscle fiber.
The connection between these two forms a
neuromuscular junction.
This is the reason skeletal muscles
contract.
Motor neurons branch; their ends contain a
lot of mitochondria & synaptic vesicles
(responsible for synapses).
They store neurotransmitters.
http://www.shelfieldpeonline.co.uk/assets/images/neuromuscular_junction.jpg
The basic movement of skeletal muscle is a result of a stimulus (via a neuro-transmitter).
The actin & myosin filaments slide past each other, shortening the muscle fiber (contraction).
Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter responsible for skeletal muscle contraction.
This needs ATP and high [Ca++]
This is called the Sliding Filament Theory.
http://www.dwm.ks.edu.tw/bio/activelearner/38/images/ch38summary.gif
Aerobic respiration: requires oxygen and
produces ATP, which is used by muscles.
Creatine phosphate: provides phosphate to
ADP to make ATP, which is then used by
muscles.
Lactic acid fermentation: this is anaerobic
respiration (no oxygen used).
Lactic acid is produced (and a small amount of
ATP).
Energy to do work Energy goes
into cycle (to
make ATP)
http://library.thinkquest.org/C006669/media/Biol/img/atp_cycle.gif
Active muscles tend to become O2 deficient.
An accumulation of lactic acid in muscles causes fatigue, cramping and pain.
Repaying an oxygen debt (after strenuous exercise) may take several hours.
Even at rest, muscle tone exists. This is the sustained contraction of muscles. This is important in maintaining posture.
Muscles move according to their location & position.
The immovable end of a muscle is called the origin (head) while the movable end is called its insertion.
Insertion is pulled towards its origin.
Some muscles have more than 1 origin or insertion.
Ex: biceps brachii (in arm) has 2 origins (biceps=2 heads)
http://www.google.com/imgres?
Flexion means decreasing an angle
Extension means increasing an angle
Muscle name usually indicates info about it: its location, size, # of attachments, shape or action.
Examples:
deltoid (shaped like a delta or triangle)
biceps brachii (2 heads in the brachium, or arm)
pectoralis major (large in size, located in pectoral, or chest, region)
Look up labeled diagram of muscle system in text or online.
Know this diagram!
Facial muscles
Chewing Muscles
Frontalis
Occipitalis
Orbicularis Oculi
Orbicularis Oris
Buccinator
Zygomaticus
Masseter
Temporalis
Platysma
Sternocleidomastoid
Neck Muscles
http://www.google.com/imgres?
Pectoralis Major: covers chest
Intercostal Muscles: between ribs
Rectus Abdominis: from pubis to rib cage
External oblique
Internal oblique
Transversus abdominus
http://www.google.com/imgres?
Trapezius: kite-
shaped muscle over
neck & shoulder
Latissimus Dorsi
Erector Spinae (deep
back)
Quadratus Lumborum
Deltoid (triangular-
shaped muscle of
shoulder)
http://www.google.com/imgres?
Biceps brachii
Brachialis
Brachioradialis
Triceps Brachii
http://www.google.com/imgres?
Hip Joint Muscles: Knee Joint Muscles:
Gluteus Maximus (buttocks)
Gluteus Medius
Iliopsoas (p is silent; iliac crest to vertebrate)
Adductor Muscles
Hamstrings (includes
biceps femoris)
Sartorius
Quadriceps (includes
rectus femoris):
intramuscular
injections usually
occur here.
http://www.google.com/imgres?
Ankle & Foot:
Extensor Digitorum Longus
Fibularis Muscles (fibula to metatarsals)
Gastrocnemius (calf)
Soleus
http://www.google.com/imgres?
https://www.google.com/search?q=muscle+movements&biw=1280&bih=891&tbm=isch&imgil=U4L2lBW3OyOKgM%253A%253BMvE4OtsTvZ9tRM%253Bhttps%25253A%25252F%25
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https://www.google.com/search?q=muscle+movements&biw=1280&bih=891&tbm=isch&imgil=U4L2lBW3OyOKgM%253A%253BMvE4OtsTvZ9tRM%253Bhttps%25253A%25252F%25
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0ahUKEwjw_raA0tnKAhWHmx4KHd2fA8YQyjcIMQ&ei=MeywVrCiPIe3et2_jrAM#tbm=isch&q=muscle+movements+anatomy&imgdii=6G210TXx7_WGuM%3A%3B6G210TXx7_WGuM%
3A%3BkQM3r4Zo3x_-2M%3A&imgrc=6G210TXx7_WGuM%3A
https://www.google.com/search?q=muscle+movements&biw=1280&bih=891&tbm=isch&imgil=U4L2lBW3OyOKgM%253A%253BMvE4OtsTvZ9tRM%253Bhttps%25253A%25252F%25
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0ahUKEwjw_raA0tnKAhWHmx4KHd2fA8YQyjcIMQ&ei=MeywVrCiPIe3et2_jrAM#tbm=isch&q=muscle+movements+anatomy&imgrc=3ZUDb0rrZffw5M%3A
Look up in text or online!
Know the following:
Atrophy, rotation, abduction, adduction,
circumduction, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion,
inversion, eversion, supination, pronation,
opposition, prime mover, antagonists,
synergists, fixators, muscular dystrophy,
Duchene’s muscular dystrophy, and
mysthenia gravis
This slide show was developed by Dana Halloran,
Cardinal Mooney High School, Sarasota, FL.
Used with her personal permission,
adapted and amended by Rosa Whiting,
Manatee School for the Arts, Palmetto, FL.