The Muslim World(622-1629 CE)

-Rise of Islam

-Islam Spreads

-Golden Age of Muslim Civilization

Rise of Islam• Where? Islam emerged in the Arabian

Peninsula (many deserts & trade centers)• Geography

– Oasis: ___________________________ (makes farming possible)

– Bedouins occupied Arabia (______________)• Key trading town= Mecca

– Market town, pilgrimage center, & home of the Kaaba

The Prophet Muhammad• Born in Mecca in 570 CE: Started as a shepherd,

became a merchant, & ran successful caravan business• At age 40 heard Gabriel & set out as messenger of God

– Supported by wife Khadija

• 622 CE Muhammad left on journey aka hijra (Mecca to Medina)– TURNING PT in Islam Islam began to spread

Teachings of Islam

• Monotheistic• Quran= sacred text

– God is all powerful & compassionate

– People responsible for their actions

– Complete guide to life– Converts learn to read in

Arabic

• Five Pillars (5 basic duties)– Declaration of faith– Daily prayer– Charity to poor– Fasting during Ramadan– Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca)

• “People of the Book”: share the same God of Judaism & Christianity– Islam is final & complete

revelation

Dome of the Rock & jihad• Dome of the Rock: Jerusalem (690s CE)

– Holy site in Islamic world

• Jihad: struggle in God’s service– Seen as a 6th duty (spiritual effort & warfare)

Islam-religion & way of life

• Sharia: body of law that interprets & applies teachings of Quran– Regulates moral conduct, family life, business

practices & gov’t– NOT separate from criminal & civil law

• Spiritual equality of men & women– Protection of women under law (inheritance,

marriage, education)– Women had less rights than men in daily life

Caliphs & Conquests• Caliph: ________________________• Abu Bakr = 1st caliph after Muhammad’s

death– Crisis surfaced after Muhammad’s death– Reunited Arabs on allegiance to Islam

Lands conquered under the first four caliphs: Byzantine empire, Syria, Palestine, Persian empire, Egypt, areas of North Africa, Spain

•Reasons for success:

1)Byzantine & Persian empires weak

2) Welcomed as liberators in Fertile Crescent

3) Bedouin camel & horse cavalry stronger than traditional armies

4) Common faith created a unified state

• Conquered people allowed to practice their own religion & laws

Taxed if non-Muslim

Many converted to Islam—no religious hierarchy or priests (EQUALITY)

•Europe—Spain served as an important center for Muslim growth

Arts & learning thrived, religious tolerance, grand architecture, palace in Granada, culture thrived in Sicily

Division!• Divisions occurred after Muhammad's

death– Two main divisions: Sunni & Shiite– Disagreed on Muhammad's successor

• Sunni: caliph chosen by leaders of Muslim community (leader NOT religious authority)

• Shiite: successors must be descendants of Muhammad's daughter & son-in-law (Fatima & Ali)

– Leaders divinely inspired

Division (cont)• Ali (Muhammad's son-in-law)= 4th

caliph– Assassinated 661 CE by Sunni

– Viewed as martyr

• Division exists today—differences in religious practice, law, daily life– 90% Sunni

– Most Shiites live in Iran, Lebanon, Iraq, and Yemen

• Sufism: Muslim mystics that use meditation & fasting

Empire of the Caliphs• Umayyads

• Abbassids

• Decline of the Caliphate

Empire of Caliphs• Umayyad Family (750 CE): faced problems

– Adapt from desert to city life, relied on local officials, economic tensions, problems w/ Shiites, social unrest among non-Arab converts

• Abbassid Dynasty (750-1258 CE): began w/ Abu al-Abbas– Killed the Umayyad family

– Ended Arab dominance, made Islam universal religion, empire reached greatest wealth, civilization experienced a golden age

Baghdad• Abbassid caliph al-Mansur

• “City of Peace, Gift of God, Paradise on Earth”

• City filled with gardens, mosques, market courtyards, palace of the caliph– Symbol of wealth and splendor

Decline of the Caliphate(broken power 850 CE)

• Caliph's power declined & civil wars erupted → chaos w/ invasions (900-1400CE)

• Seljuk Turks (900s CE): built empire across Fertile Crescent– 1055 CE sultan controlled Baghdad & b/g to threaten

Byzantine empire

• Crusades: Salah al-Din took control of Jerusalem 1187 CE

Mongols• Genghis Khan (1216 CE) led Mongols from

Central Asia across Persia & Mesopotamia– Hulagu (1258 CE) burned & looted Baghdad,

killed last Abbassid caliph– Timur the Lame (Tamerlane) led armies into

Middle East• Goal: conquer Muslim & non-Muslim lands

• Led to fragmented power***

Society in the Golden Age• Diverse cultures united

(Arabs, Persians, Egyptians, other Africans, Europeans)

• Social mobility- ________________

– Improve social rank through religious, scholarly, or military achievements

– How is this different from medieval Europe?

• Slavery a common custom—brought from conquered lands (Muslims could not be enslaved)

– Freedom w/ conversion & marriage

– Many bought freedom

Economy in the Golden Age

• Extensive Trading (750-1350 CE): spread Islam, technology and goods– Camel caravans aka “ships of the desert”

• Traveled across Sahara into W Africa

– Traders traveled Silk Road

– Monsoons carried ships from E Africa to India

– Addition of Arabic numerals, sugar, papermaking, banks, partnerships, bank checks (sakk)

Economy (cont)

• Guilds org manufacturing– Most labor by wage workers

– Goods produced: swords, leather, cotton textiles, carpets, glassware & furniture

• Agriculture flourished– Sugar cane, cotton, dyes, herbs, fruits, vegetables &

flowers*massive irrigation systems drained swamplands to provide

farming in arid land—olives, grain & dates*

Arts & Literature of Golden Age

• Quran banned worship of idols = no artists could portray God or human figures in religious art– Arabesque: rugs, textiles, glassware, ceilings

– Calligraphy: art of beautiful handwriting

• Architecture: adaptation of domes & arches– Dome of the Rock, domed mosques, minarets

Literature (cont)• Arabs had tradition of oral poetry & Bedouin musical

verses– Themes of chivalry, dangers, glories, and romance

• Rabiah al-Adawiyya: Sufi mysticism & worship of God w/o reward

• Firdawsi: Shah Namah (Book of Kings) tells history of Persia

• Omar Khayyam: The Rubaiyat, poems on fate & nature of life

• Famous tale The Thousand and One Nights– Princess Scheherezade

– “Aladdin and His Magic Lamp” & “Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves”

Learning in the Golden Age

• Muhammad could not read or write, but encouraged advances in learning

• Baghdad b/c greatest center of learning– Boys & girls received elementary edu

– Adv in philosophy, mathematics, medicine & translated lang

• Ibn Rushd: tried to harmonize Islam w/ reason

• Ibn Khaldun: scientific study of history & trusted sources

Learning (cont)

• Al-Khwarizmi: pioneered the study of algebra & wrote standard textbook– Astronomical tables paved way for Columbus

• Medicine improved– Docs had to pass test, gov't hospitals w/

emergency room, surgery, flavored meds• Ibn Sina: Doc at 16 yrs, Canon on Medicine

(encyclopedia for diagnosis & treatment & prescriptions)

Muslims in India

• “The whole of India is full of gold and jewels...And since the inhabitants are chiefly infidels and idolaters, by the order of God and his Prophet, it is right for us to conquer them.” -advisers of Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni– 1001 Mahmud created a Muslim center in India

Delhi Sultanate (1206-1526 CE) • 711 CE Arabs conquered Indus Valley

• 1000 CE Muslim Turks pushed further into India– 1100s CE sultan of Ghur made Delhi capital

• Successors organized sultanate aka ________________________________________

• Start of Muslim rule in India as many converted to Islam– Reason: ____________________________________

Muslim Rule

• Trade b/t India and Muslim world increased

• Increase of Greek & Persian learning

• 1398 CE Tamerlane invaded India– Destroyed Delhi

– Artisans enslaved

– Sultans lost control & power divided b/t Hindus and Muslims

Muslim vs Hindu India

• Hinduism– Ancient religion– Many sacred texts

w/ many gods• Prayed to statues

– Caste system– Celebrated w/

music & dance

• Islam– New religion– One sacred text &

monotheistic• Statues offensive

– Equality of all believers

– Condemned celebration w/ music & dance

Interactions• Hindus viewed as second class citizens

– Paid tax & could practice religion

– Many converts b/c Islam rejected caste system• Merchants converted b/c trade network

• Muslims also adopted Hindu culture– Marriage & caste ideas

– Urdu ( lang of Persian, Arabic & Hindi)

– Use of India music & dance

• Sikhism: blend of Islamic & Hindu beliefs

Ottoman Empire

• Ottomans: nomadic, Turkish speaking, in Asia Minor

• Most capable ruler: ______________• “Lawgiver”• Four classes of people• Janizaries: __________________