the nature of love in marital and family relationships, personality schemas and interactional...

8/13/2019 The Nature of Love in Marital and Family Relationships, Personality Schemas and Interactional Processes

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LOVE IN MARITAL AND FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS:

PERSONALITY SCHEMAS AND INTERACTIONAL PROCESSES

Vincent Jeffries

Califrnia State !ni"ersit#$ Nrt%ri&'e

(t% tra&itinal i&eas a)*t t%e nat*re f l"e an&

cnte+,rar# scial science fr+*latins in&icate t%at l"e can

)e re'ar&e& as a &*alit#- Fr e.a+,le$ in %is e.tensi"e anal#sis

f t%e %istr# f i&eas a)*t l"e fr+ earl# ,%ils,%ical

t%*'%t t t%e ,resent$ Sin'er /102a$ 102)$ 1034 +aintains

"ie5s f l"e center ar*n& t5 )asic fr+s: a,,raisal an&

)est5al- A,,raisal &eri"es fr+ self6'ratificatin an& is

*tilitarian$ )est5al &eri"es fr+ t%e ca,acit# t l"e an&

centers n t%e 5elfare f t%e t%er-

In inter,ersnal relatins l"e is attac%+ent t ant%er

,ersn- Its &*alistic nat*re is e.a+ine& in t%is article in

ter+s f attractin an& "irt*e- 7*estinnaire res,nses fr+ t5

se,arate sa+,les are anal#8e&- T%e &ata ,r"i&e fr a c+,arisn

f +arital l"e an& fa+ilial l"e in"l"in' #*n' a&*lts an&

t%eir ,arents- As,ects f )t% t%e sc%e+atic str*ct*re an& t%e

interactinal na+ics f l"e are anal#8e&-

NAT!RE OF LOVE

Attractin an& Virt*e

Persnal nee&s an& &esires are t%e +ti"atin' frce )e%in&

attracti"e l"e- Its cntin*ance *lti+atel# &e,en&s n t%eir

satisfactin- 9ratificatin 'i"es i+,et*s t ,siti"e attit*&es


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t5ar& t%e t%er /Jeffries ;;4-

T%e c+,nents f attracti"e l"e 5ere fr+*late& ,ri+aril#

fr+ t%e 5ritin's f T*rner /103;:1 /4 c+,anins%i,$ en?#+ent f t%e t%ers

c+,an#> /@4 tr*st$ t%e )elief t%at ne can rel# n t%e t%er>

/24 inti+ac#$ s%arin' f t%e ,ri"ate an& ,ersnal> /=4 e+tinal

clseness$ a ,siti"e e+tinal )n&in'-

T%e cnce,t f "irt*e is t%e central i&ea in a tra&itin f

t%*'%t t%at ran'es fr+ classical 9reece t t%e cnte+,rar#

era /MacInt#re 102> Pie,er 10


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frtit*&e$ t%e 5illin'ness t *n&er' %ar&s%i,s an& &an'ers fr

t%e 5elfare f ant%er> /@4 ?*stice$ 'i"in' 5%at is &*e t

ant%er in ter+s f fairness> /24 c%arit#$ )enefittin' ant%er

as in %el,in'$ fr'i"in'$ +eetin' t%eir nee&s> /=4 ,r*&ence$ t%e

*se f reasn in seein' t n5 5%at is '&$ an& in c%sin'

t%e a,,r,riate +eans t reali8e it-

Realit# as D*alit#

T%e recei"in' an& 'i"in' &i+ensins f l"e$ cnce,t*ali8e&

as attractin an& "irt*e$ are anal#ticall# se,ara)le- H5e"er$

t%e l"e f an in&i"i&*al fr ant%er is a &*alit# in 5%ic% )t%

fr+s f l"e are ,resent /R*)in 103@:12> Sin'er 103:@062;


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an& a sa+,le f *ni"ersit# st*&ents$ calle& t%e fa+il# sa+,le-

Data fr t%e +arria'e sa+,le cnsists f 1;@ in&i"i&*als$

incl*&in' 23 +arrie& c*,les- All %a& )een +arrie& = #ears r

+re- Fift#6ne ,ercent are +ale$ 20 ,ercent fe+ale- T%e +ean

a'e is


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=

#* /t%e#4 & eac% f t%e fll5in'- A fi"e ,int n*+)ere& scale

ran'in' fr+ Ne"er t Al5a#s 5as ,r"i&e& fr res,nses t

ite+s fll5in' t%e ,r)e- Ite+s +eas*rin' self6re,rte& an&

,ercei"e& l"e are t%e sa+e$ 5it% a,,r,riate c%an'es in

,rn*ns-

Sa+,le ite+s +eas*rin' attractin are: a&+iratin: A&+ire&

t%e+ /#*4> c+,anins%i,: Lie& )ein' 5it% t%e+ /#*4> tr*st:

Tr*ste& t%e+ /#*4> inti+ac#: Cnfi&e& in t%e+ /#*4> e+tinal

clseness: Felt clse t t%e+ /#*4 e+tinall#- Sa+,le ite+s

+eas*r*n' "irt*e are: te+,erance: Practice& self6&isci,line fr

t%e '& f #*r /t%eir4 relatins%i, 5it% t%e+ /#*4>

frtit*&e: (een rea t en&*re %ar&s%i,s fr t%eir /#*r4

%a,,iness> ?*stice: Di& #*r /t%eir4 )est t f*lfill #*r

/t%eir4 res,nsi)ilities t t%e+ /#*4> c%arit#: (een %el,f*l t

t%e+ /#*4> ,r*&ence: T%*'%t "er %5 #* /t%e#4 c*l&

cntri)*te t t%eir /#*r4 5ell6)ein'-

In t%e +arria'e sa+,le an a))re"iate& scale f t%e a)"e

ten ite+s 5as *se&- All t5ent# ite+s in t%e scale /Jeffries

100@4 5ere *se& in t%e fa+il# sa+,le- In t%e +arria'e sa+,le

res,nses t t%e attractin an& "irt*e +eas*res 5ere 'at%ere&

fr t%e earl#$ +i&&le$ an& recent #ears f +arria'e- S*++ar#

scres fr t%e f*ll s,an f t%e +arria'e 5ere cnstr*cte& fr+

t%is s*rce- T facilitate c+,arisn f +arital an& fa+il# l"e

t%e sa+e fr+ f s*++ar# scres 5as *se& fr t%e &ata fr+ t%e

fa+il# sa+,le- In t%is instance scres 5ere c+,*te& )ase& n


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Mar*s an& a?nc

10=:126132> Ms5it8 ;;=:1=@610> R*+el%art 1024- Mst

c++nl# calle& sc%e+as$ t%ere are c*ntless s*c% str*ct*res

t%at relate t an infinite n*+)er f as,ects f &ail# life an&

e.,erience- Sc%e+as are stre& in +e+r# an& e.ist at )t%

*ncnsci*s an& cnsci*s le"els- T%e# can )e acti"ate& )# )t%

internal ,s#c%ic s*rces an& )# scial sit*atins-

Sc%e+as are t%e internal ,s#c%ic )asis fr *n&erstan&in'

an& e"al*atin' )?ects$ i&eas$ e"ents$ ,ersns$ an& scial

sit*atins- Sc%e+as & nt e.ist in islatin- Rat%er t%e# are

relate& in "ar#in' &e'rees f affinit# t t%er sc%e+as- T%*s

'en&er an& a'e sc%e+as are &istinct$ )*t freB*entl# are

interrelate& in relatin t t%ers- In t%er instances sc%e+as

e.ist in a +*c% clser relatins%i, in 5%ic% +re s,ecific

sc%e+as are e+)e&&e& 5it%in +re a)stract sc%e+as in a

%ierarc%ial arran'e+ent f clse inter&e,en&ence- Hl&in' t%is

t#,e f sc%e+atic inte'ratin t'et%er in a ,s#c%ic s#ste+ is a

c++n +eanin' t%at is fr+*late& at &ifferent le"els f


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a)stractin-

T%is +&el f %ierarc%ial e+)e&&eness a,,ears t

c%aracteri8e t%e l"e sc%e+a- T%e f*n&atin f t%is sc%e+a is a

'eneral ntin f l"e t%at entails a cnce,tin f %5 ne

relates t ant%er in an inter,ersnal relatins%i, t%at

incl*&es attac%+ent- E+)e&&e& 5it%in t%is are t%e t5 sc%e+a f

attractin an& "irt*e$ entailin' nee& f*lfill+ent an&

)enefittin' ant%er$ res,ecti"el#- T%e c+,nents f attractin

an& t%e "irt*es are s,ecificatins f t%ese +re 'enerali8e&

i&eas- If t%is is t%e case$ it s%*l& )e reflecte& in t%e &ata-

THE DYNAMICS OF LOVE: SENTIMENTS$ ATTIT!DES$ AND INTERACTION

T%e sc%e+atic str*ct*res f l"e are acti"ate& in t%e

cnte.t f interactin 5it% t%er in&i"i&*als- At t%is le"el f

s,ecificit# t%e a)stract l"e sc%e+as an& t%eir s*)sc%e+as are

,artic*lari8e& in relatin t attit*&es an& )e%a"ir t5ar&

'i"en in&i"i&*als- At t%is ,int a &ifferent c'niti"e

str*ct*re$ t%at f t%e senti+ent$ )ec+es ,i"tal in t%e

+anifestatin f t%e l"e sc%e+as in attit*&es an& )e%a"ir-

Senti+ents can )e cnsi&ere& t%e ,ri+ar# ,eratinal

c'niti"e str*ct*re in interactin in inter,ersnal

relatins%i,s /S%i)*tani 10


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Se"eral c'niti"e str*ct*res )esi&es t%e l"e sc%e+as are

liel# t )e i+,licate& in t%e fr+*latin an& e.,ressin f

senti+ents f l"e- Eac% are *niB*e t a 'i"en inter,ersnal

relatins%i,- T%ree i+,rtant sc%e+as are t%e e+tins

assciate& 5it% t%e relatins%i,$ t%e %istr# f t%e

relatins%i, as it is stre& in +e+r#$ an& a ,ersnificatin f

t%e t%er- T%is later sc%e+a is t%e +eanin' eac% ,art# 'i"es t

t%e t%er )ase& n t%eir i+,*te& +ti"es an& c%aracteristics

/S%i)*tani 10


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s%a,e& )# t%e l"e sc%e+as an& )# t%er factrs$ incl*&in' t%se

,re"i*sl# cnsi&ere&- Fr eac% f t%ese inter,ersnal

relatins%i,s t%ere is a *niB*e cnfi'*ratin f t%ese ele+ents

t%at is t%e )asis f t%e +anner an& e.tent f t%e e.,ressin f

l"e in attit*&es an& )e%a"ir t5ar& t%at ,ersn- E+tins$

%istr#$ an& ,ersnificatins are liel# t cntri)*te t t%e

*niB*eness f a 'i"en cnfi'*ratin f l"e$ 5%ile rle an&

relatinal sc%e+as are liel# t cntri)*te t s+e &e'ree f

%+'enit# 5it%in si+ilar ,sitins an& relatins%i,s-

Scial c'nitin t%er# /Mar*s an& a?nic 10=> Ostr+

1024 ,r"i&es a cnte.t fr e.a+inin' t%e infl*ence f

senti+ents an& t%eir e.,ressin in )e%a"ir in inter,ersnal

relatins%i,s- Fr+ t%is t%eretical ,ers,ecti"e t%e in&i"i&*al

is re'ar&e& as a ,*r,si"e r'anis+ 5it% t%e ca,acit# t act as

a ca*sal a'ent- (t% internal c'niti"e str*ct*res an& t%e

)e%a"ir f t%e t%er fr+ t%e )asis f i+,*tin' +eanin'- T%is

+eanin' is centrall# i+,licate& in inter,retin' sti+*li an&

fr+*latin' res,nses- Scial e,is&es are t%*s a,,raise& an&

res,n&e& t in an n'in' ,rcess f interactin- Res,nses t

t%e t%er are infl*ence& )# t%e cntin*all# e"l"in' %istr# f

t%e relatins%i,- T%is e+,%asis n t%e i+,rtance f in&i"i&*al

c%ice$ a cnte.t f +eanin'$ an& sti+*li &eri"in' fr+ t%e

)e%a"ir f t%e t%er in n'in' interactin is als

c%aracteristic f s#+)lic interactinist t%er# /S%i)*tani

10 Str#er an& Stat%a+ 10=4-


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T*rner /103;4 %as a,,lie& t%is interactinist ,ers,ecti"e

t +arital an& fa+il# relatins%i,s- E+,%asi8in' a ,rcess

a,,rac%$ +arital an& fa+il# life are "ie5e& as a seB*ence f

e,is&es f interactin- Eac% e,is&e is infl*ence& )# ,re"i*s

nes$ t%en e.erts its 5n infl*ence n f*t*re nes- T%e effect

f t%e sti+*li ,r"i&e& )# ne ,art# is strn'l# infl*ence& )#

%5 t%e t%er ,art# inter,rets it- In t%is inter,ersnal na+ic

t%ere is al5a#s s+e lee5a# fr ,*r,si"e )e%a"ir n t%e ,art

f t%e in&i"i&*als in"l"e&- T%e c%ice f )e%a"ir t%at is +a&e

infl*ences t%e f*t*re ,rcess f interactin in t%e

relatins%i,- T%e +eanin' in&i"i&*als ascri)e t

sit*atins is a ,ri+e &eter+inant f %5 t%e# 5ill inter,ret an&

react t t%e+ /Str#er an& Stat%a+ 10=:@6@@> T%+as 10


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In t%is interactinal na+ic t%e ,ercei"e& l"e f t%e t%er$

)e t%e# s,*se r ,arent$ can )e re'ar&e& as infl*encin' t%e

self6re,rte& l"e f t%e in&i"i&*al- H5 t%at in&i"i&*al

res,n&s 5ill in t*rn infl*ence t%e t%ers ,erce,tin f t%e

l"e f %i+ r %er fr t%e+-

RES!LTS

Sc%e+as an& S*)sc%e+as

T%e t5 &i+ensins f l"e$ attractin an& "irt*e$ are

%i'%l# crrelate&$ t%*s in&icatin' inte'ratin )ase& n a

'enerali8e& i&ea f t%e +eanin' f t%e nat*re f l"e as an

attac%+ent t ant%er ,ersn- Fr t%e +arria'e sa+,le )i"ariate

crrelatins /r4 fr self6re,rte& "irt*e an& attractin are -


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an& "irt*e factrs a,,r,riatel# in all t%ree relatins%i,s- If

t%ese res*lts are "ie5e& in ter+s f cnfir+atr# factr

anal#sis$ t%e res*lts s*,,rt t%e ,st*late& t5 &i+ensinal

str*ct*re f l"e- GMO an& (artlett tests are satisfactr#-

Ei'en"al*es an& e.,laine& "ariance after rtatin s%5 t%at )t%

factrs are strn' an& t'et%er e.,lain )et5een


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B*ite si+ilar 5%en &ata fr fe+ale an& +ale ,arents ,resente& in

Ta)les an& @ are c+,are&- In cntrast$ Ta)le 1 s%5s t%at t%e

ranin' f t%e c+,nents is nticea)l# &ifferent in t%e case f

t%e +arria'e sa+,le- T%is ,r)a)l# in&icates &ifferences in t%e

nat*re f l"e an& in rle e.,ectatins in +arria'e c+,are& t

fa+il# relatins%i,s-

If t%e fa+il# sa+,le is &i"i&e& int +ale an& fe+ale

s*)?ects$ t%e sl*tins &efiniti"el# se,arate attractin an&

"irt*e in all instances 5%en t5 factrs are s,ecifie& as t%e

criterin- T%e res*lts "erall s*''est t%at t%e )asic sc%e+atic

str*ct*re f "irt*e an& attractin a,,ears t transcen& a'e$

'en&er$ an& relatinal sc%e+a in s%a,in' t%e str*ct*re f l"e-

Disc*ssin- In fr+in' a ,ers,ecti"e re'ar&in' t%e nat*re

an& arran'e+ent f c'niti"e str*ct*res ,ertainin' t l"e t%e

ass*+,tin f %ierarc%ial inte'ratin fr+ 'eneral t s,ecific

can inter,ret t%e fin&in's- T%e res*lts s*''est t%at t%e l"e

sc%e+a as a ,s#c%ic str*ct*re cnsists f a 'enerali8e&

cnce,tin f 5%at l"e +eans- T%e nat*re f t%e +eanin' f l"e

is &elineate& in t%e t5 +a?r s*)sc%e+as f attractin an&

"irt*e- E+)e&&e& 5it%in eac% f t%ese 'eneral s*)sc%e+as f

self6'ratificatin an& )enefittin' t%e t%er are t%e +re

s,ecific s*)sc%e+as f t%e 5a#s in 5%ic% a 'i"en &i+ensin f

l"e can )e +anifeste&- T%ese are t%e c+,nents f attractin

an& t%e in&i"i&*al "irt*es$ res,ecti"el#-

Senti+ents$ Attit*&es$ an& Interactin


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T e.a+ine t%e interactinal as,ect f l"e$ self6re,rte&

an& ,ercei"e& l"e can )e t%*'%t f as ,art f a s#++etrical

ca*sal relatin- 9i"en t%e nat*re f t%e &ata$ ,ercei"e& l"e

can )e "ie5e& as t%e in&e,en&ent "aria)le an& self6re,rte& l"e

as t%e &e,en&ent "aria)le- T%e )asic researc% B*estin in t%is

&esi'n is t%*s %5 ,erce,tin f t%e t%ers l"e infl*ences t%e

attit*&es an& )e%a"ir re,rte& )# s*)?ects-

Re'ressin ,r"i&es t%e +st a,,r,riate tl fr t%is

anal#sis- T%e ste,5ise +*lti,le re'ressin f self6re,rte& l"e

n ,ercei"e& l"e is ,resente& in Ta)les 2 an& =- E.,laine&

"ariance /R4$ its c%an'e$ an& its si'nificance are re,rte&$ as

are ,artial crrelatins an& )eta 5ei'%ts )et5een t%e

in&e,en&ent an& &e,en&ent "aria)les- Ta)le = in&icates t%at t%e

+anifestatin f "irt**s l"e is +&eratel# infl*ence& )#

,ercei"e& l"e$ 5it% Rs ran'in' fr+ -@3 t -2=- Fr t%e

+anifestatiin f l"e fr s,*ses an& fr +ale ,arents$ )t%

&i+ensins f l"e +ae in&e,en&ent cntri)*tins$ as in&icate&

)# Rc%an'e$ ,artial crrelatins$ an& )eta 5ei'%ts- Fr l"e

fr fe+ale ,arents$ t%ese sa+e statistics in&icate t%at

,ercei"e& attractin acc*nts fr al+st all f t%e "ariance in

self6re,rte& "irt*e- Percei"e& attractin als e.,lains +re

a+n' t%e +arrie& t%*'% "irt*e %as a &efinite in&e,en&ent

effect- In cntrast$ ,ercei"e& "irt*e e.,lains t%e +st "ariance

fr self6re,rte& "irt*e t5ar& t%e +ale ,arent$ t%*'%

,ercei"e& attractin +aes a si'nificant cntri)*tin-


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1=

Ta)le = f*rt%er ill*strates t%e i+,rtance f ,ercei"e&

attractin in t%e +anifestatin f l"e- T%e re'ressin f self6

re,rte& attractin n ,ercei"e& "irt*e an& attractin is

,resente&- Percei"e& attractin e.,lains t%e +st "ariance in

self6re,rte& attracti"e l"e fr t%e +arrie& an& fr t%e l"e

f )t% fe+ale an& +ale ,arents- In all t%ese instances t%e R

statistics$ ,artial crrelatins$ an& )eta 5ei'%ts als in&icate

t%e i+,rtance f ,ercei"e& "irt*e as an a&&itinal in&e,en&ent

s*rce f attracti"e l"e- T%is is ,artic*larl# tr*e fr t%e

+arrie& an& fr l"e fr t%e +ale ,arent-

Disc*ssin- T "ie5 t%e &ata in )ra&er t%eretical

,ers,ecti"e$ it a,,ears t%at in an interactinal cnte.t )et5een

t5 ,ersns$ ,ercei"e& attractin is 'enerall# t%e +st

i+,rtant factr in t%e e.,ressin f l"e$ ,artic*larl#

attracti"e l"e- T%is is cnsistent 5it% t%e ass*+,tin t%at

attracti"e l"e is strn'l# +ti"ate& )# ,siti"e interactin

t%at f*lfills nee&s$ 5%ile "irt**s l"e is +re clsel# relate&

t internal c++it+ent t )enefit t%e t%er- Virt*e is t%*s less

infl*ence& )# t%e res,nse f t%e t%er r t%e nat*re f

interactin /Jeffries 100@$ ;;4-

9ENERAL DISC!SSION

Li+itatins

(t% sa+,les are nt re,resentati"e f t%e 'eneral

,,*latin- T%e +arria'e sa+,le is c+,se& nl# f reli'i*sl#

acti"e in&i"i&*als 5% %a"e )een +arrie& = #ears r +re$ 5%ile


16/27

1 T%+as

an& nanieci 10=4- Attit*&es an& t%eir +anifestatin in

)e%a"ir are als acti"ate& an& s%a,e& )# scial sit*atins as

t%e# cc*r in seB*ence in t%e n'in' ,rcess f &ail# life

/T%+as 10


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1

infl*ence t%e cnfi'*ratin an& +anner f e.,ressin f t%e

attit*&es entaile& in t%e senti+ent f l"e-

T%is +&el f t%e inte'ratin f sc%e+as an& attit*&es

s%*l& a,,l# t a 5i&e "ariet# f c'niti"e str*ct*res$ in

a&&itin t l"e sc%e+as an& crres,n&in' attit*&es- T%is st*

%as s#ste+aticall# teste& nl# a s+all ,art f t%e +&el$ t%at

5%ic% incl*&es t%e se,aratin f t%e l"e sc%e+as f attractin

an& "irt*e an& t%e crres,n&in' arran'e+ent f t%eir c+,nent

,arts- T%e +&el nee&s t )e s*)?ecte& t +re ,recise an&

c+,re%ensi"e tests 5it% a "ariet# f sc%e+atic cntents$ an&

5it% &ifferent +et%&l'ies-

Transfr+ati"e Prcesses- T%e infl*ence f ,ercei"e& l"e

fr+ t%e t%er *,n t%e in&i"i&*als ,ractice f "irt*e is f

,artic*lar t%eretical an& ,ractical i+,rtance- A recent

article ntes a s%ift in t%e st* f +arria'e fr+ a fc*s n

cnflict t a t%e+e f transfr+ati"e ,rcesses /Finc%a+$

Stanle#$ an& (eac% ;;34- T%ese are ,rcesses t%at c*,les can

initiate t%e+sel"es t%at 5ill +"e t%e relatins%i, in a

,siti"e &irectin- Fr'i"eness$ c++it+ent$ sacrifice$ an&

sanctificatin are i&entifie& as e.a+,les- All are e+)e&&e&

5it%in ,artic*lar "irt*es in AB*inas t#,l'# f ,ri+ar# an&

secn&ar# "irt*es /AB*inas 101:13602$1


19/27

10

s*''este& as a f*rt%er a&&itin t t%is i+,rtant ne5 &irectin

in +arria'e an& fa+il# t%er# an& researc%- In t%is re'ar&$ t%e

fin&in's f t%is st* als raise t%e B*estin f 5%et%er t%ere

are si+ilar transfr+ati"e ,rcesses$ incl*&in' t%e "irt*es$ in

)t% ,arent6c%il& an& +arital relatins%i,s-

CONCL!SION

T%e e+,irical "ali&atin f a si+ilar )asic str*ct*re f

l"e in s,*sal an& fa+il# relatins%i,s s*''ests t%at l"e %as

c++n attri)*tes in )t% relatins%i,s- T%erefre$ t%e

&e"el,+ent$ testin'$ an& refine+ent f a 'eneral t%er# f l"e

an& its effects in t%e inter,ersnal relatins f +arria'e an&

fa+il# c*l& )e f +a?r t%eretical an& ,ractical i+,rtance-

It +a# )e t%e +st effecti"e ,at% t n5le&'e an& *n&erstan&in'

f %5 t i+,r"e t%ese relatins%i,s t%at %a"e s*c% a ,rf*n&

effect n in&i"i&*al li"es$ an& t%*s *lti+atel# n sciet#-

ACGNOLED9EMENT

T%is researc% 5as s*,,rte& )# t%e Instit*te fr Researc% n

!nli+ite& L"e$ as ,art f t%e Fet8er Instit*tes initiati"e n

Scientific Researc% n Altr*istic an& C+,assinate L"e-

REFERENCES

AB*inas$ T%+as- 101- S*++a T%el'ica- est+inister$ MD:

C%ristian Classics-

Aristtle- 1021- T%e (asic rs f Aristtle- Ne5 Yr: Ran&+

H*se-

(re5er$ illia+ F- an& 9lenn V- Naa+*ra- 102- T%e Nat*re an&


20/27

;

F*nctins f Sc%e+as P,- 11061


21/27

1

Press-

Ostr+$ T%+as M- 102- T%e S"erei'nt# f Scial C'nitin-

P,- 16@ in Han&) f Scial C'nitin Vl*+e 1$ e&ite&

)# R)ert S- #er$ Jr- an& T%+as G- Sr*ll- Ne5 Jerse#:

La5rence Erl)a*+ Assciates-

Petersn$ C%rist,%er an& Martin E- P- Seli'+an- ;;2- C%aracter

Stren't%s an& Virt*es- A+erican Ps#c%l'ical Assciatin:

O.fr& !ni"ersit# Press-

Pie,er$ Jsef- 10


22/27

Ps#c%l'# Vl*+e 1$ e&ite& )# 9ar&ner Lin&8e# an& Ellit

Arnsn- Ne5 Yr: Ran&+ H*se-

T%+as$ - I- 10


23/27

@

Factr 1: Virt*e

frtit*&e -= -< -30

c%arit# -1 -@0 -1

,r*&ence -3< -@ -3

te+,erance -31 -@1 -


24/27

2

GMO -0@ (artlett -;;;

Ei'en"al*es @-= @-@ "ariance @-= @-@ 3;-3

Percei"e& L"e

Factr 1 Factr %

Factr 1: Virt*e

?*stice -2 -< -3

frtit*&e -2 -1 -32

c%arit# -33 -21 -3

the nature of love in marital and family relationships, personality schemas and interactional...

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