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Sustainable Cities and Society 5 (2012) 30–36

Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect

Sustainable Cities and Society

journa l homepage: www.e lsev ier .com/ locate /scs

he national capacity assessment on cleaner (sustainable) production in Turkey

erda Ulutasa, Emrah Alkayaa, Merve Bogurcua, Goksel N. Demirerb,∗

Technology Development Foundation of Turkey, Bilkent, 06800 Ankara, TurkeyMiddle East Technical University, Department of Environmental Engineering, 06531 Ankara, Turkey

r t i c l e i n f o

eywords:leanerroductionapacity

a b s t r a c t

Cleaner (sustainable) production is addressed in various legal documents including legislations, policyplans and government incentives in Turkey. However if the factors such as population, level of devel-opment, industrial activities and regional policy targets of the country are taken into consideration, thelevel and extent of cleaner (sustainable) production activities are not at the desired level.

So as to overcome this deficiency, the Ministry of Environment and Forestry supported the project“Determination of the Framework Conditions and Research-Development Needs for the Disseminationof Cleaner (Sustainable) Production Applications in Turkey” which was carried out in 2009 by Technol-ogy Development Foundation of Turkey (TTGV) and Prof. Dr. Göksel N. Demirer, as the consultant. Thispaper summarizes one of the outcomes of this project, namely “national capacity assessment on cleaner

(sustainable) production”.

In this study, an assessment of cleaner (sustainable) production oriented activities/capacities of therelated institutions/organizations in Turkey is presented. The objective is to determine the backgroundfor future activities as well as informing related stakeholders about the national capacity on the subject.This assessment is based on questionnaires carried out among related institutions/organizations and aworkshop conducted.

. Introduction

Cleaner production was defined as “decreasing risks on humannd environment by continuous application of an integrated andreventive environment strategy on products and processes” bynited Nations Environment Program (UNEP). It aims to pre-ent/minimize the pollution before arising contrary to commonollution control approaches. Pollution control approaches accepthe production and design phases as unchangeable factors; there-ore pollution is seen as an inevitable result of these phases andolutions are sought after pollution occurs. Consequently, thesepproaches require additional costs for the institutions by focusingn the waste treatment facilities. On the other hand, cleaner pro-uction approaches accept the pollution as a result of deficienciesnd inefficiencies during design, raw material utilization and pro-uction processes; and aim to find solution by providing necessaryevelopments during these processes (UNEP, 1996). Cleaner pro-uction has a close relation with sustainability beside development

f new product, process, system and services (Glavic & Lukman,007).

∗ Corresponding author. Tel.: +90 312 210 58 67; fax: +90 312 210 26 46.E-mail address: goksel@metu.edu.tr (G.N. Demirer).

210-6707/$ – see front matter © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.ttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2012.05.006

© 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

United Nations Environmental Program, Department of Tech-nology, Industry and Economy (UNEP-DTIE) took first significantstep by launching Cleaner Production Program in 1989. The mainaim was to raise awareness regarding subject, form a structureand generalize sustainable development works by stressing itsbenefits. Cleaner production concept that has been adopted bymany countries, agencies and institutions has obtained a globalqualification since then (UNEP, 2002). Then, it was evolved to“sustainable production” (Narayanaswamy & Stone, 2007). Sus-tainable production was defined as “the creation of goods andservices using processes and systems that are non-polluting; con-serving of energy and natural resources; economically viable; safeand healthful for employees, communities and consumers; andsocially and creatively rewarding for all working people” (Veleva& Ellenbecker, 2001). “Cleaner production” concept is still usedby many related institutions while “sustainable production” con-cept has been rapidly adopted (Glavic & Lukman, 2007; Veleva &Ellenbecker, 2001). Therefore, the term “cleaner (sustainable) pro-duction” is adopted in this study.

Cleaner (sustainable) production concept has been firstlybrought to the agenda of Turkey by The Scientific and Technological

Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) and Technology Develop-ment Foundation of Turkey (TTGV) in 1999 (Science-Technology-Industry Discussion Platform, 1999). Cleaner Production conceptis placed in the priority areas of the Supreme Council for Science

Cities and Society 5 (2012) 30–36 31

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F. Ulutas et al. / Sustainable

nd Technology (BTYK) which determines the national science andechnology policies. This concept has also been emphasized in thenvironment and Sustainable Development Panel in the scope ofhe TUBITAK’s Vision 2003 Project (URL 1). Moreover, it was amonghe main themes stated in 8th Five Year (URL 2) and 9th Seven Yearevelopment Plans (URL 3) and documents prepared for Europeannion (EU) accession efforts (URL 4).

The term cleaner (sustainable) production has been cited inany other policy and strategy documents of the top level

gency/institutions on science, technology, and development inurkey for over a decade. However, it is not sufficiently knownnd applied except its energy efficiency aspect in Turkey. The mostmportant reason of that is the lack of capacity on this subject.

In order to overcome this deficiency, there are two nationalevel projects being executed in Turkey since 2008. The first ones the UNIDO Eco-efficiency (Cleaner Production) Program whichas been executed by TTGV since 2008 as the subprogram in thecope of “Enhancing the Capacity of Turkey to Adapt to Climatehange United Nations Joint Program” (URL 5). The second one ishe “Determination of the Framework Conditions and Research-evelopment Needs for the Dissemination of Cleaner (Sustainable)roduction Applications in Turkey” project (URL 6) supported byhe Ministry of Environment and Forestry and carried out by TTGVnd Prof. Dr. Göksel N. Demirer, as the consultant. One of the spe-ific targets of this project was to assess the national capacity inurkey.

As the major output of the “Determination of the Frameworkonditions and Research-Development Needs for the Dissemina-ion of Cleaner (Sustainable) Production Applications in Turkey”roject, a draft report was prepared. During report preparationuestionnaires were sent to 128 institutions mainly public bodies,niversities, other research agencies, non-governmental organi-ations, chambers of commerce, industries and industrial zones,ectoral institutions, press and information agencies and financenstitutions.

After the draft report was prepared and made available to allhe stakeholders, a workshop was organized to present the majorndings and receive the feedback of all the stakeholders. A totalf 125 participants represented 62 different institutions (public,rivate, NGOs, universities, sectoral and financial institutions) inhe workshop. The workshop participants were also very diverseith respect to the geographical area of origin in the country. The

eedbacks of the participants were recorded during the workshop.oreover, participants were asked to provide their further feed-

acks beyond 3 weeks of the workshop date. All the feedbacks wereeflected in the suggestions given in Section 4.

This paper summarizes the main findings of the national capac-ty assessment of cleaner (sustainable) production in Turkey.

. Methodology

As the major output of the “Determination of the Frameworkonditions and Research-Development Needs for the Dissemina-ion of Cleaner (Sustainable) Production Applications in Turkey”roject, a draft report was prepared. The contribution of publicodies, universities, research agencies, non-governmental orga-izations, chamber of industries and industrial zones, sectoral

nstitutions, press and media and financing institutions into thisrocess as stakeholders was sought. The following stakeholdersave been included (Fig. 1):

37 stakeholders (A) for criteria evaluation in the scope of deter-mination of the priority sectors for cleaner production.128 stakeholders (A + B) for determination of existing institu-tional capacity about cleaner production.

• 151 stakeholders (A + B + C) as whole list for taking opinions andcontributions for the Draft Report.

Questionnaires have been sent to 128 institutions for insti-tutional capacity determination. The questionnaires includedquestions on the below topics related to “cleaner production”, “eco-efficiency”, “sustainable production and consumption”, “energyefficiency”, “life cycle evaluation”, and so forth concepts and tasks.

• Existing human resource.• Completed or ongoing studies and projects (national, interna-

tional).• Research and development studies.• Academic studies.• Publications (project reports, articles, theses, and manuals).• Existing and prescribed sources.• Dissemination and informative activities.• Relevant web sites.• International contacts.• Financial supports, funds, and incentives available.• Plans and targets.• Training and resource demands.

A total of 66 institutions provided their feedbacks. All informa-tion coming from institutions have been taken into consideration.Received information have been analyzed and the ones which arenot “directly” or “indirectly” related to “cleaner (sustainable) pro-duction” have not been included to the Report. In order to classifyand reflect the information correctly, further information has beenrequested from some institutions and added to the Report. Addi-tional information which was retrieved from other sources was alsoused in the report with their References.

A one-day Workshop (29 December 2009) has been organizedin order to present and discuss the prepared Draft Report, andall stakeholders have been invited to the Workshop. Invitee listincluded 128 institutions to which questionnaire has been sentand additional 23 institutions. The total number of the agenciesand institutions invited to the Workshop was 151, the number ofagencies and institutions represented was 62 and the number ofparticipants was 125.

In order to provide effective access to the Draft Report, it wasmade accessible via Internet 1 week before from the Workshopdate. This point has been emphasized in the invitation letters. Thefeedbacks of the participants were recorded during the Workshop.Moreover, participants were asked to provide their further feed-

backs until 20 January 2010. All these feedbacks were reflected inSections 4 and 5 below.

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. Major players in cleaner (sustainable) production andheir relevant activities

.1. Governmental institutions and universities

The Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MOEF) has fundedhe Project of “Determination of the Framework Conditions andesearch-Development Needs for the Dissemination of CleanerSustainable) Production Applications in Turkey”. Its objective waso assess the capacity and the needs on this subject to prepare aational road-map on cleaner (sustainable) production. Moreover,OEF has the implementing institution in many projects on the

ubject such as “Improvement of Hazardous Waste Managementrom Industrial Facilities in Turkey (LIFE HAWAMAN)”, “The Appli-ation of EU’s Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC)irective in Turkey”, “Eco-Management and Auditing (EMAS)”,

National Implementation of Stockholm Convention on Persistentrganic Pollutants (POPs) in Turkey”. MOEF also conducted sev-ral training activities carried out with Regional Environmentalenter of Turkey (REC-Turkey) and Ministry of National Educa-ion, preparatory work on the eco-labeling. MOEF is the publicnstitution in Turkey which is responsible for managing the envi-onmental dimension of any anthropogenic activity with properechniques and methods. With all its human resources, expertisend experience, MOEF has the potential of being one of the mostritical components of cleaner (sustainable) production activitiesn Turkey. MOEF coordinates several projects on climate change

hich mostly overlap with cleaner (sustainable) production areaarried out in cooperation with Ministry of Industry and TradeMOIT), Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources (MOENR) and

inistry of Public Works and Settlement (MOPWS).MOEF also supported the training and dissemination aspects

f the subjects through activities such as “Cleaner Production: Aool for Green Competitiveness in the Turkish Industry, Work-hop and Short Course” organized with Middle East Technicalniversity (METU) in 2008 and “GRECO (Green Competitive-ess) Forum” organized with Bogazici University in 2009. Asne of the beneficiaries of the Eco-Efficiency Program funded bynited Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) andarried out by Technology Development Foundation of TurkeyTTGV), MOEF was represented in the advisory board of thisroject.

As the public institution responsible for industrial activities,OIT is the primary beneficiary of the Eco-Efficiency Program

unded by United Nations Industrial Development OrganizationUNIDO) and carried out by TTGV and was represented in the advi-ory board of this project. Since 2007, MOIT has been performingnformative and awareness raising activities on the negotiationrocess regarding climate change beyond 2012 and acting as theoordinator in the areas of “technology development, transfernd dissemination” and “sectoral approaches”. Small and Mediumnterprises Development Organization (KOSGEB) has a significantotential in the area of Cleaner (Sustainable) Production. Mainlyue to its activities on the adaptation of EU’s Registration, Evalua-ion, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) Directiven Turkey and Project on the Phase out of Ozone Depleting Sub-tances.

National Productivity Center (NPC) has been performing somectivities on eco-efficiency since 2007. “Parallel Development ofnvironmental Performance and Industrial Productivity at SMEevel” project funded by The Scientific and Technological Researchouncil of Turkey (TUBITAK), “Environmental Support System

or Eco-Industrial Parks” project funded by EU are among thesectivities. The full list is provided in Appendix 2.1, Table 1 ofRL 7. NPC has publications such as Eco-efficiency guideline inME’s, Green Productivity, Environmentally Sound Approaches in

and Society 5 (2012) 30–36

Industry: Cleaner Production and Eco-efficiency. Moreover, theyconduct training and dissemination activities.

Ministry of Public Works and Settlement (MOPWS) has beenconducting R&D activities on the reuse of construction wastes.

The project “R&D Activities on Cleaner Production Technolo-gies to Manufacture Textiles without Disturbing the EcologicalBalance” was the first project conducted on the subject in ourcountry. This project was carried out by The Scientific and Tech-nological Research Council of Turkey-Marmara Research Center(TUBITAK-MRC) with the support of TTGV and consulting of Dan-ish Technological Institute. The activities of TUBITAK-MRC on thesubject continued with projects such as “ZERO M – SustainableConcept Towards A Zero Outflow Municipality” funded by theEU’s FP 6 and several research activities and publications weredone. Moreover, TUBITAK Science, Technology, Innovation andStrategies Department has been conducting research on relevantissues (eco-innovation and eco-cities). The full list can be seen inAppendix 2.1, Table 1 of URL 7. TUBITAK with its infrastructure onresearch, human resources, project support mechanisms and otherincentives is one of the important actors of cleaner (sustainable)production in Turkey.

Izmir Development Agency (IDA) is an institution which directlysupports cleaner (sustainable) production as one of its strategic pri-ority areas. The specific areas of this support includes “sustainablewater and wastewater management in industry”, “sustainable solidand hazardous waste management in industry”, “achieving energyefficiency and increasing clean and renewable energy in industry”,“increasing cleaner production implementation in SMEs”. Based onthe 2009–2013 Izmir Regional Plan and its targets IDA is in positionto take a significant role in cleaner (sustainable) production areaand can constitute an example for the other development agenciesin Turkey.

Turkish Standards Institute (TSI) adopted and published the TSEN ISO 14000 series of standards on methods to promote cleaner(sustainable) production and has started the adaptation process forTS EN 16001 series of standards on energy management. Further-more, TSI provides certification activities. These aspects make TSIone of the key institutions on the subject.

There are limited number of universities in our country whichundertook notable work on cleaner (sustainable) production. Mid-dle East Technical University (METU), Bogazici University (BU) andIstanbul Technical University (ITÜ) are the leading universities inthis regard in Turkey. These universities carry out R&D activi-ties on cleaner (sustainable) production which is one of the mostimportant aspect of the subject. Several related courses have beenoffered in METU for the last 15 years. Moreover, many nation-ally (TUBITAK, State Planning Organization-SPO, Scientific ResearchProjects, MOEF) and internationally (EU FP 7, EU Marie CurieActions IRSES, EU Leonardo da Vinci Multilateral Projects and Ger-man Federal Education and Research Ministry) supported researchprojects have been conducted in METU. In addition to these, severalgraduate dissertation studies, training activities, seminars, consul-ting services, and invited talks have been carried out by METU.

Several graduate dissertation studies on the subject have beencarried out by Bogazici University, Institute of EnvironmentalSciences for the last 15 years. Moreover, the Sustainable Devel-opment and Cleaner Production Center established in BogaziciUniversity has several publications and training activities on thesubject. ITU has carried out projects on recycling and IPPC. Fur-thermore, a Center on Excellence on Cleaner Technologies is beingestablished. ITU Department of Environmental Engineering hasconducting research projects on cleaner (sustainable) production

technologies, increasing cooperation with industry and conduct-ing sectoral training activities on the subject as the targets of itsstrategic plan. Even though they are at a limited extent, somestudies on cleaner (sustainable) production are conducted in other

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niversities (Uludag, Dokuz Eylül, Istanbul, Suleyman Demirel,acettepe, Zonguldak Karaelmas, Balıkesir, Ataturk, Aksaray, Har-

an Universities and Gebze Higher Technology Institute). Evenhough this is a promising picture, when it is remembered thathere is over 130 universities in Turkey, there is room for improve-

ent with respect to academic studies on cleaner (sustainable)roduction in our country.

The details of the relevant activities based on the responses tohe questionnaires are provided in Appendix 2.1, Tables 1 and 2 ofRL 7.

.2. Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)

As an NGO and a joint public and private venture, TTGV haseen conducting activities and providing funding on cleaner (sus-ainable) production for quite a long time. Starting with a projectn Phase out of Ozone Depleting Substances and UNIDO Eco-fficiency (Cleaner Production) Program, TTGV has been executingajor international/national projects on the subject. TTGV has

ntegrated cleaner (sustainable) production and other relevant sub-ects with its technology development and innovation activitieshat it has been carrying out since its establishment. Moreover, itas been undertaking sectoral and regional projects which coverraining activities and demonstration projects as well. TTGV alsorovides funding to the cleaner (sustainable) production projects ofhe industry and supports entrepreneurship. It further has severalooperative relationships with several national and internationalnstitutions.

Meanwhile, NGOs working in the area of environment haveumerous activities on cleaner (sustainable) production or relatedreas. For example Regional Environment Center (REC) Turkey haserformed activities on sustainable consumption and production,usiness Council for Sustainable Development-Turkey and Worldild Life Fund (WWF Turkey) have worked on sustainability and

limate change. Business Council for Sustainable Development-urkey organizes activities on clean development mechanisms andim to enable the participation of the business world. These asell as other NGOs present a significant potential on especially for

he dissemination of the cleaner (sustainable) production activities.he details of the relevant activities based on the responses to theuestionnaires are provided in Appendix 2.1, Tables 1 and 2 of URL.

.3. Industry and sectoral institutions

This study aimed the determination of the existing capacity onhe institutional capacity on cleaner (sustainable) production. Thexisting applications at facility level and the relevant capacity areot within the scope of this study. The chambers representing the

ndustry, organized industrial zones (OIZs) and sectoral associa-ions are evaluated within this study.

It is observed that chambers of industry and commerce andIZs have limited number of activities on the subject. TS EN ISO4001, REACH Directive, recycling network, Kyoto Protocol, morefficient use of raw materials, waste reduction and recycling, envi-onmentally friendly and clean manufacturing, green building,co-innovation, eco-efficiency, and competitiveness-based envi-onmental management are among these activities. It must benderlined that most of these activities are carried out by limitedhambers of industry and commerce (Istanbul, Ankara, Ege, Eskise-ir, Bursa, Adana, Mersin, Gaziantep and Konya) and OIZs (OSTIM).

When the limited number of responses to the questionnaires

rom sectoral associations are evaluated (Appendix 2.1, Table 1 ofRL 7), some institutions (Association of Brick and Tile Industrial-

sts – ABTI, Turkish Plastics Industry Association – TPIA, Federationf Food and Drink Industry Associations of Turkey – TGDF, Ceramics

and Society 5 (2012) 30–36 33

Research Center – CRC, Union of Turkish Food Industry Employers– UTFIE, Turkish Cement Manufacturers’ Association – TCMA, TheUnion of Chambers and Commodity Exchanges of Turkey (TOBB),Turkish Ferrous and Non-ferrous Metals Council) perform activi-ties on subjects related to cleaner (sustainable) production suchas recycling, waste management systems, sustainability, reuse ofwastes, and reducing the natural resource use. TGDF has numer-ous activities on food sector which is one of the high priority areasof sustainable consumption and production area in the EU. Eventhough the number of applications is very limited, the fact thatcleaner (sustainable) production is already within the agenda ofmany sectoral associations is considered very important. It is hopedthat this awareness will lead to more studies in the near future.The details of the relevant activities based on the responses to thequestionnaires are provided in Appendix 2.1, Tables 1 and 2 of URL7.

TTGV and Eskisehir Chamber of Industry performed a projectcalled “ESINKAP-Capacity Building for Innovation Strategies inEskisehir” during 2008 and 2009. In the scope of this project,a survey was applied to determine the research, technologydevelopment, innovation, the capacity, approaches and learningneeds in the area of environment in the participating firms. Inthe environmental part of the survey, environmental manage-ment, eco-efficiency, cleaner production, eco-friendly products,eco-innovation, environmental legislation and standards, energymanagement and efficiency were questioned. Total of 116 firmsparticipated to this project and the responses to the survey wereassessed in terms of sectoral findings, environmental focus sub-jects, requests and learning needs of the firms. Through this study,sectoral approaches as well as “Levels of Competence” of the enter-prises in terms of environmental issues were identified.

Eskisehir OIZ provides an efficient service to the industrialistsin terms of “pollution control” (wastewater treatment, and wastedisposal). The performance of the firms in this OIZ in terms of legalcompliance with the environmental laws and regulations and tak-ing the necessary precautions is very high.

It can be postulated that the companies lack of consistentstrategic and/or management approaches (Appendix 3 of URL 7).In the companies environmental issues are solved when theyarise. It would be useful when companies are supported by train-ing/consultancy/help where low environmental performance isobserved. On the other hand, compared to the other subjects moredeveloped concepts (e.g. environmental management systems,cleaner production, eco-efficiency) in terms of level of awarenessand capacity can be good starting points to reach to defined targets.On the other hand, in almost all sectors some companies adoptedenvironmental management systems. In these companies environ-mental concerns are coupled with competitiveness of the companyand policies are integrated into strategies and technology manage-ment.

As a result of this study it can be stated that, althoughEskisehir is a region where the awareness with respect to technol-ogy/innovation and environmental concerns are high in priority,there is still considerable potential in industry in terms of cleanerproduction applications. Thus, the industrialists in the region havean important potential with respect to using cleaner (sustainable)production strategies. When the whole country is of concern it canbe easily claimed that cleaner (sustainable) production has a bigpotential for industrial scale applications.

3.4. United Nations Development Agency (UNDP)/United NationsIndustrial Development Organization (UNIDO)

UNDP has conducted projects on sustainability such as “Integra-tion of Sustainable Development into Sectoral Policies” (URL 8) and“Enhancing the Adoption Capacity of Turkey to Climate Change”

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URL 5). The UNIDO Eco-Efficiency Program (URL 9) run by TTGV ishe largest project carried out in country with respect to capacityuilding in cleaner (sustainable) production.

.5. Banks

There are many financial programs and credit opportunitiesn sustainability starting with renewable energy and energy effi-iency. Especially, the Industrial Development Bank of Turkeyttracts attention as the first bank underlining the concepts suchs “sustainable banking”, and “carbon footprint”. The full detailsf all the funding programs are provided in Chapter 5 of the finaleport given in URL 7. These efforts are believed to be importantith respect to dissemination as well.

. Conclusions

The conclusions of this study based on the outcomes of theational capacity assessment (Section 3) as well as the compari-on of this capacity with several country examples such as CanadaHuppe, 2003; Taylor, 2006; URL 10), Iran (Ghazinoory, 2005),gypt (Hamed & Mahgary, 2004) and South Africa (National Cleanerroduction Strategy, 2004) and the reports of the relevant interna-ional institutions such as UNEP (UNEP, 1994), UNIDO (Chandak,994; Luken & Navratil, 2004; URL 11), OECD (Aquatech, 1997;ong, 1994; OECD, 2000; URL 12), WBCSB (Aquatech, 1997; Vanen Akker, 1996; URL 13) and EU (Montalvo & Kemp, 2008; Sanalan,003; URL 14) are as follows:

When the universities are considered, several of our universitiesstarting with Middle East Technical University, Bogazici Univer-sity and Istanbul Technical University have education, research,and consulting activities on the subject for over 10 years. How-ever, the existing capacity based on quantitative performancecriteria (publications in Citation Index journals, Research andDevelopment, implementation and consulting projects, technol-ogy development and patent applications) is far from beingsufficient to the needs of the country.A limited number projects have been implemented in public insti-tutions on the subject. Most of these projects were not carried outdirectly to enhance the cleaner (sustainable) production capac-ity in the country. They were implemented to comply with somecommitments regarding international agreements, adoption toEU and mainly by international consultants. Thus, they did notcreate a significant capacity.Almost all the existing work on cleaner (sustainable) produc-tion was carried out by using international funding. Making acertain amount of public funding available for these activities isvery important in terms of a public commitment to the cleaner(sustainable) production concept.When the responses to the questionnaires conducted in thisproject are considered, it is observed that the difference betweenthe end-of-pipe approaches and cleaner (sustainable) productionis not clearly known by many stakeholders. This is a very solidindication that the priority should be given to capacity buildingactivities in Turkey.There are notable human resources in almost all the institutionswhich responded to the questionnaire. However, most of theseexperts possess education and expertise in “environmental” sec-tor, and do not have formal training and/or experience in Cleaner(Sustainable) Production.

Even though it is not a systematic and nation-wide, the limitedcapacity created through these projects in some public institu-tions (MOEF, MOIT, MOPWS, NPC, TUBITAK, KOSGEB, IDA) shouldbe used in future activities in Turkey. The competencies of the

and Society 5 (2012) 30–36

institutions (environment, industry, infrastructure, efficiency,Research and Development, and SMEs) and their networks shouldbe used with effective coordination and planning. Similarly, thetraining and dissemination activities conducted in our countryon cleaner (sustainable) production (Appendix 2.1, Tables 1 and2 of URL 7) have limited impact due to lack of coordination andplanning.

• The existing capacity in Turkey on cleaner (sustainable) produc-tion is possessed by only a few institutions.

• Even though awareness raising in industrial sector is of utmostimportance, it is believed that the organized industrial zones andthe chamber of industries in Turkey have a limited understandingof on the subject. Most of their related activities aim EU adoption,health and safety issues, environmental management systemsand lack an integrated vision.

• The Eco-Efficiency Program (URL 9) carried out by TTGV since2008, in the context of the United Nations Joint Program, Enhanc-ing the Capacity of Turkey to Adapt to Climate Change (URL 5),is an important step towards capacity building in Turkey. TheEco-Efficiency Center which will be established as one of theoutputs of this program may provide many services directly orthrough universities, and accredited consulting firms to enhancethe cleaner (sustainable) production capacity in Turkey.

• Cleaner (sustainable) production applications have reached a cer-tain market share in many countries including EU. This is far frombeing the case in Turkey.

• The international institutions (UNEP, UNIDO, OECD, and WBCSB)related to cleaner (sustainable) production have very limitedactivities in Turkey on the subject.

5. Recommendations

The following recommendations are based on the discussionswith the officials of Ministry of Environment and Forestry, the inter-pretations of the questionnaires as well as the feedback receivedduring and after the workshop. The references used below areto provide the audience with similar examples from differentcountries.

• The Eco-Efficiency Center which will be established as one of theoutputs of the Eco-Efficiency Program funded by UNIDO and car-ried out by TTGV, should be provided with necessary resourcesto implement capacity building activities on nation-wide basis(Staniskis & Arbaciauskas, 2004; URL 15).

• The capacity and related needs assessment performed in thisproject (Section 3 of the final report provided in URL 7) shouldbe repeated on a regional, sectoral, scale, and basis for the entirecountry with a wider stakeholder list (URL 16).

• “Educate-the-educator” programs on cleaner (sustainable) pro-duction should be conducted (Huisingh & Mebratu, 2000).

• Demonstration and eco-innovation projects with different toolsand strategies of cleaner (sustainable) production in compa-nies from high priority sectors to form examples of efficientresource utilization and pollution prevention should be imple-mented (Dakwala, Mohanty, & Bhargava, 2009).

• Sectoral eco-innovation approaches must be adopted and pilotprojects must be conducted in transition to cleaner (sustainable)production and disseminated to relevant sector representatives.

• Training events and workshops to disseminate the results of theimplementation projects as “success stories” to all stakeholders

must be organized (URL 17).

• Regional interfaces within or with the support of chamber ofindustry and commerce should be established to guide the indus-trialists towards cleaner (sustainable) production.

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Cleaner (sustainable) production guides and manuals tailored toour country must be developed/adopted (URL 18).A capacity building effort on Best Available Techniques includingthe information sharing and technical infrastructure develop-ment should be conducted (Dijkmans, 2000).The developed/adopted cleaner (sustainable) production prac-tices and experience should be published.The demonstration projects conducted must be used as dissemi-nation and training tools.The following research and development activities have to con-ducted in the context of improving the existing knowledge oncleaner (sustainable) production and its dissemination:o Conducting in-depth research on innovative cleaner (sustain-

able) production applications and products in high prioritysectors (Zapata & Nieuwenhuis, 2010).

o Formation of the databases for the application of specificcleaner (sustainable) production tools in Turkey (Almeida,Rodrigues, Bonilla, & Giannetti, 2010).

o Research on increasing the environmental performance in dif-ferent sectors (Bouwer, 2009).

o Investigating the substitution potential of hazardous chemi-cals with non-hazardous equivalents in industry (Ozturk, Yetis,Dilek, & Demirer, 2009).

o Conducting research on bio-energy and bio-products formationfrom wastes (Catarino et al., 2007; Dogan, Dunaev, Erguder, &Demirer, 2008).

o Investigating the effects of adopting cleaner (sustainable) pro-duction techniques on industrial processes, product quality andcost in all sectors (Fratila, 2009).

o Research on possible exploitation of existing waste manage-ment facilities towards cleaner (sustainable) production (Dilek,Yetis, & Gökcay, 2003).

o Research on possible exploitation of emerging fields such asnanotechnology, biotechnology, and information technologyin cleaner (sustainable) production activities in Turkey (Hall& Crowther, 1998).

o Evaluation of cleaner technology transfer on a sectoral basis(Cagno & Trucco, 2008).

cknowledgment

This study was funded by the Turkish Ministry of Environmentnd Forestry.

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Further reading

URLs:1. http://www.tubitak.gov.tr/home.do?ot=1&sid=472&pid=468,

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3 Cities

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